Ani Obaanyɛ Ona Jamɔ Mli Anɔkwale Lɛ?

NUU ko ni pɛiɔ mumɔŋ nibii amli ni yɔɔ Sweden univɛsiti maŋ ni ji Uppsala mli lɛ to eyiŋ akɛ ebaakase jamɔi sɔrɔtoi ni yɔɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ emaŋ lɛ mli lɛ ahemɔkɛyelii ahe nii, ni eyasara amɛ jamɔ hei lɛ po. Ebo amɛ osɔfo lɛ shiɛmɔ toi, ni ebibii sɔlemɔ lɛ mli bii lɛ ateŋ mɛi komɛi saji. Eyoo akɛ Yehowa Odasefoi pɛ ji mɛi ni etamɔ nɔ ni amɛyɔɔ nɔmimaa akɛ “[amɛ]na anɔkwale lɛ.” Esusu nɔ hewɔ ni Odasefoi nyɛɔ amɛkɛɔ nakai lɛ he, akɛni jamɔ mli susumɔi sɔrɔtoi babaoo yɔɔ hewɔ.

Ani bo diɛŋtsɛ lɛ osusuɔ akɛ nine baanyɛ ashɛ anɔkwale ni kɔɔ jamɔ he lɛ nɔ? Ani abaanyɛ atsɔɔ nɔ ni abaanyɛ atsɛ lɛ akɛ naagbee anɔkwale kwraa lɛ?

Jeŋ Nilee kɛ Anɔkwale Lɛ

Mɛi ni amɛkase jeŋ nilee ená jwɛŋmɔ lɛ akɛ, adesai anine nyɛŋ ashɛ naagbee anɔkwale kwraa lɛ nɔ. Ekolɛ ole akɛ, atsɔɔ jeŋ nilee mli akɛ, “nilee ni bɔɔ mɔdɛŋ ni etsɔɔ shihilɛ kɛ wala shishijee mli.” Shi, yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, efɔɔɔ shɔŋŋ yaa nakai. Yɛ wolo, Filosofins Historia (Jeŋ Nilee he Yinɔsane) lɛ mli lɛ, Swedennyo woloŋmalɔ, Alf Ahlberg ŋma akɛ: “Bɔ ni jeŋ nilee he sanebimɔi babaoo yɔɔ hewɔ lɛ anyɛɛɛ aha amɛ hetoo pɔtɛɛ ko. . . . Mɛi pii hiɛ jwɛŋmɔ lɛ akɛ, nibii ni mli wawai ni kwɔlɔ fe adebɔɔ mli nɔ̃ [ni kɔɔ klɛŋklɛŋ shishitoo taomɔ nii ni kɔɔ nibii ahe] lɛ fata nɛkɛ . . . kuu nɛɛ he.”

No hewɔ lɛ, mɛi ni amɛtsɔ jeŋ nilee nɔ amɛka akɛ amɛaana hetoo amɛha wala shihilɛ mli sanebimɔi ni he hiaa lɛ naa ni amɛtsui enyɔɔɔ amɛmli loo ni amɛhaoɔ yɛ bei pii amli. Swedennyo woloŋmalɔ, Gunnar Aspelin, kɛɛ yɛ ewolo, Tankelinjer och trosformer (Susumɔ Gbɛ kɛ Jamɔ Mli Hemɔkɛyeli) lɛ mli akɛ: “Nɔ kome ni wɔnaa ji akɛ, adebɔɔ bɛ gbɔmɔ he miishɛɛ ko fe bɔ ni eyɔɔ yɛ abɛi kɛ tɔŋtɔŋ he. . . . Wɔbɛ hewalɛ, wɔbɛ hewalɛ ko kwraa yɛ nakai adebɔɔ mli hewalɛi ni yeɔ sharamɔ yɛ kponɔgbɛ je lɛ kɛ wɔmligbɛ je lɛ mli lɛ nɔ. Enɛ ji wala shihilɛ he jwɛŋmɔ ni ahiɛ ni eje kpo shii abɔ yɛ woji amli kɛmiiba afii oha ni gbɔmɛi kɛ amɛ nɔyaa he hiɛnɔkamɔ ewo mli ni amɛla yɛ wɔsɛɛ be kpakpa he yɛ mli lɛ anaagbee gbɛ.”

Ani Anɔkwale Kpojiemɔ ko he Miihia?

Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ adesai amɔdɛŋbɔɔ nyɛko aye omanye yɛ anɔkwale ni kɔɔ wala he lɛ namɔ mli, ni asaŋ etamɔ nɔ ni amɛnyɛŋ amɛna gbi ko hu. Belɛ yiŋtoo kpakpa yɛ ni aaadamɔ nɔ amu sane naa akɛ, ŋwɛi kpojiemɔ ko he miihia. Nɔ ni mɛi pii tsɛɔ lɛ akɛ adebɔɔ wolo lɛ kɛ kpojiemɔ ko haa. Kɛji akɛ etsɔɔɔ wala shishijee mli fitsofitso kɛmɔɔɔ shi po lɛ, etsɔɔ akɛ nɔ̃ ko yɛ ni haa mɔ tsui nyɔɔ emli babaoo fe heloonaa nibii anɔ ni aaadamɔ atsɔɔ wala mli. Jwɛi ni kwɛ̃ɔ nɔ baa kome ni daa kɛyaa ŋwɛi lɛ nyiɛɔ mlai ni esoro nomɛi yɛ nɔ ni kudɔɔ tɛsaai ni abua naa yɛ fɔlɔ ni kuɔ ewoɔ mli lɛ anɔ̃ he lɛ sɛɛ. Adebɔɔ mli nibii ni yɔɔ wala lɛ tswaa amɛhe amɛmaa shi ni amɛtoɔ amɛhe gbɛjianɔ yɛ gbɛ ni nibii ni wala bɛ mli lɛ efeee nakai lɛ nɔ. No hewɔ lɛ, mla kɛ jamɔ he nikaselɔ ko ni he gbɛi waa lɛ yɛ nɔ ni eeedamɔ nɔ emu sane naa akɛ: “[Nyɔŋmɔ] he nii ni anaaa ni ji enaanɔ hewalɛ kɛ nyɔŋmɔyeli lɛ fɛɛ lɛ, kɛjɛ jeŋbɔɔ mli beebe lɛ atsɔɔ enii ni efee lɛ anɔ ayɔseɔ ni anaa faŋŋ.”—Romabii 1:20.

Shi bɔni afee ni ana mɔ ni tswa ni eto nibii nɛɛ fɛɛ he gbɛjianɔ lɛ, kpojiemɔ kroko he miihia wɔ lolo. Ani esaaa akɛ wɔkpaa gbɛ akɛ kpojiemɔ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ baahi shi? Ani jwɛŋmɔ bɛ mli akɛ aaakpa gbɛ akɛ Mɔ ni kɛ wala ba shikpɔŋ nɔ lɛ baajie ehe kpo etsɔɔ ebɔɔ nii lɛ?

Biblia lɛ kɛɔ akɛ no ji kpojiemɔ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ lɛ. Wɔkɛ yiŋtoo kpakpa ni aaadamɔ nɔ akpɛlɛ nɔ ni akɛɔ nɛɛ nɔ eha yɛ wolo tɛtrɛɛ nɛɛ mli shii abɔ, ni nilelɔi pii ekpɛlɛ nɔ. Ákɛ, mɛi ni ŋmala Biblia lɛ ahe miitswa shi ni amɛha ale akɛ, nɔ ni amɛŋmala lɛ jeee amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛjwɛŋmɔ lɛ sa kadimɔ jogbaŋŋ. Wɔnaa ni Biblia mli gbalɔi lɛ kɛ wiemɔi tamɔ, “Bɔ ni Yehowa kɛɛ nɛ” miitsu nii fe shii 300 sɔŋŋ. (Yesaia 37:33; Yeremia 2:2; Nahum 1:12) Ekolɛ ole akɛ hii kɛ yei ni ŋmalaa woji loo saji lɛ sumɔɔ waa ni amɛkɛ amɛwao naa gbɛi awo nibii ni amɛŋmala lɛ ashishi. Ni kɛlɛ, mɛi ni ŋmala Biblia lɛ haaa ayoo amɛ; ekomɛi po yɛ ni ewa akɛ aaale mɛi ni ŋmala Biblia lɛ fai komɛi lɛ.

Biblia lɛ he nɔ kroko ni obaana akɛ esa kadimɔ jogbaŋŋ ji egbeekpamɔ yɛ emligbɛ lɛ. Enɛ sa kadimɔ jogbaŋŋ, akɛni akɛ be ni fe afii 1,600 ŋmala Biblia lɛ mli woji 66 lɛ hewɔ. Ŋɔɔ lɛ akɛ, otee maŋ wojiatoo he ko, ni oyahala Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ he woji 66 ni aŋmala yɛ be kpalaŋŋ ni fe afii ohai 16 mli. Kɛkɛ ni oha afee nakai woji komekomei lɛ wolokpo kome. Ani obaakpa gbɛ ni nakai wolokpo lɛ ana saneyitso kome ni emli shɛɛ saji lɛ afee nɔ ni kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee? Dabi. Enɛ baabi naakpɛɛ nifeemɔ ko. Shi, susumɔ enɛ he: Biblia lɛ mli woji lɛ hiɛ saneyitso kome ni tamɔ nɛkɛ, ni amɛkɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee. Enɛ yeɔ odase akɛ, ŋaalɔ kpele, loo woloŋmalɔ ko yɛ ni kudɔ nɔ ni Biblia ŋmalɔi lɛ ŋmala amɛshwie shi lɛ.

Shi, obaana nɔ ko ni yeɔ ŋwɛi ni Biblia lɛ jɛ lɛ he odase babaoo fe nɔ fɛɛ nɔ. Gbalɛi—saji ni átsɔ hiɛ aŋmala ni kɔɔ nɔ ni baaba mli diɛŋtsɛ yɛ wɔsɛɛ be mli lɛ ahe. Wiemɔi tamɔ, “Ni aaaba mli yɛ nakai gbi lɛ nɔ akɛ” kɛ “Ni aaaba mli akɛ naagbee gbii lɛ amli lɛ” ji wiemɔi ni jeɔ kpo yɛ Biblia lɛ pɛ mli. (Yesaia 2:2; 11:10, 11; 23:15; Ezekiel 38:18; Hoshea 2:21-23; Zakaria 13:2-4) Dani Yesu Kristo aaapue yɛ shikpɔŋ nɛɛ nɔ lɛ, no mli lɛ gbalɛi ni yɔɔ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ amli lɛ kɛ afii ohai babaoo etsɔɔ eshihilɛ mli fitsofitso—kɛjɛ efɔmɔ mli kɛyashi egbele mli. Sane naamuu ni jwɛŋmɔ yɔɔ mli pɛ ji akɛ, Biblia lɛ ji anɔkwale ni kɔɔ wala he lɛ jɛɛhe. Yesu diɛŋtsɛ kɛ wiemɔi nɛɛ maa enɛ nɔ mi: “Owiemɔ lɛ anɔkwaleŋ.”—Yohane 17:17.

Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ kɛ Anɔkwale Lɛ

Mɛi ni kɛɔ akɛ amɛheɔ Biblia lɛ amɛyeɔ lɛ po ateŋ mɛi pii heɔ yeɔ akɛ nine nyɛŋ ashɛ naagbee anɔkwale kwraa nɔ. U.S. osɔfo John S. Spong wie akɛ: “Esa akɛ . . . wɔtsi wɔhe kɛjɛ susumɔ ni wɔna akɛ wɔyɛ anɔkwale lɛ, ni esa akɛ mɛi krokomɛi akpɛlɛ shishinumɔ ni wɔhiɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ he, ni wɔyoo akɛ wɔ fɛɛ wɔnine nyɛŋ ashɛ naagbee anɔkwale kwraa lɛ nɔ.” Roman Katolik woloŋmalɔ, Christopher Derrick, kɛ yiŋtoo kome ni haa anaa jwɛŋmɔ ni ejaaa yɛ anɔkwale ni aaana lɛ he lɛ haa: “Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ he ‘anɔkwale’ ko ni aaatsi ta lɛ tsɔɔ kɛɛmɔ ni akɛɔ akɛ ale . . . Ootsɔɔ akɛ ekolɛ mɔ kroko etɔ̃; ni akpɛlɛŋ nɔ kwraa.”

Shi, akɛ gbɔmɔ ni jwɛŋɔ lɛ, ooofee jogbaŋŋ akɛ ooosusu sanebimɔi komɛi ni kɔɔ sane lɛ he lɛ ahe. Kɛji akɛ nine nyɛŋ ashɛ anɔkwale nɔ lɛ, mɛni hewɔ Yesu Kristo baakɛɛ akɛ: “Ni nyɛaale anɔkwale lɛ, ni anɔkwale lɛ aaaha nyɛye nyɛhe” lɛ? Ni mɛni hewɔ Yesu bɔfoi lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome kɛɛ akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ suɔmɔnaa nii ji ni “ahere gbɔmɛi sɔrɔtoi fɛɛ yiwala, ni amɛna anɔkwale lɛ he anɔkwa nilee” lɛ? Mɛni hewɔ wiemɔ “anɔkwale” jieɔ kpo fe shii oha yɛ Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi lɛ amli yɛ hemɔkɛyeli he lɛ? Hɛɛ, mɛni hewɔ, kɛji akɛ nine nyɛŋ ashɛ anɔkwale nɔ?—Yohane 8:32; 1 Timoteo 2:3, 4, NW.

Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, jeee akɛ Yesu tsɔɔ akɛ nine shɛɔ anɔkwale lɛ nɔ kɛkɛ, shi etsɔɔ akɛ, kɛ wɔjamɔ lɛ aaasa Nyɔŋmɔ hiɛ lɛ, belɛ ebiɔ ni ana. Beni Samaria yoo ko susu nɔ ni anɔkwale diɛŋtsɛ lɛ baaji aha—jamɔ ni Yudafoi ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ diɔ sɛɛ lɛ loo nɔ ni Samariabii ni yɔɔ Gerizim lɛ diɔ sɛɛ lɛ he lɛ—Yesu haaa hetoo akɛ nine nyɛŋ ashɛ anɔkwale lɛ nɔ. Shi moŋ, ekɛɛ: “Anɔkwa jalɔi lɛ aaaja Tsɛ lɛ yɛ mumɔ kɛ anɔkwale mli, ejaakɛ mɛi ni jaa lɛ nɛkɛ Tsɛ lɛ hu taoɔ. Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ, Mumɔŋ, ni mɛi ni jaa lɛ lɛ, ja amɛja lɛ yɛ mumɔ kɛ anɔkwale mli.”—Yohane 4:23, 24.

Mɛi pii kɛɔ akɛ, ‘Abaanyɛ atsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi yɛ gbɛi sɔrɔtoi anɔ, no hewɔ lɛ mɔ ko nyɛŋ ana nɔmimaa yɛ nɔ ni anɔkwale ji lɛ he.’ Shi ani aŋma Biblia lɛ yɛ gbɛ ni bɛ faŋŋ nɔ, ni onyɛŋ ona nɔmimaa yɛ bɔ ni aaanu shishi aha lɛ he? Abaanyɛ akpɛlɛ nɔ akɛ, gbalɛ kɛ okadi wiemɔ ko baanyɛ afee nɔ ni shishinumɔ baawa. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ kɛɛ gbalɔ Daniel akɛ, anuŋ ewolo lɛ, ni gbalɛ wiemɔ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ shishi kwraa kɛmɔŋ shi, “kɛyashi naagbee be lɛ.” (Daniel 12:9) Ni eka shi faŋŋ akɛ ehe miihia ni atsɔɔ abɛbuai kɛ okadii komɛi ashishi.

Shi, eyɛ faŋŋ akɛ, Biblia lɛ wieɔ tɛ̃ɛ, yɛ shishijee Kristofoi atsɔɔmɔi kɛ jeŋba he taomɔ nii ni he hiaa yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ jamɔ he yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ he. Eŋmɛɛɛ gbɛ koni shishitsɔɔmɔi ni teɔ shi woɔ ehe aba. Awie Kristofoi ahemɔkɛyeli lɛ he yɛ wolo ni aŋma ayaha Efesobii lɛ mli akɛ eji “ekome,” ni tsɔɔ akɛ esaaa akɛ hemɔkɛyelii pii hiɔ shi. (Efesobii 4:4-6) Ekolɛ obaasusu akɛ, ‘Kɛji akɛ anyɛŋ atsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi yɛ gbɛi sɔrɔtoi pii anɔ lɛlɛŋ lɛ, mɛni hewɔ “Kristofoi” ajamɔi sɔrɔtoi pii yɔɔ mɔ?’ Wɔnaa hetoo lɛ, kɛ wɔkwɛ nii kɛtee sɛɛ, kɛtee be mli ni Yesu bɔfoi lɛ gboi lɛ sɛɛ nɔŋŋ, ni hemɔkɛyeli kwamɔ kɛmiijɛ anɔkwa Kristofoi ahemɔkɛyeli lɛ he ete shi lɛ.

‘Ŋmãa lɛ kɛ Jwɛi Lɛ’

Yesu gba hemɔkɛyeli kwamɔ nɛɛ yɛ ebɛbua ni kɔɔ ŋmaa loo dumɔnii kpakpai lɛ kɛ jwɛi lɛ he lɛ mli. Yesu diɛŋtsɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ ŋmãa loo “dumɔnii kpakpai” lɛ damɔ shi kɛha anɔkwa Kristofoi; “jwɛi” lɛ damɔ shi kɛha apasa, loo Kristofoi ni amɛkwa hemɔkɛyeli lɛ. Yesu kɛɛ, “Shi beni mɛi wɔ lɛ,” “henyɛlɔ” ko badu jwɛi yɛ ŋmaa-ŋmɔ lɛ mli. Nɛkɛ nidumɔ nɛɛ je shishi beni bɔfoi lɛ eyawɔ yɛ gbele mli lɛ sɛɛ. Abɛbua lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, nɛkɛ anɔkwa Kristofoi ni akɛ amɛ futuɔ apasa nɔ lɛ baaya nɔ kɛyashi “je nɛŋ naagbee lɛ.” No hewɔ lɛ, anɔkwa Kristofoi ni aaayoo amɛ lɛ nɔ ha, yɛ afii ohai abɔ lɛ amli, ejaakɛ mɛi ni eye jamɔ ŋmɔ lɛ nɔ ji Kristofoi ni kɛ gbɛi lɛ efɔ amɛnɔ kɛkɛ. Shi, tsakemɔ baaba yɛ “je nɛŋ naagbee lɛ” mli. “Gbɔmɔ Bi lɛ aaatsu ebɔfoi lɛ,” koni amɛgbala apasa Kristofoi lɛ amli kɛjɛ anɔkwa Kristofoi lɛ ateŋ. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ ebaafee mlɛo akɛ aaayoo Kristofoi asafo lɛ, akɛni ena shidaamɔ ni eyɔɔ yɛ bɔfoi lɛ abe lɛ mli lɛ.—Mateo 13:24-30, 36-43.

Yesaia kɛ Mika gbalɛi lɛ fɛɛ gbaa anɔkwa jálɔi ni aaaku sɛɛ abua amɛnaa yɛ “naagbee gbii lɛ amli” lɛ ahe sane. Yesaia kɛɔ akɛ: “Ni aaaba mli akɛ naagbee gbii lɛ amli lɛ, Yehowa we lɛ gɔŋ lɛ aaama shi yɛ gɔji lɛ ayiteaŋ, ni aaawo enɔ fe gɔŋkpɔi lɛ; ni jeŋmaji fɛɛ aaaho kɛaaba he; ni majimaji pii aaatee ayakɛɛ akɛ: ‘Nyɛbaa ni wɔyakwɔa Yehowa gɔŋ lɛ, kɛyaa Yakob Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ we lɛ, koni etsɔɔ wɔ egbɛi lɛ, ni wɔnyiɛ etempɔŋi lɛ anɔ!’ ” Anɔkwalei lɛ namɔ yɛ faŋŋ mli kɛ shishinumɔ tsɔɔ akɛ Yesaia gbalɛ lɛ miiba mli yɛ wɔgbii nɛɛ amli.—Yesaia 2:2, 3; Mika 4:1-3.

Shi, jeee adesa ko mɔdɛŋbɔɔ naa Kristofoi asafo lɛ tsɔɔ edaa yɛ. Yesu gba akɛ “aaatsu ebɔfoi lɛ” koni amɛtsu naabuamɔ nitsumɔ ko. Etsɔɔ yiŋtoo krɛdɛɛ ko hu kɛha enɛ: “Ni jalɔi lɛ aaakpɛ tamɔ hulu yɛ amɛ-Tsɛ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli.” (Mateo 13:43) Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ Kristofoi asafo lɛ baatsu hiŋmɛigbelemɔ, loo tsɔsemɔ nitsumɔ ko yɛ je muu fɛɛ.

Yehowa Odasefoi naa tsɔsemɔ nitsumɔ ni amɛtsuɔ yɛ maji 232 nɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ akɛ nɛkɛ gbalɛi nɛɛ amlibaa. Kɛ amɛkɛ Odasefoi lɛ ahemɔkɛyelii, jeŋba he tɛi ni afolɔ ashwie shi, kɛ gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ to Biblia lɛ he lɛ, mɛi ni bɛ amɛhe jwɛŋmɔ fɔŋ lɛ baanyɛ ana faŋŋ akɛ enɛɛmɛi kɛ klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ mli Kristofoi asafo lɛ nɔ̃ kpaa gbee pɛpɛɛpɛ. Odasefoi lɛ wieɔ amɛ hemɔkɛyeli lɛ he akɛ “anɔkwale lɛ,” shi jeee nɔ ni jɛ kanyamɔ ko ni tsɔɔ akɛ amɛhi fe mɛi krokomɛi lɛ mli. Shi, amɛfeɔ nakai ejaakɛ amɛkase Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ ni ji Biblia lɛ babaoo, ni amɛnyiɛɔ sɛɛ akɛ taomɔ nii pɛ ni aaadamɔ nɔ aŋmɛ Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ akwɛ yɛ gbɛ ni ja nɔ.

Klɛŋklɛŋ Kristofoi lɛ wie amɛ hemɔkɛyeli lɛ he akɛ “anɔkwale lɛ.” (1 Timoteo 3:15; 2 Petro 2:2; 2 Yohane 1) Esa akɛ nɔ ni ji anɔkwale kɛha amɛ lɛ afee anɔkwale kɛha wɔ hu ŋmɛnɛ. Yehowa Odasefoi fɔ̃ɔ mɛi fɛɛ nine koni amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛna nɔmimaa yɛ enɛ he amɛha amɛhe kɛtsɔ Biblia lɛ kasemɔ nɔ. Wɔyɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ akɛ kɛtsɔ nakai feemɔ nɔ lɛ, bo hu obaana miishɛɛ ni baa kɛjɛɔ anɔkwale lɛ ni ona lɛ mli lɛ eko, shi jeee akɛ ona Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ ni fe ekrokomɛi fɛɛ lɛ pɛ kɛkɛ!

[Akrabatsa ni yɔɔ baafa 5]

JEŊ NILEEI KOMƐI KƐ ANƆKWALE LƐ MPLESHII

POSITIVISM: Susumɔ ni ahiɛ akɛ jwɛŋmɔi fɛɛ ni kɔɔ Nyɔŋmɔjamɔ he lɛ ji kwashiaiasane ni anyɛɛɛ ama nɔ mi, ni akɛ jeŋ nilee yiŋtoo ji ni ebua jeŋ nileei kpakpai lɛ fɛɛ anaa ni fɛɛ afee ekome.

EXISTENTIALISM: Jeŋ Ta II he gbeyeiwoo lɛ na mɛi ni fiɔ sɛɛ lɛ anɔ hewalɛ waa, no hewɔ lɛ amɛbana shihilɛ he jwɛŋmɔ fɔŋ waa. Emaa nɔ mi akɛ apɛi gbɔmɔ piŋmɔ yɛ gbele mli lɛ kɛ wala shihilɛ ni feɔ shwɛm lɛ mli. Woloŋmalɔ Jean-Paul Sartre ni ji existentialism kuu lɛ mlinyo lɛ kɛɔ akɛ, akɛni Nyɔŋmɔ bɛ hewɔ lɛ, ashi gbɔmɔ afɔ shi ni ehiɔ shi yɛ jeŋ muu fɛɛ ko ni yɔɔ sɔrɔto kwraa mli.

SKEPTICISM: Hiɛ jwɛŋmɔ lɛ akɛ, anyɛŋ atsɔ nɔ ni anaa kɛ jwɛŋmɔ loo susumɔ nɔ ashɛ yiŋtoo ko he, jeŋ muu fɛɛ nilee—anɔkwale ko—ni kɔɔ shihilɛ he.

PRAGMATISM: Ebuɔ wɔ yiŋtsɔmɔi lɛ ajarawalɛ diɛŋtsɛ naa yɛ bɔ ni ekɔɔ nibii ni adesai nyaa he lɛ ahe lɛ pɛ nɔ, tamɔ yɛ tsɔsemɔ, jeŋbai, kɛ maŋkwramɔ saamɔ ekoŋŋ mli. Ebuuu anɔkwale lɛ akɛ ejara wa.

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 2 lɛ Jɛ]

Page 3: Second from left: Courtesy of The British Museum; Right: Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, Korea