12-14. (a) Afikae luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso le Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe? (b) Aleke nufiafia la wɔ va kaka ɖe anyigba dzi?

¹² Edze ƒã be blema Babilon ye luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso. Biblia si nye agbalẽ si me ŋutinya siwo de pɛpɛpɛ le la gblɔ be Nimrod si nye Noa tɔgbuitɔgbuiyɔvi ye tso Babel-dugã la, alo ɖo Babilon gɔme anyi.c Le Noa ƒe ŋkekea me Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe la, gbegbɔgblɔ ɖeka kple subɔsubɔha ɖeka koe nɔ anyi. Nimrod ɖo subɔsubɔha bubu gɔme anyi esi wòtso dugã la hetu mɔ ɖe afima. Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖi ɖee fia be esi wotɔtɔ gbe na amewo le Babel megbe la, mɔtula siwo do kpo nu la kaka va dze agbe gɔme le teƒe bubuwo, eye woƒe mawusubɔsubɔ tsi wo si wotsɔ dzoe. (Mose I, 10:6-10; 11:4-9) Alea wòdzɔe be Babilon-subɔsubɔ ƒe nufiafiawo kaka ɖe anyigba dzi katã.

¹³ Blemanuŋlɔɖiwo gblɔ be anyrae wowɔ le Nimrod ŋu wòku. Le eƒe ku megbe la, Babilontɔwo anya di godoo be yewoade bubu eŋu be eyae nye yewoƒe dua gɔmeɖoanyila, etsola, kple eƒe fia gbãtɔ. Esi wobua mawu Marduk (Merodax) be enye Babilon gɔmeɖoanyila ta la, agbalẽnyala aɖewo gblɔ be ɖewohĩ Marduk tsi tre ɖi na Nimrod si wotsɔ wɔ trɔ̃e. Ne ele nenema la, ekema dzixɔse si nye be luʋɔ le ame si si yia edzi nɔa agbe le ku megbe la anya bɔ le Nimrod ƒe kuɣi. Aleke kee o, ŋutinyamenuŋlɔɖiwo ɖee fia be Babel, alo Babilon, ye luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso le Tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe.

¹⁴ Gake aleke nufiafia sia wɔ va zu subɔsubɔha siwo li le míaƒe ɣeyiɣia me ƒe nufiafia vevi? Míadzro alesi wòwɔ ge ɖe Ɣedzeƒesubɔsubɔhawo me la me le akpa si kplɔe ɖo me.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 6]

Alesi Egiptetɔwo bua luʋɔ siwo le tɔgbuiwo dee

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

Socrates te tɔ ɖe edzi be luʋɔ mekuna o

Dzixɔsea Ðo Ɣedzeƒe Subɔsubɔhawo Me

“Gbugbɔgadzɔ xɔ susu me nam tso nye ɖevime ke. Mebunɛ ɣesiaɣi be nyateƒe si dzi amesiame lɔ̃ ɖo le afisiafie luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nya la nye. Eyata ewɔ mo yaa nam ŋutɔ esi mese be agbalẽnyalagã aɖewo siwo tso Ɣedzeƒe kple Ɣetoɖoƒe siaa ƒo nu tsi tre ɖe dzixɔsea ŋu vevie. Fifia medi be manya alesi Hindutɔwo wɔ va xɔ makumakunyenye dzi se.”—YUNIVƐSITIDELA AÐE SI WONYI LE HINDU-SUBƆSUBƆHA ME.

1. Nukata míetsɔ ɖe le alesi amegbetɔ ƒe makumakunyenye nufiafia la wɔ dze egɔme hekaka ɖe subɔsubɔha vovovowo me la me?

ALEKE dzixɔse si nye be luʋɔ si mekuna o le amegbetɔ si la wɔ va ge ɖe Hindutɔwo kple Ɣedzeƒenutome subɔsubɔha bubuwo me? Biabia sia ka Ɣetoɖoƒetɔ siwo ɖewohĩ womenya nu tso subɔsubɔha siawo ŋu o gɔ̃ hã, elabena dzixɔsea kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe alesi amesiame bua etsɔme ŋui dzi. Le esi amegbetɔ ƒe makumakunyenye va zu subɔsubɔha akpa gãtɔ ƒe nufiafia egbea ta la, alesi dzixɔsea wɔ dze egɔmee nyanya ate ŋu ana míase nya la gɔme geɖe wu eye wòana kadodo si nyo wu nanɔ mía dome.

2. Nukata India nye teƒe ɖedzesi si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ dzi le Asia?

² Ninian Smart si nye mawusubɔsubɔ ŋuti nufialagã le Lancaster Yunivɛsiti le Britain gblɔ be: “India ye nye dukɔ si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe mawusubɔsubɔnyawo dzi wu ɖesiaɖe le Asia. Menye esi India ye nye afisi subɔsubɔha geɖe—Hindu, Buddha, Jain, Sikh, kple subɔsubɔha bubu geɖewo—dzɔ tso ta koe wòle nenema o, ke le esi wo dometɔ ɖeka si nye Buddha-subɔsubɔ va kpɔ ŋusẽ geɖe ɖe Ɣedzeƒe Asia ƒe dekɔnuwo katã kloe dzi tae.” Nikhilananda si nye Hindutɔ agbalẽnyala la gblɔ be nuto geɖe me tɔ siwo dzi wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo alea la “gabua India kokoko be enye yewoƒe gbɔgbɔmenyawo dzɔtsoƒe.” Ekema aleke wòdzɔe be makumaku ƒe nufiafia sia kaka va ɖo India kple Asia ƒe teƒe bubuwo?

Hindutɔwo ƒe Gbugbɔgadzɔ Nufiafia

3. Le ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe ƒe nya nu la, anye amekawoe tsɔ luʋɔwo ƒe gege ɖe nu bubuwo me ƒe dzixɔsea va India?

³ Le ƒe alafa adelia D.M.Ŋ. me, esime Pythagoras kple eyomedzelawo nɔ luʋɔwo ƒe gege ɖe nu bubuwo me ƒe dzixɔsea fiam le Hela la, Hindu-nunyala siwo nɔ Indus kple Ganges tɔsisiwo to le India hã nɔ asi trɔm le nufiafia ma tɔgbe tututu ŋu. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Arnold Toynbee gblɔ be alesi dzixɔse sia do “le Helatɔwo dome kple le India” le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me la “mate ŋu anye nudogoɖenunu dzro ko o.” Toynbee ɖee fia be: “Amesiwo wòate ŋu adzɔ be woawo [ƒe nukpɔsusu kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe] teƒe evea siaa dzie nye Europa kple Asia tɔwo ƒe tsatsala siwo va ɖo India, Anyiehe Ɣetoɖoƒe Asia, kuɖiɖinyigba si le Ƒu Yibɔa ƒe dzieheƒuta, kple Balkan kpakple Anatolia ƒukpoafãwo dzi le ƒe alafa 8 kple 7 lia D.M.Ŋ. me.” Edze ƒã be Europa kple Asia to siwo nye tsatsalawoe tsɔ luʋɔ ƒe gege ɖe nu bubuwo me ƒe dzixɔsea yi India.

4. Nukata luʋɔwo ƒe gege ɖe nu bubuwo me ƒe dzixɔsea dze Hindu-nunyalawo ŋu?

⁴ Hindu-subɔsubɔ dze egɔme le India ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe do ŋgɔ, esime Aryatɔwo va ɖo le ƒe 1500 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo. Tso gɔmedzedzea me ke la, Hindutɔwo xɔe se be luʋɔ to vovo tso ametia gbɔ eye be luʋɔ yia edzi nɔa agbe le ku megbe. Esia ta Hindutɔwo subɔa tɔgbui kukuwo eye wodaa nuɖuɖu ɖi na woƒe ame kukuwo ƒe luʋɔwo be woava ɖu. Ƒe alafa geɖe megbe esime luʋɔwo ƒe gege ɖe nu bubuwo me ƒe dzixɔsea va ɖo India la, Hindu-nunyala siwo nɔ nya ʋlim le nuvɔ̃ kple amegbetɔ ƒe fukpekpe ƒe kuxi si ka amesiame ŋu la anya kpɔ dzidzɔ ɖe eŋu. Hindu-nunyalawo tsɔ esia kpe ɖe nusi woyɔna be Karma ƒe se, si nye se si fia be nane gbɔe nusianu tsona, la ŋu eye woto gbugbɔgadzɔ ƒe nufiafia vɛ, eye wogblɔ be woɖoa nyui alo vɔ̃ si wowɔ le agbe me teƒe alo naa tohehe ɖe eta le agbe si kplɔe ɖo me.

5. Le Hindu-subɔsubɔ ƒe nufiafia nu la, nukae nye luʋɔ ƒe taɖodzinu kɔkɔtɔ kekeake?

⁵ Gake dzixɔse bubu aɖe gali si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia le luʋɔ ŋu dzi. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics gblɔ be: “Edze nyateƒenyae be le ɣeyiɣi si me tututu woɖo luʋɔ ƒe gege ɖe nu bubu me kple karma ƒe nufiafia la anyi, alo do ŋgɔ nɛ la, dzixɔse bubu aɖe . . . nɔ nunyala ʋee aɖewo ƒe susu me xɔm vivivi le Dziehe India—eyae nye Brahman-Ātman [Brahman gãtɔ kple mavɔtɔ, ŋusẽ kɔkɔtɔ kekeake] ƒe xexemenunya dzixɔsea.” Wotsɔ nukpɔsusu sia tsaka kple gbugbɔgadzɔ nufiafia la tsɔ ɖe Hindutɔwo ƒe taɖodzinu vevitɔ gɔmee—be enye ablɔɖekpɔkpɔ tso luʋɔ ƒe gege ɖe nu bubu me bene woate ŋu aɖo ŋusẽ kɔkɔtɔ gbɔ. Hindutɔwo xɔe se be agbagbadzedze be woanɔ hadomegbe si dzi wolɔ̃ ɖo kple Hindutɔwo ƒe nunya tɔxɛ ƒe amesisusu ye ana woaɖo esia gbɔ.

6, 7. Nukae nye egbeŋkekea me Hindutɔwo ƒe dzixɔse le Agbenɔnɔ le Ku Megbe ŋu?

⁶ Hindu-nunyalawo to esia me trɔ asi le luʋɔwo ƒe gege ɖe nu bubu me ƒe nukpɔsusua ŋu wòzu gbugbɔgadzɔ ƒe nufiafia esi wotsɔe tsaka kple Karma ƒe se kple Brahman-dzixɔsea. Octavio Paz si nye hakpanyaŋlɔla si xɔ Nobel Nunana eye wòganye Mexicotɔwo ƒe amedɔdɔ le India tsã la ŋlɔ bena: “Zi alesi Hindu-subɔsubɔ nɔ ta kekemee la, zi nenemae dzixɔse aɖe . . . si nye nu vevi le Brahman-nukpɔsusuwo, Buddha-subɔsubɔ, kple Asia-subɔsubɔha bubuwo me hã kakae: dzixɔse mae nye luʋɔ ƒe dodo ayi ame bubu alo lã aɖe me le ku me le agbenɔnɔ siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo me.”

⁷ Gbugbɔgadzɔ nufiafia la dzi koŋue wotu Hindu-subɔsubɔ ɖo le egbeŋkekea me. Hindutɔ xexemenunyala Nikhilananda gblɔ be: “Hindutɔ akuaku ɖesiaɖe xɔe se be menye ame tiatia ʋee aɖewo koe anɔ makumakugbe o, ke boŋ enye nusi wotsɔ dzi amesiamee.”