Ta 7

Tao-subɔsubɔ Kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ—Dziƒomɔ Didi

Tao-subɔsubɔ, Konfusio-subɔsubɔ, kple Buddha-subɔsubɔ wonye China kple Ɣedzeƒe Ʋĩ ƒe subɔsubɔha gã etɔ̃awo. Gake Tao-subɔsubɔ kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ mezu xexemesubɔsubɔha gãwo abe Buddha-subɔsubɔ la ene o ke boŋ China kple afisiwo Chinatɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amewo ƒe agbenɔnɔ dzi le koe wole. Togbɔ be womeyɔ Taotɔ kple Konfusiotɔ siwo le China ƒe xexlẽme aɖeke tẽ o hã la, ha eve siawo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amesiwo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme ade anyigbadzinɔlawo katã ƒe akpa enelia kloe la ƒe agbe dzi le ƒe 2,000 siwo va yi me.

1. (Tsɔ ŋgɔdonya hã kpee.) (a) Afikae woakpɔ Konfusio-subɔsubɔ, kple Tao-subɔsubɔ le, eye aleke gbegbee wokeke tae? (b) Ɣeyiɣi ka mee míetrɔ ɖo azɔ be míadzro nufiafia siawo me?

‘SEƑOƑO alafa ɖeka neke; suku alafa ɖeka nehe nya kple wo nɔewo.’ Le nyateƒe me la, nya mawo si Chinatɔ Mao Tse-tung gblɔ le eƒe nuƒo aɖe me le ƒe 1956 me si na ame geɖe va se nya ma la nye nyagbɔgblɔ si Chinatɔwo ƒe agbalẽnyalawo gblɔna tsɔ ɖɔa ɣeyiɣi si dze egɔme tso ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia vaseɖe ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. le China, si nye ɣeyiɣi si woyɔna be Dukɔ Siwo Le Aʋa Me ŋɔli lae. Nɔnɔme si me Chou fiaƒomea (ƒe 1122-256 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) nɔ la gblẽ ale gbegbe be dziɖuɖua me va mã ɖe nuto siwo dzi anyigbatɔ kesinɔtɔwo ɖu fia ɖe woƒe apaviwo dzi le la me eye ɖekawɔwɔ gobii aɖeke menɔ wo dome o; wonɔ aʋa makemakewo wɔm eye esia nye nuxaxa gã aɖe na ame gbɔlowo.

2. (a) Nukae he nukpɔsusu ƒe “suku alafa ɖeka” la vɛ? (b) Nukae susɔ le “suku alafa ɖeka” ƒe nya la me?

² Zitɔtɔ kple fukpekpe siwo aʋa siawo he vɛ la gbɔdzɔ amesiwo nɔa dzi ɖum la ƒe dziɖuŋusẽ me ŋutɔ. Ame gbɔlowo gbe be yewomagabɔbɔ yewo ɖokui na ame ŋkutawo ahawɔ nu ɖe woƒe lɔlɔ̃nu si te ŋu trɔna kpata faa kple woƒe ayevɔ̃wo nu eye yewoazi kpi ava kpe fu ɖe eta azɔ o. Esia na woʋu go susu kple didi gbogbo aɖewo siwo wote ɖe to ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe la abe alesi “seƒoƒo alafa ɖeka” ake ene. Ame vovovo siwo si nukpɔsusu vovovowo le la do woƒe susuwo ɖa le dziɖuɖu, se, hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe ɖoɖo, zɔzɔme, kple agbenyuinɔnɔ ŋu, kpakple le nusɔsrɔ̃ siawo abe agbledede, hadzidzi, kple agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃, ene ŋu be woawo dzie woato agbenɔnɔ naka ɖe eme vie. Wova yɔ nukpɔsusu vovovoawo be “suku alafa ɖeka.” Wo dometɔ geɖe ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi menɔ anyi didi o. Gake suku, alo nukpɔsusu, eve ya xɔ ŋkɔ ale gbegbe be wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amewo ƒe agbenɔnɔ dzi le China wu ƒe 2,000 sɔŋ. Woawoe va zu nusiwo woyɔna be Tao-subɔsubɔ kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ.

Tao—Nukae Wònye?

3. (a) Aleke Chinatɔwo ɖe Tao gɔmee? (b) Le esi woaxɔ Wɔla dzi ase teƒe la, nukae Chinatɔwo gblɔ be eyae wɔ nusianu? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Hebritɔwo 3:4.)

³ Be nàse nusitae Tao-subɔsubɔha (eyɔyɔe nye Dao-subɔsubɔha) kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ va kpɔ ŋusẽ deto si nɔ anyi ɣeyiɣi didi ɖe Chinatɔwo, Japantɔwo, Koreatɔwo kple dukɔ bubu siwo ƒo xlã wo dzi me la, ele vevie be nàse nusi koŋ Chinatɔwo susu tso Tao ŋu la gɔme. Nya la ŋutɔ gɔmee nye “mɔ, toƒe, alo afɔmɔ.” Ne wokeke eƒe gɔmesese ɖe enu la, ate ŋu afia “dɔwɔmɔnu, gɔmeɖose, alo nufiafia” hã. Chinatɔwo bui be ɖekawɔwɔ kple nuwo ƒe ɖoɖo nu nɔnɔ si dze le xexeame godoo la nye Tao, si nye Mawu ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu alo eƒe sedede ƒomevi aɖe si le xexeame godoo eye wòle mɔ fiamee la ƒe nuwɔnawo. Le egbɔgblɔ bubui me la, le esi woaxɔ Wɔla si nye Mawu, si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeame katã dzi la dzi ase teƒe la, woxɔ dzɔdzɔme ƒe mɔfiafia aɖe, dziƒo ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu, alo kpuie ko dziƒo ŋutɔ dzi se be eyae nye nusi gbɔ nusianu tso.

4. Aleke Chinatɔwo zã Tao ƒe nukpɔsusu la ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe agbemenyawo ŋui? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Lododowo 3:5, 6.)

⁴ Le Tao ƒe susu la zazã ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe nyawo ŋu me la, Chinatɔwo xɔe se be mɔ si sɔ ɖe dzɔdzɔme nu kple esi nye nyuitɔ, aɖe li si nu woawɔ nusianu ɖo eye be nusianu kple amesiame ƒe nɔƒe si sɔ kpakple wɔƒe si sɔ la li. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woxɔe se be ne fia wɔ eƒe dɔdasi, si nye be wòawɔ nusi le dzɔdzɔe ɖe amewo ŋu eye wòkpɔ egbɔ be wowɔ dziƒo ƒe vɔsakɔnuwo nɛ la, ŋutifafa anɔ dukɔa me eye nuwo adze edzi. Nenema kee ne amewo lɔ̃ di mɔ, alo Tao la, eye wodze edzi la, ɖekawɔwɔ kple ŋutifafa anɔ anyi, eye nusianu atsɔ afɔ nyuie. Gake ne wowɔ nusi mesɔ ɖe enu o alo tsi tre ɖe eŋu la, tɔtɔ kple afɔkue ado tso eme.

5. (a) Mɔ ka nue Tao-subɔsubɔ la tona tena ɖe Tao la ŋu? (b) Mɔ ka nue Konfusio-subɔsubɔ la tona tena ɖe Tao la ŋu? (d) Nyabiabia kawo ŋue wòle be woaɖo?

⁵ Susu sia si nye be woazɔ ɖe Tao la nu eye womagado kplamatsee o lae nye nu vevi si dzi wotu Chinatɔwo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia kple mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe tamebubuwo ɖo. Míate ŋu agblɔ be Tao-subɔsubɔ kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ nye susu ɖeka ma ke gbɔgblɔ ɖe mɔ vovovo eve nu. Tao-subɔsubɔ la tsɔa vivimenuwɔwɔ bua nya la ŋui, eye le eƒe gɔmedzedze me la, edea numawɔmawɔ, anyi nɔnɔ kpoo, kple ɖekematsɔleme, ame ɖokui ɖeɖe ɖe aga tso amewo gbɔ kple tɔtrɔ ɖe dzɔdzɔmenuwo ŋu ƒe dzi ƒo. Susu vevi si dzi wotui ɖoe nye be ne amewo ahe ɖe megbe eye womawɔ naneke o, eye woaɖe mɔ na dzɔdzɔme eya ŋutɔ nawɔ eƒe nu la, nusianu aɖɔ ɖo. Gake Konfusio-subɔsubɔ ya bui be ele be woatsɔ nuwɔna ŋutɔŋutɔ akpɔ nya la gbɔe. Eƒe nufiafiae nye be nuwo anɔ ɖoɖo nu le ameƒomea me ne amesiame wɔ eƒe akpa si woɖo nɛ la dzi eye wòwɔ eƒe dɔdasi. Ðe ema ta la, eɖo amegbetɔ dome ƒomedodowo kple hadomegbenɔnɔ me tɔwo—fia kple etevi, fofo kple via, ŋutsu kple srɔ̃a, kple esiawo tɔgbe—ɖe ɖoɖo nu eye wòŋlɔ wo katã ŋuti mɔfiamewo da ɖi. Esia hea nyabiabia siwo gbɔna vaa ame ƒe susu me: Aleke nuɖoanyi eve siawo wɔ va dzɔ? Amekawoe ɖo wo anyi? Aleke wowɔa wo dzii egbea? Eye nukae wowɔ le ameƒomea ƒe Mawu didi me?

Tao-subɔsubɔ—Edze Egɔme abe Xexemenunyafiafia Ene

6. (a) Nukae wonya tso Tao-subɔsubɔ ɖola la ŋu? (b) Aleke wɔ wova le Tao-subɔsubɔ ɖola yɔm be Lao-tzu?

⁶ Esi Tao-subɔsubɔ la dze egɔme teti la, eku ɖe xexemenunyafiafia ŋu wu mawusubɔsubɔ. Tɔtɔ kple zitɔtɔ siwo nɔ anyi le egɔmeɖola Lao-tzu ŋɔli la tii eye wòtsri hadomenɔnɔ hetrɔ ɖe dzɔdzɔmenuwo ŋu be yeakpɔ gbɔɖeme. Womenya nu boo aɖeke tso ame ma si wogblɔ be enɔ anyi le ƒe alafa adelia D.M.Ŋ. me la ŋu o, eye womeka ɖe ema dzi gɔ̃ hã o. Ame geɖe yɔnɛ be Lao-tzu, si gɔmee nye “Aƒetɔ Tsitsia” alo “Ame Tsitsi,” elabena wotu xo be esi dadaa fɔ eƒe fu la, enɔ dɔme didi ale gbegbe be eƒe ɖa ƒo wɔ hafi wodzii.

7. Nukae míesrɔ̃ tso Lao-tzu ŋu le “Ŋutinyagbalẽ me Nuŋlɔɖiwo” me?

⁷ Lao-tzu ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi si ko dzi wolɔ̃ ɖoe nye Shih Chi (Ŋutinya me Nuŋlɔɖiwo) si Ssu-ma Ch’ien si nye ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa evelia kple gbãtɔ D.M.Ŋ. me la ŋlɔ. Agbalẽ sia gblɔ be Lao-tzu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋutɔŋutɔe nye Li Erh. Enye nuŋlɔɖidzikpɔla le dziɖuɖua ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo dzraɖoƒe le Loyang si le China ƒe titina. Gake nusi le vevie wue nye nya siawo siwo wògblɔ tso Lao-tzu ŋu:

“Lao Tzu nɔ Chou le eƒe agbemeŋkekewo ƒe akpa gãtɔ me. Esi wòkpɔe do ŋgɔ be Chou gbɔna gbegblẽ ge la, edzo le afima heva nɔ dea nu. Adzɔxɔdɔwɔƒedzikpɔla Yin Hsi gblɔ be: ‘Aƒetɔ, esi wònyo na wò be nàɖe ɖe aga ta la, medi be nàŋlɔ agbalẽ nam.’ Ema na Lao Tzu ŋlɔ agbalẽ aɖe si mã ɖe akpa eve me esi me nya masɔmasɔ akpe atɔ̃ le, esi me wòdzro Mɔ [Tao] la kple Ŋusẽ [Te] ŋu nyawo me le. Ema megbe la, edzo. Ame aɖeke menya afisi wòyi ɖaku ɖo o.”

8. (a) Agbalẽ kae wogblɔ be Lao-tzu ŋlɔ? (b) Nukatae woɖe agbalẽa me nyawo me vovovoe?

⁸ Agbalẽnyala geɖe kea ɖi le nya sia ƒe nyateƒenyenye ŋu. Eɖanye alekee nya la nye o, woyɔ agbalẽ si wòŋlɔ la be Tao Te Ching (ame akpa gãtɔ ɖea egɔme be “Mɔ la kple Ŋusẽ la ƒe Agbalẽ Nyui La”) eye wobunɛ be eyae nye Tao-subɔsubɔ ƒe agbalẽ vevitɔ. Woŋlɔ wo ɖe kpukpui siwo le kpuie ŋutɔ eye wo gɔmesese le ɣaɣla la me eye nya etɔ̃ alo ene koe nye wo dometɔ aɖewo ƒe didime. Le esia kple alesi wowɔ tɔtrɔ veviwo le nusi ŋɔŋlɔdzesiawo dometɔ aɖewo fia ŋu tso Lao-tzu ŋɔli ta la, woɖea agbalẽ sia gɔme vovovoe.

Ŋku Dada Ðe “Tao Te Ching” la Me Vie

9. Aleke Lao-tzu ƒo nu tso Tao ŋui le Tao Te Ching me?

⁹ Lao-tzu ɖe Tao la si nye dzɔdzɔmemɔ kɔkɔtɔ kekeake la me kɔte ɖe Tao Te Ching me, eye wòzãe ku ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe ŋu. Nya si míeyɔ ɖe afisia be míate ŋu atsɔ akpɔ nya siwo le Tao Te Ching me la tso Gia-fu Feng kple Jane English ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe me. Agbalẽa gblɔ nya si gbɔna la tso Tao ŋu:

10. (a) Nukae nye Tao-subɔsubɔa ƒe taɖodzinu? (b) Aleke wozã Taotɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu sia ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋui?

¹⁰ Nukae míate ŋu afɔ tso alobalo siawo me? Eyae nye be Taotɔwo bua Tao be enye xexeame katã ƒe vivimeŋusẽ aɖe si wɔ xexeme si míekpɔna la. Tao-subɔsubɔa ƒe taɖodzinue nye be woadi Tao la, woagblẽ xexeame ɖi, eye woawɔ ɖeka kple dzɔdzɔme. Susu sia dze le Taotɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu ku ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋu hã me. Ale wogblɔ taɖodzinu sia ɖe Tao Te Ching mee nye si:

11. Nukae woate ŋu agblɔ be eyae nye Taotɔ ƒe taɖodzinu?

¹¹ Kpɔɖeŋu ʋee siawo ɖee fia ne mede ɖeke o hã la, le Tao-subɔsubɔ ƒe gɔmedzedze la, enye xexemenunyafiafia. Madzɔmadzɔnyenye, fukpekpe, nugbegblẽ, kple kpododonu siwo tso anyigbatɔ siwo ɖu aƒetɔ ɖe woƒe dɔwɔviwo dzi ƒe dziɖuɖoɖo si nɔ anyi le Taotɔwo ŋɔli la na woxɔe se be mɔ si dzi yewoato akpɔ ŋutifafa kple ɖekawɔwɔe nye be yewoagbugbɔ ayi blematɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyi siwo nɔ anyi tsã hafi fiawo kple dumegãwo va dze ame gbɔlowo dzi ɖuɖu gɔme la gbɔ. Woƒe taɖodzinue nye be yewoanɔ tomefafagbe le kɔƒenutowo me, eye yewoanɔ anyi le ɖekawɔwɔ me kple dzɔdzɔme.—Lododowo 28:15; 29:2.

Tao-subɔsubɔ ƒe Nunyala Gã Evelia

12. (a) Amekae nye Chuang Chou? (b) Nukae wòtsɔ kpe ɖe Lao-tzu ƒe nufiafia gbãtɔwo ŋu?

¹² Lao-tzu gado Chuang Chou, alo Chuang-tzu, si gɔmee nye “Aƒetɔ Chuang” (ƒe 369-286 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe xexemenunyafiafia ɖe ŋgɔ, eye wobui be eyae nye amesiwo va ɖe Lao-tzu yome la dometɔ si ɖe dzesi wu. Le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Chuang Tzu me la, menye Tao ŋu koe wòƒo nu le o ke boŋ eɖe ying kple yang si dzɔ gbã tso I Ching me la hã me. (Kpɔ axa 83.) Le eƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, naneke menɔa anyi tegbee alo nye nusi ŋu kakaɖedzi le ŋutɔŋutɔ o, ke boŋ nusianu le tɔtrɔm tso afii yi afime. Eŋlɔ ɖe ta si nye “Kelemetsiɖɔɖɔ” me be:

“Naneke menɔa anyi ɖaa le xexeame o, elabena nusianu ƒe agbe ƒe didime koe nye eƒe kuɣi. Tao, si si gɔmedzedze alo nuwuwu mele o, koe nɔa anyi tegbee. . . . Woate ŋu atsɔ agbe asɔ kple sɔ ɖeablɛ si le du dzi sesĩe—enɔa tɔtrɔ dzi ɖaa ɣesiaɣi, le ‘second’ memamã ɖesiaɖe me. Nukae nàwɔ? Nukae màwɔ o? Ema mewɔ naneke koŋ o.”

13. (a) Le Chuang-tzu ƒe numeɖeɖe nu la, nukae nye Taotɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu ku ɖe agbe ŋu? (b) Chuang-tzu ƒe drɔ̃e ka dzie woɖoa ŋkui nyuie?

¹³ Le xexemenunya sia si nye be naneke mate ŋu awɔ naneke le eɖokui si o ta la, Taotɔwo bunɛ be susu aɖeke mele eme be ame aɖe nawɔ nusi ado kplamatse dzɔdzɔme ƒe dɔwɔwɔ o. Gbeɖeka nusianu agatrɔ ayi alesi wònɔ tsã. Aleke kee nɔnɔme aɖe sesẽe o, madidi hafi wòanyo o. Aleke kee nɔnɔme aɖe le vivimee o, madidi hafi enu nayi o. (Kpɔ alesi wòto vovo tso Nyagblɔla 5:18, 19 gbɔe ɖa.) Xexemenunya ƒe nukpɔsusu sia le agbe ŋuti la dze le Chuang-tzu ƒe drɔ̃e si etɔwo tsɔ ɖoa ŋku edzii la me:

“Chuang Chou ku drɔ̃e gbeɖeka be yenye kpakpaluʋui nɔ dzodzom nɔ afisiafi ko yim eye dzi nɔ ye dzɔm eye yenɔ nusi dze ye ŋu wɔm. Menya be yee nye Chuang Chou o. Enyɔ vo, eye eya ŋutɔe ma le afima ganye Chuang Chou la tututu. Gake menya ne yee nye Chuang Chou la si ku drɔ̃ea be yenye kpakpaluʋui loo, alo kpakpaluʋui aɖee ku drɔ̃ea be yenye Chuang Chou o.”

14. Dɔwɔwɔ kawo mee Taotɔwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖedzi dzena le?

¹⁴ Xexemenunyafiafia sia ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖedzi dze le Chinatɔwo ƒe dzidzime siwo dzɔ emegbe la ƒe aɖaŋuwɔlawo ƒe hakpanyawo kple nutatawo me. (Kpɔ axa 171.) Gake Tao-subɔsubɔ la maganye xexemenunyafiafia dzro ko eteƒe nadidi o.

Etso Xexemenunya dzi Va Zu Subɔsubɔha

15. (a) Nukpɔsusu ka gbɔe dzɔdzɔmenuwo ƒe dɔwɔɖeamedzi kplɔ Taotɔwo yii? (b) Tao Te Ching me nya kawo hãe do nukpɔsusu ma ɖe ŋgɔ?

¹⁵ Esi Taotɔwo nɔ agbagba dzem be ɖekawɔwɔ nanɔ yewo kple dzɔdzɔme dome la, woke ŋku ɖe eƒe anyinɔnɔ ɖaa kple alesi wòte ŋu gaɖɔa eɖokui ɖoe la me vevie. Wosusui be ne wowɔ ɖeka kple Tao, alo dzɔdzɔme ƒe mɔ la, woate ŋu ato mɔ aɖe dzi ake ɖe dzɔdzɔme ƒe nya ɣaɣlawo ŋu eye ana woakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe ŋutilã me nuveviwɔamewo, dɔléle, kple ku kura gɔ̃ hã dzi. Togbɔ be Lao-tzu meƒo nu tso nya sia ŋu tẽ o hã la, edze abe ɖe Tao Te Ching ƒe akpa aɖewo do susu ma ɖa ene. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ta 16 lia gblɔ be: “Ðeka wɔwɔ kple Tao la nye nusi nɔa anyi tegbee. Togbɔ be ŋutilã la kuna hã la, Tao la nu mayi gbeɖe o.”a

16. Aleke Chuang-tzu ƒe agbalẽwo va kpe ɖe Taotɔwo ƒe vivimeŋusẽdzixɔsewo ŋui?

¹⁶ Chuang-tzu hã do susu siawo ɖa. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le dzeɖoɖo aɖe si dze le Chuang Tzu me me la, glimeme aɖe bia nɔvia be, “Ètsi gake wò ŋutigbalẽ gale abe ɖevi tɔ ene. Aleke wɔ?” Nɔvia ɖo eŋu nɛ be: “Tao ye mesrɔ̃.” Chuang-tzu ŋlɔ tso Taotɔ bubu si nye xexemenunyafiala ŋu be: “Liehtse ate ŋu azɔ le ya me azɔ. Ate ŋu ayi mɔzɔzɔ dzi dzidzɔtɔe le ya fafɛ me ŋkeke wuiatɔ̃ hafi atrɔ agbɔ. Amesia tɔgbe mebɔ le amegbetɔ siwo si dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ su la dome o.”

17. Taotɔwo ƒe nuwɔna kawoe do tso ame ŋutɔ ƒe susugblɔkpɔ gbãtɔwo me, eye nukae nye emetsonu? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Romatɔwo 6:23; 8:6, 13.)

¹⁷ Ŋutinya siawo tɔgbe ʋuʋu Taotɔwo ƒe tamesusu eye wodze ŋugblemeyiyi, nuɖuɖudzitsotso, kple gbɔgbɔ ƒe hehe ƒomevi vovovo siwo wogblɔ be ahe ŋutilã ƒe ƒaƒã kple ku ɖe megbe la wɔwɔ kpɔ. Mexɔ ɣeyiɣi aɖeke o xotutuwo kaka be amegbetɔ siwo mekuna o siwo te ŋu dzona le alilikpo me eye wodzena gabuna ne wolɔ̃, amesiwo nɔ to kɔkɔewo alo ƒukpo siwo le didiƒe ʋĩ dzi hena ƒe maxlẽmaxlẽwo la li, amesiwo zãmu alo atikutsetse siwo si vivimeŋusẽ le la léa ɖe te. Chinatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya gblɔ be le ƒe 219 D.M.Ŋ. me la, Ch’in-fia, Shih Huang-Ti de ŋutsuvi kple nyɔnuvi 3,000 tɔdziʋu hedɔ wo ɖe P’eng-lai ƒukpo si ŋu wotu xo le be enye amesiwo mekuna o dedu be woaxɔ makumakunyenye ƒe amagbe la agbɔe. Megahiã be míagblɔ be womekpɔ makumakutikea xɔ gbɔe o, gake wogblɔ le xotutu me be ame mawoe nye amesiwo le ƒukpo siwo wova yɔ be Japan la dzi.

18. (a) Nukae nye Taotɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu si le megbe na ‘makumaku ƒe atikekuiawo’? (b) Dzosasa kawo ƒomevie Tao-subɔsubɔ he vɛ?

¹⁸ Le Han fiaƒomea (ƒe 206 D.M.Ŋ.-220 M.Ŋ.) ƒe dziɖuɣi la, Taotɔwo ƒe dzosasa ɖo eƒe kɔkɔƒe. Wogblɔ be togbɔ be Fia Wu Ti do Konfusio ƒe xexemenunyafiafia ɖe ŋgɔ wòzu dukɔ ƒe nufiafia koŋ hã la, Taotɔwo ƒe ŋutilã ƒe makumakunyenyetike ye dzɔ dzi nɛ vevie. ‘Makumakutikekui’ si blema agbediditikewɔlawo wɔna la koŋ ye dzɔ dzi nɛ wu. Le Taotɔ ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, ne ying kple yang (atsu kple asi) ƒe ŋusẽ vovovo eve siwo tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu do go la, ehea agbe vɛ. Eyata esi agbediditikewɔlawo nɔ ga si nye lead (si le yibɔ, alo nye yin) kple ga bubu si nye mercury (si le dzĩe, alo yang) lólom henɔ wo tsakam la, wole alesi nuwo yia edzii le dzɔdzɔme nu la srɔ̃m, eye wosusu be nusi ado tso emee nye makumakutikekui. Taotɔwo to hehe siwo ɖi Yogawɔwɔ, gbɔgbɔtsitsi ƒe mɔnuwo, nuɖuɖu ŋu sewo, kple gbɔdɔdɔnuwɔna aɖewo siwo wosusu be ado ŋusẽ ame ƒe agbeŋusẽ eye woadidi agbenɔƒe ɖe edzi la hã vɛ. Woƒe takpɔnuwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye atiblɛ siwo wogblɔ be woana woado zidoe eye lãnu alo tukpe mawɔ naneke ame o alo woana woazɔ tsi dzi alo adzo le yame. Dzosasa ƒe nubablɛ bubuwo hã le wo si siwo me ying-yang dzesi nɔna eye wotsɔa wo kuna ɖe xɔ ŋu alo ɖe ʋɔtru nu be woanyã gbɔgbɔ vɔ̃wo kple lã wɔadãwo.

19. Aleke wova ɖo Tao-subɔsubɔ anyi ɖe ɖoɖo nui?

¹⁹ Le ƒe alafa evelia M.Ŋ. me la, Tao-subɔsubɔ va zu ha si woɖo koŋ. Ame aɖe si woyɔna be Chang Ling, alo Chang Tao-ling ɖo Taotɔwo ƒe adzamehabɔbɔ aɖe ɖe China ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe eye wònɔ dzotike kple agbediditike wɔm. Esi woxɔa mɔli dzidzenu atɔ̃ le hamevi ɖesiaɖe si ta la, wova yɔ eƒe ha la be Mɔli-Dzidzenu-Atɔ̃ ƒe Tao-ha (wu-tou-mi tao).b Chang gblɔ be ye ŋutɔ yexɔ ɖeɖefia tso Lao-tzu gbɔ, esia na wòva zu “dziƒoƒetɔ” gbãtɔ. Wogblɔ be eva te ŋu wɔ agbediditikea eye wònɔ kpɔ̃ dzi yi dziƒo agbagbee, le Lung-hu-to (Ʋɔdriba kple Kpɔ̃ To) dzi le Kiangsi Nutome la dzi. Taotɔwo ƒe “dziƒoƒetɔ” gbogbo aɖewo siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo ƒe alafa geɖe la dze egɔme tso Chang Tao-ling dzi eye wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe gblɔna be yee nye Chang ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ.

Ŋgɔ Dzedze Kuxi si Buddhatɔwo He Vɛ

20. Aleke Tao-subɔsubɔ dze agbagba be yeatsi tre ɖe Buddhatɔwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ŋui?

²⁰ Le ƒe alafa adrelia me le T’ang fiaƒomea (ƒe 618-907 M.Ŋ.) ƒe dziɖuɣi la, Buddha-subɔsubɔ la va nɔ gegem ɖe Chinatɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔgbenɔnɔ me. Be woaxe mɔ ɖe enu la, Tao-subɔsubɔ la wɔ eɖokui mawusubɔsubɔhae, esi ƒe dzɔtsoƒee nye China. Wotsɔ Lao-tzu wɔ mawui eye woda asi ɖe Taotɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo dzi be wonye agbalẽ kɔkɔewo. Wotu gbedoxɔwo, saɖagaxɔ siwo nye ŋutsuwo tɔwo kpakple esiwo nye nyɔnuwo tɔwo, eye woɖo saɖaganunɔlawo kple nyɔnu saɖaganunɔlawo ƒe hawo anyi wode Buddhatɔwo tɔ ɖi ge. Hekpe ɖe eŋu la, Tao-ha la va ƒu ta mawuwo, mawunɔwo, azizãwo, kple ame makumaku siwo ƒe gli Chinatɔwo tona, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Ame Makumaku Enyi la (Pa Hsien), dzodoƒemawu (Tsao Shen), dumemawuwo (Ch’eng Huang), kple agbonudzɔmawuwo (Men Shen), ŋu hexɔ wo de mawu gbogbo siwo woawo ŋutɔwo subɔna la me. Esia na woƒe tadedeagua zu Buddhatɔwo ƒe nuwɔnawo, afima ƒe aʋatsodzixɔsewo, gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ, kple ta dede agu na tɔgbui kukuwo ƒe tsakatsaka.—Korintotɔwo I, 8:5.

21. Mlɔeba la, nukae Tao-subɔsubɔa ŋutɔ va trɔ eɖokui wɔe, eye alekee?

²¹ Esi ɣeyiɣiawo nɔ yiyim la, Tao-subɔsubɔ la nɔ gbegblẽm ɖe edzi vivivi eye wòva zu trɔ̃subɔsubɔ kple aʋatsodzixɔsewo ƒe nuɖoanyi. Amesiame dea ta agu na mawu kple mawunɔ siwo dze eŋu le wo gbɔ gbedoxɔwo me eye woƒoa koko na wo be woakpɔ yewo ta tso dzɔgbevɔ̃e me eye woana yewoakpɔ anyigba dzi kesinɔnuwo. Woxea fe na nunɔlawo be woakpɔ kunuwɔwɔwo dzi; be woatia afisi sɔ na yɔdo ɖeɖe, aƒe tsotso, kple nudzraƒexɔwo tutu; be woabia nu ame kukuwo; be woanyã gbɔgbɔ vɔ̃wo kple ŋɔliwo ɖa le yewo ŋu; be woakpɔ ŋkekenyuiɖuɖuwo dzi; kpakple be woawɔ kɔnu bubu vovovowo. Eyata nusi dze egɔme abe xexemenunyafiafia ɣaɣlɛ ene la trɔ zu subɔsubɔha si nyrɔ̃ ɖe gbɔgbɔ makumakuwo, dzomavɔ, kple mawuafãwo ƒe dzixɔsewo—dzixɔse siwo woxɔ tso blema Babilon ƒe aʋatsodzixɔsewo me—la me vĩ.

China ƒe Nunyala Gã Bubu

22. Nukpɔsusu ƒe suku kae va kpɔ ŋusẽ wu le China, eye nya kawo ŋue wòle be míade ŋugble le?

²² Togbɔ be míeku Tao-subɔsubɔ ƒe gɔmedzedze, eƒe takeke, kple eƒe gbegblẽ me hã la, ele be míaɖo ŋku edzi be nukpɔsusu vovovowo ƒe “suku alafa” siwo ƒe seƒoƒo ke le China le Dukɔ Siwo Le Aʋa Me ŋɔli me la dometɔ ɖeka koe wònye. Suku bubu si hã ƒe ta yi dzi si le nyateƒe me la, eva kpɔ ŋusẽ wue nye Konfusio ƒe nufiafia. Gake nukatae Konfusio ƒe nufiafia la va xɔ ŋkɔ nenema? Ðikekemanɔmee la, Konfusio ye nye amesi wonya nyuie wu le Chinatɔwo ƒe nunyalawo katã dome le China godo, gake ameka koŋ ye wònye? Eye nukae nye eƒe nufiafia?

23. Numeɖeɖe siwo ku ɖe Konfusio ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋu kawoe dze le “Ŋutinya me Nuŋlɔɖiwo” me?

²³ Míagatrɔ ɖe Ssu-ma Ch’ien ƒe Shih Chi (Ŋutinya me Nuŋlɔɖiwo) ŋu be míake ɖe Konfusio ŋuti nya ŋu. To vovo na Lao-tzu ŋuti nya ʋeea la, Konfusio ƒe agbemenya si ŋu míeke ɖo le agbalẽ sia me la sɔ gbɔ ŋutɔ. Eŋu nya aɖewo siwo míeyɔ tso Chinagbenyala Ling Yutang ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe mee nye si:

“Wodzi Konfusio le du si nye Tsou me, le Ch’angping nutome, le dukɔ si ƒe ŋkɔe nye Lu me. . . . [Dadaa] do gbe ɖa le Nich’iu togbɛ dzi eye wòdzi Konfusio si nye eƒe gbedodoɖa la ƒe ŋuɖoɖo, le Lu-fia Hsiang (ƒe 551 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe ƒe blaeve vɔ evelia me. Kpo gã aɖe nɔ eƒe ta me esi wodzii, eyata woyɔe be ‘Ch’iu’ (si gɔmee nye “togbɛ”) ɖo. Eƒe ŋkɔ si dze le eƒe agbalẽwo mee nye Chungni, eye eƒe ƒomeŋkɔe nye K’ung.”c

24. Nukae dzɔ le Konfusio ƒe ɖevimenɔɣi?

²⁴ Esi wodzii la, mexɔ ɣeyiɣi aɖeke hafi fofoa ku o, gake togbɔ be dadaa nye ame dahe hã la, edze agbagba na wòde suku nyuie. Ŋutsuvi sia va kpɔ dzidzɔ ɖe ŋutinya, hakpanyawo, kple hadzidzi ŋu vevie. Agbalẽ si nye The Analects, Konfusio nufiafia ƒe Four Books (Agbalẽ Eneawo) dometɔ ɖeka gblɔ be edze nusɔsrɔ̃ detowo wɔwɔ gɔme esi wòxɔ ƒe 15. Esi wòxɔ ƒe 17 la, wona dɔe le dziɖuɖudɔ aɖe si mekɔkɔ boo o me le wo denyigba si nye Lu dzi.

25. Dɔ kae Konfusio dada ƒe ku wɔ ɖe Konfusio dzi? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Nyagblɔla 9:5, 6; Yohanes 11:33, 35.)

²⁵ Edze abe ɖe eƒe ganyawo ka ɖe eme ene, ale be wòɖe srɔ̃ esi wòxɔ ƒe 19 eye wòdzi ŋutsuvi ƒe si kplɔe ɖo. Gake esi wòxɔ abe ƒe 25 ene la, dadaa ku. Edze ƒã be esia wɔ dɔ ɖe edzi vevie ŋutɔ. Esi wònye amesi léa be na blemakɔnyinyiwo nyuie ta la, Konfusio ɖe eɖokui ɖa le ame dome eye wònyi fu na dadaa le eƒe yɔdo to dzinu 27 sɔŋ, eye esia na wòɖo nuteƒewɔwɔ na ƒometɔwo ƒe kpɔɖeŋu deŋgɔ anyi na Chinatɔwo.

Konfusio Nufiala La

26. Dɔ ka gɔmee Konfusio dze le dadaa ƒe ku megbe?

²⁶ Le ema megbe la, egblẽ eƒe ƒomea ɖi eye wòdze dɔ si nye nufiafiadɔ si me wònɔ tsatsam le la gɔme. Nusiwo wòfia dometɔ aɖewoe nye hadzidzi, hakpanyawo ŋɔŋlɔ, agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃, dumevigbenɔnɔ, kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, alo eƒe akpa si wonya ɣemaɣi. Anya xɔ ŋkɔ ŋutɔ, elabena wogblɔ be ɣeaɖeɣi eƒe sukuviwo de 3,000 sɔŋ.

27. Nukae wonya tso Konfusio ƒe nufiafiadɔ ŋu? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Mateo 6:26, 28; 9:16, 17; Luka 12:54-57; Yohanes 4:35-38.)

²⁷ Le Ɣedzeƒe la, wodea bubu Konfusio ŋu koŋ be enye nufiaɖaŋunyala gã. Nyateƒee, nuŋɔŋlɔ si le eƒe yɔdokpe dzi le Ch’ü-fou, Shantung Nutome, yɔe kpuie ko be “Blematɔ, Nufiala Kɔkɔetɔ Kekeake.” Agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe si nye Ɣetoɖoƒetɔ la ɖɔ eƒe nufiafiamɔnu ale: “Ezɔ tso ‘afii yi afime eye amesiwo nɔ eƒe nukpɔsusu le agbe ŋu xɔm la kplɔnɛ ɖo.’ Ne woƒe mɔa didi la, enɔa keke si nyi tena me. Lã la ƒe azɔli blewu la na eƒe sukuviwo te ŋu zɔna nɔa eyome, eye edze ƒã be nusiwo dzɔna le mɔa dzie fiaa nusi wòava fia.” Enyo be míade dzesii be le ƒe alafa geɖe megbe la, Yesu hã zã nufiafiamɔnu ma tɔgbe ke.

28. Le Chinatɔwo ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla Lin Yutang ƒe nya nu la, nukae na Konfusio zu nufiala si ŋu wode bubui?

²⁸ Ðikekemanɔmee la, nusi na Konfusio nye nufiala si ŋu wode bubui le Ɣedzeƒetɔwo domee nye alesi eya ŋutɔ kua kutri le nusɔsrɔ̃ ŋui, vevietɔ le ŋutinya kple nunyuiwɔwɔ sɔsrɔ̃ ŋu. Lin Yutang ŋlɔe be: “Menye esi Konfusio nye nunyala gãtɔ le eŋɔli me koŋ ye na eƒe nu dzɔ dzi na amewo o, ke boŋ esi wònye agbalẽnyala si srɔ̃ nu wu, amesi ko te ŋu fia nu wo tso blemagbalẽwo kple blematɔwo ƒe agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ ŋu le eƒe ŋkekea me koŋ tae.” Esi Lin nɔ asi tɔm edzi be ɖewohĩ esi Konfusio lɔ̃a nu sɔsrɔ̃ tae eƒe nufiafia ɖu nukpɔsusu vovovowo ƒe sukuwo dzi la, eƒo nya la ta kpuie ale: “Nane le Konfusiotɔwo ƒe nufialawo si koŋ be woafia eye nane koŋ li si Konfusio-sukuviwo asrɔ̃, woawoe nye ŋutinya me nusɔsrɔ̃wo, gake ame bubuwo ya woawo ŋutɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu koe le wo si woagblɔ.”

“Dziƒoe Nya Amesi Menye!”

29. (a) Nukae nye nudidi si koŋ yome Konfusio ti vevie le agbe me? (b) Aleke wòdze agbagbae be yeƒe asi naka nusi yome tim yele vevie la, eye nukae nye emetsonu?

²⁹ Togbɔ be nufiafiadɔ dze edzi na Konfusio hã la, mebui eƒe agbemedɔe o. Esusui be ne dziɖulawo xɔ ye alo yeƒe sukuviwo ɖe woƒe dziɖuɖu me bene woatsɔ yeƒe nukpɔsusuwo le nunyuiwɔwɔ kple agbenyuinɔnɔ ŋu awɔ dɔe ko hafi woate ŋu aɖe ye ŋɔli xexeme si tɔtɔ la. Le esia ta wo kple eƒe nusrɔ̃la siwo dome le kplikplikpli wu ƒe ƒuƒoƒo sue aɖe dzo le wo denyigba Lu dzi eye wonɔ tsatsam tso dukɔ me yi dukɔ me be yewoake ɖe dziɖula nyanu si axɔ eƒe nukpɔsusuwo le dziɖuɖu kple hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe ɖoɖowo ŋu la ŋuti. Nukae do tso eme? Shih Chi gblɔ be: “Mlɔeba la, edzo le Lu, wogblẽe ɖi le Ch’i, wonyãe le Sung kple Wei, hiã tui le Ch’en kple Ts’ai.” Le mɔzɔzɔ ƒe 14 vɔ megbe la, egbɔ va Lu, dzi ɖe le eƒo gake eƒe dzi megbã o.

30. Agbalẽ kawo dzie wotu Konfusio-subɔsubɔa ɖo?

³⁰ Ezã eƒe agbemeŋkeke mamleawo tsɔ ŋlɔ agbalẽwo hetsɔ fia nui. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 177.) Togbɔ be ɖikekemanɔmee la, exa nu le esi womese nu gɔme nɛ o ta hã la, egblɔ be: “Nyemelĩ liʋiliʋi le Dziƒo ŋu o. Nyemekpɔ dziku ɖe ame aɖeke ŋu o. Mele nye nusɔssrɔ̃ dzi le anyigba dzi afisia eye wosea ŋkɔnye le Dziƒo. Dziƒoe nya amesi menye!” Mlɔeba la, eku le ƒe 479 D.M.Ŋ. me esime wòxɔ ƒe 73.

Nufiame Siwo Le Konfusio ƒe Dzixɔsewo Me

31. Nukae Konfusio fia be eyae nye mɔ si dzi woato be ɖoɖodziwɔwɔ nanɔ anyi le hadomegbenɔnɔ me?

³¹ Togbɔ be Konfusio nye agbalẽnyala kple nufiala xɔŋkɔ hã la, eƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi mese ɖe agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ ɖeɖeko dzi o. Le nyateƒe me la, menye agbenɔnɔ alo nunyuiwɔwɔ ƒe sewo fiafia koe nye Konfusio ƒe taɖodzinu o, edi hã be yeagaɖo ŋutifafa kple ɖoɖodziwɔwɔ, siwo ŋu aʋa makemake siwo nɔ anyigbadziɖulawo dome ɣemaɣi la gblẽ nu le la anyi ake. Konfusio fia nu be bene woaɖo taɖodzinu ma gbɔ la, ele be amesiame, tso fia dzi vaseɖe dumevi gbɔlowo dzi, nasrɔ̃ akpa si wòle be wòawɔ le ameƒomea me eye wòawɔe.

32, 33. (a) Nukae nye Konfusio ƒe nukpɔsusu le li ŋu? (b) Nukae Konfusio gblɔ be anye li la metsonu?

³² Le Konfusio ƒe nufiafia me la, woyɔ nufiafia sia be li, si gɔmee nye nudzeamewɔwɔ, amebubu, nuwo ƒe ɖoɖo nu nɔnɔ, eye ne wokeke gɔmeɖeɖea ɖe enu la, efia kɔ, kɔnu, kple subɔsubɔ ƒe bubu. Esi wobia Konfusio be, “Nukae nye li gã sia?” la, egblɔ numeɖeɖe siwo gbɔna le eƒe nyaŋuɖoɖo me:

“Le nusiwo katã fiaa mɔ ame dome la, li ye nye gãtɔ. Li manɔmee la, míanya alesi míade ta agui wòasɔ na xexemegbɔgbɔwo o; alo teƒe si sɔ na fiawo kple dumegãwo, dziɖula kple amesiwo dzi ɖum wòle, ame tsitsiwo kple ɖeviwo o; alo agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe ƒomedodo si le nyɔnuwo kple ŋutsuwo dome, le dzilawo kple ɖeviwo, kpakple nɔviwo dome o; alo alesi míade vovototo ƒomedodo ƒe ɖoƒe vovovo siwo le ƒomea me la me o. Eyatae amekɔŋkumee bua li nenema gbegbe.”

³³ Eyata li ye nye agbenɔnɔse si nu amesi nye amekɔŋkumee ŋutɔŋutɔ (chün-tzu, ɣeaɖewoɣi woɖea egɔme be “amesi kɔkɔ, de ŋgɔ”) nɔa eƒe hadomegbe ɖesiaɖe ɖo. Konfusio gblɔ be ne amesiame dze agbagba wɔ nu alea la, “nusianu yia edzi nyuie le ƒomea me, le dukɔa me kple xexeame,” eye ɣemaɣie wowɔa nu ɖe Tao, alo dziƒomɔ la, nu. Gake aleke woaɖe li la afiae? Ema gakplɔ mí yi Konfusio ƒe nufiafia veviwo dometɔ ɖeka gbɔe—jen (woxlẽnɛ be rɛn), amewɔwɔ alo dɔmefafa.

34. Nukae nye Konfusio ƒe nukpɔsusu le jen ŋu, eye aleke wòkpena ɖe ame ŋu le hadomekuxiwo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ mee?

³⁴ Le esime li tsɔa gota gome sewo tea gbe ɖe nu dzii la, jen ya kuna ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe amenyenye, alo amesi wònye le ememe la ŋu. Konfusio ƒe nukpɔsusu, vevietɔ esi Mencius si nye Konfusio ƒe nusrɔ̃la vevitɔ gblɔ lae nye be le dzɔdzɔme nu la, nɔnɔme nyui ye le amegbetɔ si. Eyata hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe kuxiwo katã gbɔkpɔnu ku ɖe amea ŋutɔ ƒe agbagba dzedze le eɖokui ŋu ŋuti, eye ema dzea egɔme kple agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ kpakple sidzedze. Agbalẽ si nye The Great Learning ƒe ta gbãtɔ gblɔ be:

“Ne sidzedze vavãtɔ su ame si la, ekema didi la nyea anukwaretɔ; ne didi la nye anukwaretɔ la, ekema dzi la kuna ɖe nu dzɔdzɔewo ŋu . . . ; ne dzi la ku ɖe nu dzɔdzɔewo ŋu la, ekema wotrɔa asi le ame ŋutɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋu; ne wotrɔ asi le ame ŋutɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋu la, ekema nuwo nɔa ɖoɖo nu le ƒomegbenɔnɔ me; ne nuwo le ɖoɖo nu le ƒomegbenɔnɔ me la, ekema dukɔa nɔa agbe ɖe ɖoɖo nu; eye ne dukɔa wɔa nu ɖe ɖoɖo nu la, ekema ŋutifafa nɔa xexeame. Tso fia dzi vaseɖe dumevi gbɔlowo dzi la, ele be amesiame nabu asi tɔtrɔ le eya ŋutɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋu be eyae nye ke la alo gɔmeɖokpe la.”

35. (a) Aleke woate ŋu agblɔ li kple jen ƒe gɔmeɖosewoe kpuie? (b) Aleke esiawo katã dzena le Chinatɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ mee?

³⁵ Eyata míate ŋu akpɔe be le Konfusio ƒe nufiafia nu la, wɔwɔ ɖe li la dzi kpena ɖe ame ŋu be wòawɔ nusi dze le nɔnɔme ɖesiaɖe me, eye wɔwɔ ɖe jen dzi ana woawɔ nu dɔmenyotɔe ɖe amesiame ŋu. Wogblɔ be nusi ado tso emee nye ŋutifafa kple ɖekawɔwɔ si anɔ amewo dome. Míate ŋu agblɔ Konfusio ƒe taɖodzinu si wòtu ɖe li kple jen dzi la kpuie ale:

Esiawo katã kpe ɖe mía ŋu be míase nusitae Chinatɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ, kple Ɣedzeƒetɔ bubuwo tea gbe ɖe ƒomekadodowo, kutrikuku, agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃, kple alesi woanya ɖoƒe si wole kple alesi woawɔ nu wòasɔ ɖe enu ƒe vevienyenye dzi ale gbegbe la me. Konfusio ƒe nufiafia siawo kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe Chinatɔwo dzi le nyui alo vɔ̃ wɔwɔ me ƒe alafa geɖe.

Konfusio ƒe Nufiafiawo Trɔ Zu Dukɔ ƒe Subɔsubɔha

36. Aleke Konfusio ƒe nufiafiawo wɔ va trɔ zu dukɔ ƒe subɔsubɔha?

³⁶ Esi Konfusio ƒe nufiafiawo do la, “suku alafa ɖeka” la va ɖo eƒe nuwuwu. Han-fiaƒomea ƒe fiawo kpɔ nusi tututu hiã wo be woatsɔ ado ŋusẽ woƒe fiazikpuia la le Konfusio ƒe nufiafia si nye nuteƒe wɔwɔ na fia la me. Le Fiagã Wu Ti, si ƒe nya míegblɔ do ŋgɔ le Tao-subɔsubɔ me, ƒe dziɖuɣi la, wodo Konfusio-subɔsubɔ ɖe dzi wòzu dukɔa ƒe subɔsubɔha. Amesiwo nya Konfusio ƒe nufiafia veviwo nyuie koe wotiana be woanye dziɖuɖumegãwo, eye ele be amesiame si le didim be yeawɔ dziɖuɖudɔ la nado go le Konfusio ƒe nufiafiawo ƒe dodokpɔ siwo wowɔna le dukɔa me godoo la me. Konfusio ƒe kɔnuwo kple kɔnyinyiwo va zu fiaƒomea ƒe subɔsubɔha.

37. (a) Aleke Konfusio ƒe xexemenunyafiafia wɔ va zu subɔsubɔha? (b) Nukatae le nyateƒe me la, Konfusio ƒe nufiafia la menye xexemenunyafiafia ɖeɖeko o?

³⁷ Nuwo ƒe tɔtrɔ sia do Konfusio ƒe nɔƒe ɖe dzi ale gbegbe le Chinatɔwo dome. Han fiaƒomea me fiawo dze kɔnu si nye vɔ sasa le Konfusio ƒe yɔdo to gɔme. Wotsɔ bubuŋkɔwo nɛ. Emegbe le ƒe 630 M.Ŋ. me la, T’ang-fia si nye fiagã T’ai Tsung de se be woatu dziɖuɖua ƒe gbedoxɔ na Konfusio le nuto gãwo kple sueawo katã me le dukɔa me godoo eye woasa vɔ le wo me edziedzi. Le nuwɔna me ŋutɔŋutɔ la, wodo Konfusio ɖe dzi wòzu mawu eye bebli hafi nàkpɔ vovototo si le Konfusio-subɔsubɔ kple Tao-subɔsubɔ kpakple Buddha-subɔsubɔ me adze sii.—Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 175.

Nusi Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe Nunya la Gblẽ Ði

38. (a) Nukae dzɔ ɖe Tao-subɔsubɔ kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ dzi tso ƒe 1911 me? (b) Gake nukae gali kokoko le subɔsubɔha siawo ƒe nufiafia veviwo gome?

³⁸ Esi fiaƒomewo ƒe dziɖuɖu va woƒe nuwuwu le China le ƒe 1911 me la, wova ɖe ɖeklemi Konfusio-subɔsubɔ kple Tao-subɔsubɔ ŋutɔ, eye woti wo yome kura gɔ̃ hã. Woklo bubu le Tao-subɔsubɔ ŋu ɖe woƒe dzosasa kple aʋatsodzixɔsenuwɔnawo ta. Eye woyɔ Konfusio-subɔsubɔ be enye aƒetɔ ɖuɖu ɖe ame dzi ƒe ha eye wòdoa kluvinyenyegbɔgbɔ, si nye be woabɔbɔ amewo, vevietɔ nyɔnuwo ɖe anyi la ɖe ŋgɔ. Togbɔ be dziɖuɖua tsi tre ɖe eŋu alea hã la, subɔsubɔ siawo ƒe nufiafia veviwo ƒo ke ɖe to ɖe amewo ƒe susu me ale gbegbe be wogakpɔa ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe wo dometɔ geɖe dzi kokoko.

39. Nukae nyadzɔdzɔ me nyatakaka aɖe gblɔ tso China ƒe aʋatsodzixɔsenuwɔnawo ŋu?

³⁹ Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le tanya si nye “Chinatɔwo ƒe Subɔsubɔkɔnuwo Mebɔ ɖe Beijing O Gake Wobɔ ɖe Ƒutanutowo Me” te la, Kanadatɔwo ƒe nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ Globe and Mail ka nya ta le ƒe 1987 me be le mawudzimaxɔselawo ƒe dziɖuɖu si ade ƒe blaene kloe le China megbe la, kunuwɔwɔkɔnuwo, gbedoxɔ me subɔsubɔwo, kple aʋatsodzixɔsenuwɔnawo gabɔ kokoko ɖe kɔƒenutowo me. Nyatakaka la gblɔ be: “Fengshui tɔ, si nyea dumemetsitsi si nya nusi ya (feng) kple tsi (shui) ƒe ŋusẽwo fia la be wòanya teƒe si sɔ nyuie na nusianu tso ƒomeyɔdo dzi, vaseɖe aƒe yeye tsotso, alo afisi zikpuiwo anɔ dzi la, gale kɔƒeduwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ me.”

40. Subɔsubɔnuwɔna kawoe wokpɔna le Taiwan?

⁴⁰ Le teƒe bubuwo la, wokpɔa Tao-subɔsubɔ kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ le afisiafi si Chinatɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwɔwɔwo gale la. Le Taiwan la, ame aɖe si gblɔ be yenye Chang Tao-ling ƒe dzidzimevi la nye “dziƒoƒetɔ” si nye dzikpɔla, amesi si ŋusẽ le be wòaɖo Tao nunɔlawo (Tao Shih). Wodea ta agu na mawunɔ Matsu si wonya nyuie, si dzi woda ŋkɔ ɖo be “Vidada Kɔkɔe si Le Dziƒo” la be eyae nye ƒukpoa takpɔla kple ƒudzimɔzɔlawo kpakple ɖɔkplɔlawo takpɔla. Le ame gbɔlowo gome la, nusi ŋu wotsia dzi ɖo koŋ ye nye nu nana tɔsisiwo, towo, kple ɣletiviwo; mawu siwo kpɔa asinudɔ vovovowo dzi, lãmesẽ, dzɔgbenyui kpakple gakpɔkpɔ ƒe mawuwo kple vɔ sasa na wo.d

41. Aleke wowɔa Konfusio-subɔsubɔ lae egbea?

⁴¹ Ke Konfusio-subɔsubɔ ya ɖe? Woɖiɖi nɔƒe si wòle si nye mawusubɔsubɔha la ɖe anyi wòzu dukɔ ƒe ŋkuɖodzinu ko. Le China le Ch’ü-fou si nye du si me wodzi Konfusio le la, dziɖuɖua dzraa Konfusio ƒe Gbedoxɔ me, kple eƒe ƒometɔwo ƒe nɔƒewo ɖo be woanye nukpɔkpɔ na tsaɖilawo. Magazine si nye China Reconstructs gblɔ be wowɔa nuwo le afima be “woatsɔ afia alesi wonɔ nuwo wɔmee tsã le Konfusio ƒe tadedeagu ƒe kɔnuwo me.” Eye le Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, kple Asia ƒe ɣedzeƒedukɔ bubuwo me la, wogaɖua Konfusio ƒe dzigbezã kokoko.

42. Aleke Tao-subɔsubɔ kple Konfusio-subɔsubɔ do kpo mɔ fiafia ame le Mawu vavã la didi mee?

⁴² Alesi nuɖoanyi si wotu ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe nunya kple tamebubu dzi, eɖanye aleke gbegbee susu le emee alo alesi gbegbe wodze agbagba le eŋui o la doa kpo nui godoo le Mawu didi me la dze míekpɔ le Konfusio-subɔsubɔ kple Tao-subɔsubɔ me. Nukatae? Elabena egblẽa nu vevitɔ ɖeka si nye Mawu si li ŋutɔŋutɔ la ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu kple eƒe nudidiwo ɖi. Konfusio-subɔsubɔ trɔ ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe dzɔdzɔme ŋu be eyae nye ŋusẽ si ʋãa ame wòwɔa nu nyui, eye Tao-subɔsubɔ trɔ ɖe dzɔdzɔme ŋutɔŋutɔ ŋu. Gake esia nye kakaɖedzi dada ɖe afisi mesɔ o elabena efia ko be wole ta dem agu na nuwɔwɔwo ɖe Wɔla la teƒe.—Psalmo 62:10; 146:3, 4; Yeremya 17:5.

43. Aleke Chinatɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔkɔnuwo mete ŋu kpe ɖe wo ŋu le Mawu vavã la didi mee o?

⁴³ Gake ta dede agu na tɔgbuiwo kple legbawo, bubu dede Dziƒo ŋu abe nusi kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeame dzi ene, kple dzɔdzɔmegbɔgbɔwo subɔsubɔ, kpakple wo ŋu kɔnuwo kple kɔnyinyiwo ƒo ke ɖe to vevie le Chinatɔwo ƒe susu me ale gbegbe be woxɔ wo be wonye nyateƒe siwo ŋu mehiã be woagagblɔ nya aɖeke le o. Zi geɖe la, enyea nu sesẽ ŋutɔ be nàgblɔ Mawu alo Wɔla si li le eɖokui si ŋutɔŋutɔ la ƒe nya na Chinatɔ elabena nya ma nye nu yeye kura nɛ.—Romatɔwo 1:20-25.

44. (a) Aleke amesiwo bua tame wɔna ɖe dzɔdzɔmenuwo ƒe nukuwɔwɔ ŋu? (b) Nukae wode dzi ƒo na mí be míawɔ?

⁴⁴ Nyateƒe si womate ŋu agbe o ye wònye be nu wɔmoyaa gãwo kple nunya deto geɖewo bɔ ɖe xexeame fũ eye be wotsɔ ŋutete wɔnuku siwo nye tamebubu kple dzitsinya na mí amegbetɔwo. Gake abe alesi míegblɔe le ta si ƒo nu tso Buddha-ha ŋu mee ene la, nukunu siwo míekpɔna le xexeame la na tamebulawo ƒo nya ta be ele be Aɖaŋuwɔla alo Wɔla aɖe nanɔ anyi. (Kpɔ axa 151-2.) Esi nya la le nenema la, ɖe menye nusi me susu le be ele be míadze agbagba vevie adi Wɔla la oa? Le nyateƒe me la, Wɔla la kpe mí be míadi ye: “Mifɔ mo dzi, ne miakpɔ nu! Ameka wɔ nusiawo, eye wòkplɔa eŋu nuwo doa goe dedie? Eyɔa wo katã ŋkɔ, eye wo dometɔ aɖeke mesusɔna o.” (Yesaya 40:26) Ne míewɔ ema la, menye Amesi Wɔla la, si nye Yehowa Mawu la nye koe míanya o, ke boŋ míanya nusi wòdzra ɖo ɖi na mí ɖe etsɔ me ŋu hã.

45. Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔha ka hã ŋui míagasrɔ̃ nu le?

⁴⁵ Hekpe ɖe Buddha-subɔsubɔ, Konfusio-subɔsubɔ, kple Tao-subɔsubɔ siwo wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe mawusubɔsubɔgbenɔnɔ me ŋu la, subɔsubɔha bubu aɖe si le Japan koŋ hã li—Shinto-subɔsubɔha la. Aleke wòto vovo tso bubuawo gbɔe? Afikae wòdzɔ tso? Ðe wòkplɔ amewo yi Mawu vavã la gbɔea? Esiae nye nusi me míadzro le ta si kplɔe ɖo me.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka si le axa 162]

Chinagbe me Nyawo Yɔyɔ

Bene Chinagbe me nya siwo wozã le agbalẽ sia me nasɔ ɖe agbalẽnyalawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ nu la, míeŋlɔ wo ɖe Wade-Giles Chinagbe me nyawo gbugbɔgaŋlɔɖoɖo nu. Míeŋlɔ alesi woaxlẽe le Eʋegbe me kpe ɖe eŋu le ete:

chdzy, abe le Tao Te Ching (dzyĩ) me ene

ch’tsy, abe le Ch’in (tsyin) fiaƒome me ene

hssh, abe le Ta Hsüeh (shu-ɛ), Nusɔsrɔ̃ Deŋgɔ La me ene

jr, abe le jen (rɛn), amewɔwɔ me ene

kg, abe le the Buddhatɔwo ƒe mawunɔ Kuan-yin (gwan-yin) me ene

k’k, abe le K’ung-fu-tzu (kung-fu-tzu), alo Konfusio me ene

td, abe le Tao (dao), Mɔ La me ene

t’t, abe le T’ang (tang) fiaƒome me ene

[Aɖaka si le axa 175]

Konfusio ƒe Nufiafia—Xexemenunya alo Subɔsubɔha Yea?

Esi wònye nya ʋee aɖewo koe Konfusio gblɔ tso Mawu ŋu ta la, ame geɖe bua Konfusio ƒe nufiafia la be enye xexemenunyafiafia ko ke menye mawusubɔsubɔha o. Gake nya siwo wògblɔ kple nusiwo wòwɔ la fia be enye mawusubɔla. Esia dze le go eve me. Gbã la, etsɔ mawuvɔvɔ̃ ƒe bubu bu gbɔgbɔ si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeame dzi si Chinatɔwo yɔna be T’ien, alo Dziƒo, si wobuna be enye amewɔwɔ kple agbenɔnɔ ƒe nunyuiwɔwɔ katã ƒe dzɔtsoƒe, amesi ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu wosusu be eyae fiaa mɔ nusianu lae. Evelia, ete gbe ɖe kɔnu kple kɔnyinyi siwo ku ɖe ta dede agu na dziƒo kple tɔgbui kukuwo ƒe gbɔgbɔ ŋu la wɔwɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu pɛpɛpɛ la dzi vevie.

Togbɔ be Konfusio megblɔ ɣeaɖekeɣi be nukpɔsusu siawo nye mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe nuwɔnawo o hã la, Chinatɔwo ƒe dzidzime siwo va dzɔ emegbe la bui be mawusubɔsubɔ koe nye ema.

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 177]

Konfusio ƒe Agbalẽ Enea Kple Nuŋɔŋlɔ Vevi Atɔ̃a

Agbalẽ Enea

1. The Great Learning (Ta Hsüeh), agbalẽ si dzi wotu amekɔŋkumeewo ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ ɖo si nye agbalẽ gbãtɔ si wofiaa sukuviwo le China

2. The Doctrine of the Mean (Chung Yung), numeɖegbalẽ aɖe si ƒo nu tso asi tɔtrɔ le amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔme ŋu to nusi megbɔ eme o la wɔwɔ dzi

3. The Analects (Lun Yü), agbalẽ si me woƒo Konfusio ƒe nyagbɔgblɔwo nu ƒu ɖo, wobui be eya koŋ mee Konfusio ƒe susuwo dze le

4. The Book of Mencius (Meng-tzu), Konfusio ƒe nusrɔ̃la vevitɔ Meng-tzu, alo Mencius, ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo kple nyagbɔgblɔwo

Nuŋɔŋlɔ Vevi Atɔ̃a

1. The Book of Poetry (Shih Ching), Hakpanya 305 siwo na míenya alesi gbesiagbegbenɔnɔ nɔ le Chou ƒe dziɖuɣi ƒe gɔmedzedze (ƒe 1000-600 D.M.Ŋ.)

2. The Book of History (Shu Ching), Eƒo nu tso China ƒe ƒe alafa 17 me ŋutinya ŋu tso Shang fiaƒomea dzi (ƒe 1766-1122 D.M.Ŋ.)

3. The Book of Changes (I Ching), afakagbalẽ aɖe si wotu ɖe fli blibo ade alo fli siwo me tso kpokpokpo siwo wogbugbɔ ɖo ɖe ɖoɖo vovo 64 nu la ƒe gɔmeɖeɖewo dzi

4. The Book of Rites (Li Chi), agbalẽ si me woŋlɔ sewo, kɔnuwo kple kɔnyinyiwo ɖo

5. Annals of Spring and Autumn (Ch’un Ch’iu), ŋutinyagbalẽ aɖe si ƒo nu tso Lu si nye nuto si me wodzi Konfusio le la ƒe ŋutinya ŋu tso ƒe 721-478 D.M.Ŋ. dzi

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 177]

Nuŋɔŋlɔ Vevi Atɔ̃a dze le etame, eye The Great Learning (Agbalẽ Enea dometɔ ɖeka), me nya si míeyɔ ɖe axa 181 la dze le miame

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 163]

Tao, ‘mɔ si nu wòle be  woanɔ agbe ɖo’

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 165]

Lao-tzu, nunyafiala si nɔ megbe na Tao-subɔsubɔ bɔbɔ nɔ avenyi aɖe dzi

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 166]

Taotɔwo ƒe gbedoxɔ si wotu na Matsu, “Dziƒodada Kɔkɔe La,” le Taiwan

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 171]

To siwo dzi afu le, tsi siwo sina miɔɔ, ati siwo ya le ƒoƒom, kple nunyala siwo ɖe wo ɖokui ɖe aga siwo nye anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme siwo Chinatɔwo lɔ̃a tata la ɖea Taotɔwo ƒe taɖodzinu be yewoanɔ anyi le ɖekawɔwɔ me kple dzɔdzɔme la fiana

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 173]

Le miame, blema Taotɔwo ƒe atikpakpɛ si nye Agbe Didi ƒe mawu kple Ame Makumaku Enyiawo. Ðusime, Taotɔwo ƒe nunɔla le nunɔlawu me eye wòle mawunya gblɔlm le kuteƒe aɖe

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 179]

Wodea bubu Konfusio, Chinatɔwo ƒe nunyala vevitɔ ŋu, be enye agbenɔnɔ kple nunyuiwɔwɔ fiala

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 181]

Ŋkekenyuiɖuɖu siwo me wole ha dzim le le Sung Kyun Kwan, si nye Konfusiotɔwo ƒe ƒe alafa 14 lia me hehenaƒe aɖe le Seoul, Korea, wonye Konfusiotɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyiwo tutuɖo

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 182]

Woɖanye Buddhatɔwo, Taotɔwo, alo Konfusiotɔwo o, Chinatɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ, tso miame yi ɖusime, dea ta agu na tɔgbuiwo le aƒeme, wodea ta agu na gakpɔkpɔmawu, eye wosaa vɔ le gbedoxɔwo me le ŋkekenyuiwo dzi