Atitsoga Ŋue Yesu Ku Ðo Vavã?

NUMEKUGBALẼ aɖe gblɔ be “atitsoga lae nye Kristotɔnyenye ƒe dzesi si amewo nya wu.” Le subɔsubɔha geɖe ƒe nutatawo kple aɖaŋunukpakpɛwo me la, woɖɔa Yesu be woklãe ɖe atitsoga ŋu. Nu ka tae dzesi sia xɔ aƒe ɖe Kristodukɔa me nenema gbegbe ɖo? Atitsoga ŋue Yesu ku ɖo vavã?

Ame geɖe atrɔ ɖe Biblia ŋu hena nya sia ƒe ŋuɖoɖo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wogblɔ le Eʋegbe Biblia la me be, esi wowu Yesu la, eteƒekpɔlawo nɔ fewu ɖum le eŋu hetɔ gbee be wòaɖi “le atitsoga la ŋuti!” (Mateo 27:40, 42) Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe bubuwo hã gblɔe alea tɔgbi. Agbe Nya La gblɔ tso Simon, Kirenetɔ la, ŋu be: “Wozi edzi be wòakpe ɖe Yesu ŋu atsɔ eƒe atitsoga la.” (Marko 15:21) Helagbe me nya staurosʹ gɔmee woɖe be “atitsoga” le kpukpui siawo me. Kpeɖodzi sẽŋu aɖe dzie wotu gɔmeɖeɖe sia ɖoa? Helagbe me nya ma gɔme ɖe?

Atitsogae Wònyea?

Helagbe nyala W. E. Vine gblɔ be nu si staurosʹ “fiae nye ati dzɔdzɔe alo ati. Esia ŋue wohea nu vlo wɔla si woɖo be woawu la ɖo. Ale si wozã ŋkɔnya kple dɔwɔnya stauroō, si fia be woabla ame ɖe ati alo ati dzɔdzɔe ŋu la, to vovo na subɔsubɔhawo ƒe ati eve siwo wotsɔna tsoa gae.”

Nyagɔmeɖegbalẽ aɖe (The Imperial Bible-Dictionary) gblɔ tso nya staurosʹ ŋu be “esɔ be woaɖe egɔme be ati, ati dzɔdzɔe, alo kpɔtɔti si ŋu woate ŋu aku nane ɖo, alo esi woate ŋu atsɔ atɔ kpɔ ɖe anyigba aɖe ŋu.” Agbalẽa gblɔ kpee be: “Edze abe le gɔmedzedzea me la, Romatɔwo ŋutɔ gɔ̃ hã se crux (Latingbe me nya si me woɖe nya atitsoga tsoe) gɔme be enye ati dzɔdzɔe.” Eya ta mewɔ nuku o be The Catholic Encyclopedia gblɔ be: “Ðikeke mele eme o be le gɔmedzedzea me la, atitsoga la nye ati dzɔdzɔe ko, si ta me le tsutsuẽ.”

Biblia ŋlɔlawo zã Helagbe me nya bubu si nye xyʹlon, tsɔ ɖɔ nu si ŋu wowu Yesu ɖo. Numekugbalẽ aɖe (A Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New Testament) ɖe xyʹlon gɔme be “atikpo alo ati.” Egblɔ kpee be nu si staurosʹ, “fia koe nye ati dzɔdzɔe alo ati si ŋu Romatɔwo klãa ame si ŋu wogblɔ le be wohe ɖe ati ŋu la ɖo,” abe ale si ko wòle le xyʹlon hã gome ene.

Eya ta míade dzesii be Eʋegbe Biblia gblɔ le Dɔwɔwɔwo 5:30 be: “Mía fofowo ƒe Mawu la fɔ Yesu ɖe tsitre, amesi miawo miewu, esime miehee ɖe ati [xyʹlon] ŋuti.” Eye togbɔ be gɔmeɖeɖe bubuwo ɖe staurosʹ gɔme be “atitsoga” hã la, woɖe xyʹlon ya gɔme be “ati.” Le gɔmeɖeɖe si nye Nubabla Yeye La me la, wogblɔ tso Yesu ŋu le Dɔwɔwɔwo 13:29 be: “Esi wowɔ nusianu si woŋlɔ ɖi tso eŋu la vɔ la, woɖee le ati [xyʹlon] la ŋu, eye woɖii.”

Le gɔmesese si le Helagbe me nya staurosʹ kple xyʹlon ŋu ta la, numekugbalẽ si míeyɔ va yi (Critical Lexicon and Concordance) gblɔ be: “Gɔmesese si le nya eveawo ŋu mewɔ ɖeka kple atitsoga si míekpɔna le nɔnɔmetatawo me la o.” Ne míagblɔe bubui la, nu si Nya Nyui Gbalẽ ŋlɔlawo wɔnɛ esi wozã nya staurosʹ la, to vovo sãa na nu si woyɔna egbea be atitsoga. Eya ta esɔ be le Kristotɔwo Ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo—Xexe Yeye Gɔmeɖeɖe me la, wozã “fuwɔameti” le Mateo 27:40-42 kple teƒe bubu siwo nya staurosʹ dze le. Eye gɔmeɖeɖe si nye Complete Jewish Bible hã zã nya “amewuti.”

Afi Si Atitsoga Dzɔ Tso

Ne vavãe Biblia megblɔ be atitsoga ŋue wowu Yesu ɖo o la, ke nu ka tae sɔlemeha siwo gblɔna be yewoxɔ Biblia dzi se—Katolikotɔwo, Protestantɔwo, kple Orthodɔkstɔwo—tsɔa atitsoga ɖoa atsyɔ̃ na woƒe sɔlemexɔwo, eye wònye dzesi vevi le woƒe tadedeagu me? Aleke wòdzɔe be atitsoga ƒe dzesia va xɔ aƒe ɖi alea?

Ŋuɖoɖoae nye be menye sɔlemedela siwo be yewoxɔ Biblia dzi se la koe dea bubu tɔxɛ atitsoga la ŋu o, ke subɔsubɔha siwo mexɔ Biblia dzi se kura o, siwo nɔ anyi xoxoxo hafi ha siwo gblɔna be yewonye Kristotɔwo va dzɔ la, hã zãnɛ. Subɔsubɔha geɖewo ƒe agbalẽwo gɔ̃ hã gblɔ be tso gbe aɖe gbe ke le amegbetɔwo ƒe ŋutinya mee amewo zã atitsoga ƒomevi vovovowo le. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Egiptetɔwo ƒe blemaŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo kple woƒe mawuwo kple mawunɔwo ƒe nutatawo me la, atitsoga si le ŋɔŋlɔdzesi T ƒe nɔnɔme me, si wote fli togodoo ɖe etame la dzena le wo me. Woyɔnɛ be ansate, alo atitsoga si le asiléƒe ƒe nɔnɔme me, eye wobunɛ be enye agbe ƒe dzesi. Emegbe Kɔpt Sɔlemeha la kple ha bubuwo va te ezazã vevie.

Agbalẽ si nye The Catholic Encyclopedia gblɔ be “edze abe nu si atitsogaa nye le gɔmedzedzea mee nye nu si woyɔna be ‘gamma’ ƒe atitsoga (crux gammata), eye ame siwo srɔ̃a blema kple ɣedzeƒe Asiatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya la nya eƒe Sanskritgbe me ŋkɔ si nye swastika la, nyuie wu.” Tsã la, Hindutɔ siwo le India kple Buddhatɔ siwo le Asia bliboa la zã dzesi sia ŋutɔ, eye àgakpɔ wo egbea gɔ̃ hã le atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo kple lekewɔnuwo me le nuto mawo me.

Ame aɖeke menya ɣeyiɣi si tututu atitsoga la va zu ame siwo gblɔna be yewonye Kristotɔwo la ƒe dzesi o. Agbalẽ aɖe (Vine ƒe Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words) gblɔ be: “Le ƒe alafa 3 lia Mía Ŋɔli ƒe domedomee lɔƒo la, sɔlemehawo tra ɖa tso Kristotɔwo ƒe nufiafia aɖewo gbɔ alo tɔ tsi wo. Be bubu geɖe wu nanɔ xɔsegbelawo ƒe ha si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi ŋu ta la, woxɔ trɔ̃subɔlawo ɖe sɔlemewo me, togbɔ be womezu xɔsetɔwo ŋutɔŋutɔ o hã, eye woɖe mɔ na wo be woazã woƒe trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ƒe dzesi geɖewo,” siwo dome atitsoga hã le.

Agbalẽŋlɔla aɖewo hea susu yia nya si ɣemawu subɔla Konstantino gblɔ dzi be, le ƒe 312 Mía Ŋɔli me, esime yenɔ aʋagbedzi la, yekpɔ atitsoga le ɣe me, si dzi woŋlɔ Latingbe me dzideƒonamenya “in hoc vince” (ɖu dzi to esia dzi) ɖo. Emegbe wota “Kristotɔwo” ƒe dzesi aɖe ɖe eƒe aʋakɔa ƒe aflagawo, akpoxɔnuwo, kple aʋawɔnuwo dzi. (Fotoa le miame.) Wogblɔ be Konstantino trɔ zu Kristotɔ, gake ƒe 25 le ema megbe hafi wòxɔ nyɔnyrɔ, le eƒe kuba dzi. Ame aɖewo xɔe se be susu bubu aɖe nɔ megbe na eƒe nuwɔnaa. Agbalẽ si nye The Non-Christian Cross gblɔ be: “Menye ɖe wònɔ Yesu Nazaretetɔ la ƒe nufiafiawo yome o, ke boŋ ɖe wònɔ agbagba dzem be yeatrɔ Kristotɔnyenye wòazu katoliko [ame hahoowo] ƒe subɔsubɔha, be trɔ̃subɔlawo nalɔ̃ age ɖe eme.”

Tso ɣemaɣi la, amewo va le atitsoga siwo le nɔnɔme vovovowo me la zãm. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nyagɔmeɖegbalẽ aɖe (The Illustrated Bible Dictionary) gblɔ be nu si woyɔna be St. Anthony ƒe atitsoga la “nɔ abe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi T ene, eye ame aɖewo susui be [Babilontɔwo] ƒe mawu Tammuz, si ƒe ŋkɔ dze egɔme kple xexlẽdzesi tau la, ƒe dzesi mee woɖee tsoe.” Atitsoga ƒomevi bubue nye St. Andrew tɔ, si le abe xexlẽdzesi X ene, kple atitsoga si woɖiɖi etameti la va gɔme vie, si ame geɖe nya la. Mlɔetɔ sia si woyɔna be Latin atitsoga, lae ame geɖe buna vodadatɔe “le woƒe dzixɔsewo nu be eyae nye atitsoga si ŋu míaƒe Aƒetɔa ku ɖo la, ƒe nɔnɔme.”

Nu Si Dzi Kristotɔ Gbãtɔwo Xɔ Se

Biblia ɖee fia be le Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ŋɔli la, ame siwo se Yesu ƒe nyawo la dometɔ geɖe zu xɔsetɔwo, eye woxɔe se be woana ɖeɖe yewo to eƒe vɔsakua dzi. Esi apostolo Paulo ɖe gbeƒã na Yudatɔ siwo le Korinto, eye wòɖo kpe edzi be Yesu ye nye Kristo la, Biblia gblɔ be “Krispo, si nye ƒuƒoƒea dzi kpɔla la va xɔ Aƒetɔ la dzi se, eye eƒe aƒe blibo la hã xɔe se. Eye Korintotɔ geɖe siwo see la te edzixɔxɔse, eye wonyrɔ wo.” (Dɔwɔwɔwo 18:5-8) Paulo mefia wo be woazã mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe dzesi alo nɔnɔmewɔwɔ aɖeke le woƒe tadedeagu me o, ke boŋ exlɔ̃ nu nɔvia Kristotɔwo be ‘woasi le trɔ̃subɔsubɔ’ kple nuwɔna ɖe sia ɖe si dzɔ tso trɔ̃subɔsubɔ me la nu.—1 Korintotɔwo 10:14.

Ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo kple numekulawo mekpɔ kpeɖodzi aɖeke si fia be Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo zã atitsoga o. Eya ta mewɔ nuku o be agbalẽ si nye History of the Cross ƒo nu tso agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa 17 lia me ŋu si bia be: “Ðe wòadze bubutɔ Yesu ŋu be wòakpɔe be yeƒe nusrɔ̃lawo le ŋutikɔkɔe tsɔm na nu si ŋu woklãe ɖo la ƒe nɔnɔmewɔwɔ, si ŋu [wobe] edo dzi ku le fɔmaɖimaɖii, eye mebu ŋukpe ɖe naneke me o la?” Aleke nàɖo nya sia ŋu?

Womebia tso mía si be míazã dzesiwo alo nɔnɔmewɔwɔwo hafi míaƒe tadedeagu nadze Mawu ŋu o. Paulo bia be: “Ðekawɔwɔ kae le Mawu ƒe gbedoxɔ kple trɔ̃wo dome?” (2 Korintotɔwo 6:14-16) Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe afi aɖeke meɖee fia be ele be Kristotɔwo nazã nu si ŋu woklã Yesu ɖo la ƒe nɔnɔmewɔwɔ le tadedeagu me o.—Tsɔe sɔ kple Mateo 15:3; Marko 7:13.

Ekema nu kae woatsɔ ade dzesi Kristotɔ vavãwo? Menye atitsoga alo dzesi bubu aɖee o, ke boŋ lɔlɔ̃e. Yesu gblɔ na eyomedzelawo be: “Se yeye nam mele mi, be mialɔ̃ mia nɔewo; abe ale si melɔ̃ mi ene la, miawo hã milɔ̃ mia nɔewo. Esia me amewo katã anyae le be nye nusrɔ̃lawo mienye, ne lɔlɔ̃ le mia dome.”—Yohanes 13:34, 35.

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 19]

Nu si ŋu Nya Nyui Gbalẽ ŋlɔlawo ƒo nu tsoe la to vovo sãa na nu si woyɔna egbea be atitsoga

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 18]

Ƒe alafa 17 lia me ƒe nutata si me woklã ame aɖe ɖe staurosʹ ŋu, tso Lipsius ƒe “De Cruce” me

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 19]

Nutata si le gli ŋu le egipte (ƒe alafa 14 lia D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) ansate atitsoga, agbe ƒe dzesi

[Afi Si Miìexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso si le axa 19]

© DeA Picture Library/Art Resource, NY

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 19]

Gamma atitsoga le Laxmi Narayan Hindu Gbedoxɔ ŋu

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 20]

Woɖee tso agbalẽ si nye The Cross in Tradition, History, and Art (1897) me