Waldensbii Lɛ—Amɛkpoo Jamɔŋ Tsɔɔmɔ Kɛtee Protestant Jamɔ Mli

Enɛ ba mli yɛ afi 1545 yɛ Lubéron kpokpaa fɛfɛo lɛ nɔ yɛ Provence ni yɔɔ France wuoyigbɛ lɛ. No mli lɛ, asraafoi akuu ko ebabua amɛhe naa ní amɛkɛ tawuu ko ni naa wa atsu nii yɛ jamɔŋ nifeemɔ ni akpɛlɛɛɛ nɔ ní ba lɛ hewɔ. Nɔ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ ba ji akɛ, ashwie lá shi otsi kome.

AFITE akrowai kɛ amɛmli nibii fɛɛ butuu, ni awo mɛi ni yɔɔ mli lɛ atsuŋ loo agbe amɛ. Asraafoi yiwalɔi kɛ yiwaa ni naa wa waa diɛŋtsɛ ba yɛ gbɔmɛi ahiɛkpatamɔ ni naa wa waa lɛ mli, ni no ha ŋmiŋmi mɔmɔ mɛi yɛ Europa fɛɛ. Agbe mɛi ni miihe ashɛ 2,700, ni akɛ mɛi 600 tee koni amɛyatsu nii yɛ blema tawuu meelei amli, dani esoro yei kɛ gbekɛbii ni naa amanehulu. France maŋtsɛ lɛ kɛ paapa lɛ jie asraafoi atatsɛ ni tsu gbɔmɛi babaoo agbee he tafaa nɛɛ he nii lɛ yi.

Beni Katolik Maŋtsɛ Francis I ni yɔɔ France lɛ susuɔ bɔ ni Protestant jamɔ egbɛ eshwã waa lɛ he, ní ebi mɛi ni akɛɛ atsɛɔ amɛ mɛi ni kpooɔ jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔ lɛ ahe sane yɛ emaŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli lɛ, no mli lɛ Jamɔ Tsakemɔ lɛ egbála Germany mli momo. Yɛ be mli ni esa akɛ nɔyeli hegbɛi ni yɔɔ Provence lɛ aná saji fioo komɛi ni kɔɔ jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔ ni akpooɔ lɛ he lɛ, amɛna akrowai babaoo ni jamɔŋ atuatselɔi fá yɛ mli. Awo akpɔ koni akɛjie nɛkɛ nifeemɔ nii ni ji kpoo ni akpooɔ jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔ lɛ kɛya, ni yɛ naagbee lɛ akɛtsu nii yɛ gbɔmɛi babaoo ahiɛkpatamɔ lɛ mli yɛ afi 1545.

Namɛi ji nɛkɛ mɛi ni kpooɔ jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔ lɛ? Ni mɛni hewɔ ni amɛji mɛi ni akpɛlɛɛɛ amɛnɔ kwraa yɛ jamɔ mli lɛ?

Kɛjɛ Ninamɔ Mli Kɛtee Ohiayeli Futaa Mli

Mɛi ni agbe amɛ yɛ mɛi ahiɛkpatamɔ babaoo lɛ mli lɛ ji jamɔ kuu ko ni yɔɔ kɛjɛ afii ohai 12 lɛ mli tɔ̃ɔ lɛ ni Europa hei babaoo fata he lɛ mli bii. Bɔ ni fee ni egbɛ eshwã ni etee nɔ aahu afii ohai abɔ lɛ ha ebafee nɔ ni yɔɔ srɔto kwraa yɛ afii abɔ ni jamɔŋ atuatsemɔ kɛtee nɔ lɛ he. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔi babaoo kpɛlɛɔ nɔ akɛ, kuu lɛ je shishi aaafee afi 1170 mli. Jarayeli niiatsɛ ko ni atsɛɔ lɛ Vaudès lɛ baná Nyɔŋmɔ he nikasemɔ ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni aaafee asa ehiɛ lɛ he miishɛɛ waa diɛŋtsɛ yɛ France maŋ ni ji Lyons lɛ mli. Akɛni eka shi faŋŋ akɛ Yesu Kristo ŋaawoo ákɛ nuu niiatsɛ ko ahɔɔ ehe nibii ni ekɛha ohiafoi lɛ tsirɛ Vaudès hewɔ lɛ, eto shika namɔ he gbɛjianɔ eha eweku lɛ, kɛkɛ ni eŋmɛɛ eninamɔ lɛ he koni eshiɛ Sanekpakpa lɛ. (Mateo 19:16-22) Etsɛɛɛ ni ebaná sɛɛnyiɛlɔi ni abale amɛ yɛ sɛɛ mli akɛ Waldensbii.a

Ohiayeli, shiɛmɔ, kɛ Biblia lɛ ji nɔ ni Vaudès shihilɛ damɔ nɔ titri. Wiemɔi ni akɛshiɔ osɔfoi aninamɔ lɛ jeee nɔ̃ hee. Mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ osɔfoi anifeemɔ ewie eshi nifɔjianii kɛ hegbɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii yɛ gbɛ fɔŋ nɔ ní sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛ ehe woɔ mli lɛ kɛyashi be ko. Shi Vaudès jeee osɔfo, ni nakai nɔŋŋ ji esɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo. Ŋwanejee ko kwraa bɛ he akɛ, enɛ hewɔ ni enu he akɛ ehe baahia koni aná Biblia yɛ jɛmɛ wiemɔ ni ji wiemɔ ni maŋbii lɛ wieɔ lɛ mli lɛ. Akɛni osɔfoi lɛ pɛ ji mɛi ni nine shɛɔ sɔlemɔ lɛ Latin Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ nɔ hewɔ lɛ, Vaudès kɛ famɔ ha koni atsɔɔ Sanekpakpai lɛ kɛ Biblia woji krokomɛi ashishi kɛya France Provence wiemɔ ni ji wiemɔ ni gbɔmɛi foji ni yɔɔ France boka-teŋgbɛ lɛ nuɔ shishi lɛ mli.b Akɛni Lyons Ohiafoi lɛ kɛ famɔ ni Yesu kɛha akɛ ashiɛ lɛ tsuɔ nii hewɔ lɛ, amɛkɛ amɛshɛɛ sane lɛ tee gbɛjegbɛi lɛ anɔ. (Mateo 28:19, 20) Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Gabriel Audisio tsɔɔ mli akɛ maŋ shiɛmɔ ni amɛkɛ amɛhe woɔ mli ni amɛkpaaa lɛ batsɔ sane ko ni he hiaa waa diɛŋtsɛ yɛ bɔ ni sɔlemɔ lɛ feɔ amɛnii yɛ Waldensbii lɛ ahe lɛ.

Amɛji Katolikbii Dani Amɛkpoo Jamɔŋ Tsɔɔmɔ

Yɛ nakai gbii lɛ anɔ lɛ, osɔfoi lɛ pɛ ji mɛi ni ahaa amɛshiɛɔ, ni sɔlemɔ lɛ ji mɛi ni ŋɔɔ nitsumɔ amɛfɔɔ amɛhe nɔ akɛ mɛi ni kɛ hegbɛ haa mɔ ko akɛ eshiɛ. Osɔfoi lɛ buɔ Waldensbii lɛ akɛ amɛji mɛi ni leee nɔ ko ni leee woloŋ hu, shi yɛ afi 1179 mli lɛ, Vaudès bi mla naa hegbɛ eha eshiɛmɔ lɛ kɛjɛ Paapa Alexander III dɛŋ. Aha lɛ hegbɛ—shi kɛ nɔkpɛlɛmɔ akɛ osɔfoi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ baakpɛlɛ nɔ dã. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Malcolm Lambert kɛɛ akɛ, enɛ “ji nɔ ko ni tamɔ nibimɔ lɛ kpoomɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ.” Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Osɔfonukpa ni fe fɛɛ Jean Bellesmains ni jɛ Lyons lɛ kɛ mla gu mɛi ni jeee osɔfoi ni amɛshiɛɔ lɛ. Vaudès here enɛ nɔ kɛtsɔ Bɔfoi lɛ Asaji 5:29 tsɛmɔ nɔ, nɔ ni kɛɛ: “Esa akɛ aboɔ Nyɔŋmɔ moŋ toi fe gbɔmɛi.” Akɛni Vaudès kɛ gu ni agu shiɛmɔ lɛ tsuuu nii hewɔ lɛ, ashwie lɛ kɛjɛ sɔlemɔ lɛ mli yɛ afi 1184.

Eyɛ mli akɛ ashwie Waldensbii lɛ kɛjɛ shihilɛhe ni yɔɔ osɔfonukpa kwɛmɔ shishi yɛ Lyons lɛ ni akɛ tutuamɔ shwie amɛ kɛjɛ maŋ lɛ mli moŋ, shi etamɔ nɔ ni afeee keketee yɛ fɔbuu ni akɛba enɔ klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ mli. Mɛi foji babaoo ná Waldensbii lɛ ahe miishɛɛ yɛ amɛnɔkwayeli kɛ shihilɛ gbɛ lɛ hewɔ, ni osɔfonukpai tete po tee nɔ amɛkɛ amɛ wie.

Taakɛ yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Euan Cameron tsɔɔ lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni Waldens shiɛlɔi lɛ “eteee shi amɛwooo Roma Sɔlemɔ lɛ yɛ nɔ ni eji hewɔ kɛkɛ.” “Amɛmiisumɔ ni amɛshiɛ ni amɛtsɔɔ nii” kɛkɛ. Yinɔsaneŋmalɔi kɛɔ akɛ etamɔ nɔ ni anyɛ kuu lɛ nɔ awo nifeemɔ ni ji kpoo ni akpooɔ jamɔ tsɔɔmɔ lɛ mli kɛtsɔ akpɔi ni eko nyiɛ eko sɛɛ ni ba amɛhewalɛ kɛ nyɛmɔ shi fiofio kɛtee nɔ aahu lɛ nɔ. Fɔbuu srɔtoi ni Sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛba lɛ tee hiɛ kɛyashi beni Fourth Lateran Council lɛ gu Waldensbii lɛ yɛ afi 1215. Te enɛ sa amɛshiɛmɔ lɛ he eha tɛŋŋ?

Amɛtsu He Nii yɛ Teemɔŋ

Vaudès gbo yɛ afi 1217, ni yiwaa gbɛ esɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ eshwã France Alps jɔɔi lɛ amli, Germany, Italy kooyigbɛ, kɛ Europa Teŋgbɛ kɛ Bokagbɛ. Yiwaa hu ha Waldensbii lɛ yahi akrowai amli, ni enɛ haaa amɛshiɛmɔ nitsumɔi lɛ aya nɔ waa yɛ hei babaoo.

Yɛ afi 1229 lɛ, Katolik Sɔlemɔ lɛ gbe Sɛŋmɔtso He Ta ni ewuɔ eshiɔ Catharibii, loo Albigensbii lɛ naa yɛ France wuoyigbɛ.c No sɛɛ lɛ, Waldensbii lɛ batsɔmɔ mɛi ni atutuaa amɛ kɛkɛ. Etsɛŋ ni akɛ Niseniianiifeemɔ lɛ baaba sɔlemɔ lɛ henyɛlɔi lɛ fɛɛ anɔ mɔbɔmɔbɔ. Gbeyeishemɔ ha Waldensbii lɛ tsu nii yɛ teemɔŋ. Beni shɛɔ afi 1230 lɛ, amɛshiɛɛɛ yɛ maŋ dɔŋŋ. Audisio tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Yɛ nɔ najiaŋ ni amɛaaya amɛyatao tooi heei lɛ . . . , amɛtuu amɛhe amɛha mɛi ni atsake amɛ awo jamɔ lɛ mli lɛ anɔkwɛmɔ, ni amɛhiɛ amɛ yɛ amɛhemɔkɛyeli lɛ mli yɛ nɔnyɛɛ kɛ yiwaa ni jɛɔ sɛɛ kɛbaa lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ.” Ekɛfata he akɛ “shiɛmɔ tee nɔ efee nɔ ni he hiaa shi etsake kwraa yɛ ekɛ nitsumɔ mli.”

Amɛhemɔkɛyelii kɛ Nifeemɔi

Yɛ nɔ najiaŋ ni Waldensbii lɛ aaaha hii kɛ yei fɛɛ kɛ amɛhe awo shiɛmɔ nitsumɔi lɛ amli lɛ, beni shɛɔ afii ohai 14 lɛ, amɛkɛ srɔtofeemɔ eba shiɛlɔi kɛ heyelilɔi ateŋ. Hii ni atsɔse amɛ jogbaŋŋ pɛ kɛ amɛhe woɔ osɔfoi anitsumɔ mli yɛ nakai be lɛ mli. Abale osɔfoi gbɛfalɔi nɛɛ yɛ sɛɛ mli akɛ barbes (tsɛkwɛ̃mɛi).

Barbes lɛ ni yasaraa Waldens wekui yɛ amɛshiai lɛ tsu nii koni amɛkɛha kuu lɛ mli bii ahi shi moŋ fe nɔ ni amɛaagbɛ amɛshwã. Barbes lɛ fɛɛ le nikanemɔ kɛ niŋmaa, ni amɛtsɔsemɔ ni he afii ekpaa lɛ kɔɔ Biblia mli saji ahe. Biblia lɛ ni amɛkɛtsuɔ nii yɛ jɛmɛ wiemɔ mli lɛ ye bua amɛ koni amɛtsɔɔ mli amɛha amɛsafokui lɛ. Henyɛlɔi po kpɛlɛ nɔ akɛ, Waldensbii lɛ, ni amɛbii fata he lɛ, ná Biblia he tsɔsemɔ waa diɛŋtsɛ, ni amɛnyɛɔ amɛtsɛɔ Ŋmalɛi lɛ fãi babaoo komɛi asɛɛ.

Kɛfata nibii krokomɛi ahe lɛ, mra be mli Waldensbii lɛ kpoo amale, hetsuumɔhe, Mass ni afeɔ ahaa gbohii, eshaifaa kɛ toigbalamɔ jiemɔ ni paapai lɛ tsuɔ he nii lɛ, kɛ Maria kɛ “hetselɔi” lɛ ajamɔ. Amɛyeɔ Nuntsɔ Gbɛkɛnaashi Niyenii loo Naagbee Gbɛkɛnaashi Niyenii lɛ hu daa afi. Taakɛ Lambert tsɔɔ mli lɛ, amɛjamɔ su lɛ “ji jamɔ ni gbɔmɔ folo lɛ kɛ ehe woɔ mli yɛ gbɛ ko nɔ.”

“Jeŋbai Enyɔ”

Ekomefeemɔ yɛ Waldens akutsei lɛ ateŋ waa. Aŋkroaŋkroi kɛ kuu lɛŋ bii nɔŋŋ bote gbalashihilɛ mli, ni yɛ afii ohai ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, enɛ ha aná Waldensbii aweku gbɛii. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ be mli ni Waldensbii lɛ tswaa amɛfai shi akɛ amɛaaya nɔ amɛhi shi lɛ, amɛbɔ mɔdɛŋ koni amɛtsimɔ amɛsusumɔi anɔ. Bɔ ni amɛtsuɔ amɛjamɔŋ hemɔkɛyelii lɛ kɛ nifeemɔi ahe nii yɛ teemɔŋ lɛ, ha ebafee mlɛo kɛha henyɛlɔi akɛ amɛkɛ naafolɔmɔi ni ehiii kwraa aaashwie amɛnɔ, tamɔ ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, amɛkɛɔ akɛ amɛkɛ amɛhe woɔ Abonsam loo daimonioi ajamɔ mli.d

Gbɛ kome ni Waldensbii lɛ kɛjɔɔ naafolɔmɔi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ he ji kɛtsɔ nɔ ni yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Cameron tsɛɔ no akɛ “gbeekpamɔ fioo” yɛ amɛkɛ Katolik jamɔ lɛ teŋ ni amɛkɛŋmɛɛ sane he kɛsaa ni amɛkɛtsu nii lɛ nɔ. Waldensbii babaoo jaje amɛhe eshai amɛtsɔɔ Katolik osɔfoi, amɛtee Mass, amɛkɛ nu krɔŋkrɔŋ tsu nii, ni amɛkɛ amɛhe wo jamɔ mli gbɛfaai amli po. Lambert kɛɛ akɛ: “Yɛ nibii pii amli lɛ, amɛfee amɛnii taakɛ amɛkutsoŋbii Katolikbii lɛ feɔ lɛ.” Audisio wie faŋŋ akɛ, etsɛɛɛ ni Waldensbii lɛ “ná jeŋbai enyɔ.” Ekɛfata he akɛ: “Yɛ gbɛ kome nɔ lɛ, amɛfee amɛnii yɛ gbɛ̀i srɔtoi fɛɛ nɔ yɛ kponɔgbɛ tamɔ Katolikbii bɔni afee ni amɛkɛbu nɔ ni tamɔ amɛtoiŋjɔlɛ lɛ he; yɛ gbɛ kroko nɔ lɛ, amɛkɛ kusum nifeemɔi komɛi kɛ sui komɛi tsu nii yɛ amɛteŋ, ni no ha kuu lɛ tee nɔ ehi shi.”

Amɛkpoo Jamɔŋ Tsɔɔmɔ ni Amɛkɛ Amɛhe Yawo Protestant Jamɔ Mli

Yɛ afii ohai 16 lɛ mli lɛ, Jamɔ Tsakemɔ lɛ tsake Europa jamɔŋ nifeemɔ lɛ kwraa. Mɛi ni akpɛlɛɛɛ amɛsusumɔi anɔ lɛ nyɛɔ amɛtaoɔ mla naa nɔkpɛlɛmɔ yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛmaŋ loo amɛyaa maŋsɛɛ koni amɛyatao shihilɛi ni hi babaoo. Susumɔ ni tsɔɔ jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔ ni akpooɔ lɛ hu bafee nɔ ni he ehiaaa tsɔ ejaakɛ mɛi ni fa babaoo ebɔi jamɔŋ tsɔɔmɔ ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ, ní ato shishi lɛ he sanebimɔ.

Yɛ afi 1523 mra be mli lɛ, Jamɔ Tsakelɔ Martin Luther ni ale lɛ waa lɛ wie Waldensbii lɛ ahe sane. Yɛ afi 1526 lɛ, Waldens barbes lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome kɛ jamɔŋ nifeemɔi ni yaa nɔ yɛ Europa lɛ he adafitswaa ku sɛɛ kɛba Alps. Nɔ ni ba yɛ enɛ sɛɛ ji akɛ ekomefeemɔ be ko ba amɛteŋ ni no ha Protestant akutsei lɛ kɛ Waldensbii lɛ gbaa sane. Protestantbii lɛ wo Waldensbii lɛ hewalɛ koni amɛkwɛ Biblia lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ kɛmiijɛ tsutsu wiemɔi lɛ amli kɛya French wiemɔ mli lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ shishitsɔɔmɔ nɔ. Beni akala yɛ afi 1535 lɛ, abale no yɛ sɛɛ mli akɛ Olivétan Biblia. Shi eyɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ, Waldensbii lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo nuuu French.

Yɛ be mli ni yiwaa ni Katolik Sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛbaa lɛ kãa he eyaa nɔ lɛ, Waldensbii lɛ ateŋ mɛi ni fa babaoo yahi France wuoyigbɛ lɛ ni ji Provence kpokpaa ni yɔɔ shweshweeshwe lɛ, taakɛ Protestantbii ni efã kɛba lɛ fee lɛ. Etsɛɛɛ ni aha nɔyeli hegbɛi lɛ le fãa kɛbaa nɛɛ he nɔ ko. Yɛ amaniɛbɔi kpakpai babaoo ni akɛha yɛ Waldensbii lɛ ashihilɛ gbɛ kɛ jeŋba mli nifeemɔi lɛ ahe lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, mɛi komɛi je amɛnɔkwayeli lɛ he ŋwane, ni amɛfolɔ amɛnaa akɛ amɛji oshara kɛha toiŋjɔlɛ namɔ kpakpa. Awo Mérindol akpɔ lɛ, ni nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji láshishwiemɔ gbeyeigbeyei ní atsĩ tã yɛ sane nɛɛ shishijee gbɛ lɛ.

Naanyobɔɔ ni kã Katolikbii lɛ kɛ Waldensbii lɛ ateŋ lɛ tee nɔ efite. Waldensbii lɛ kɛ asraafoi tsu nii koni amɛkɛfã amɛhe yɛ tutuamɔi ni akɛbaa amɛnɔ lɛ hewɔ. Nɛkɛ béi nɛɛ tsirɛ amɛ ewo Protestant jamɔ kuu lɛ mli. No hewɔ lɛ, Waldensbii lɛ kɛ amɛhe yabɔ Protestant jamɔ ni emli bii fa lɛ he.

Yɛ afii ohai abɔ lɛ amli lɛ, áto Waldens sɔlemɔi ashishi yɛ maji ni kɛ France teŋ jɛkɛ waa tamɔ Uruguay kɛ United States mli. Shi kɛlɛ, yinɔsaneŋmalɔi babaoo kɛ Audisio kpãa gbee, mɔ ni kɛɛ akɛ “Waldens jamɔ ba naagbee yɛ Jamɔ Hiɛ Tsakemɔ be lɛ mli,” beni Protestant jamɔ “kusum nifeemɔ babote mli kwraa” lɛ. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, Waldens kuu lɛ ŋmɛɛ ekãafeemɔ ni amɛkɛje shishi klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ babaoo he yɛ afii ohai ni tsɔ hiɛ lɛ mli. No ba mli beni emli bii lɛ kɛ gbeyeishemɔ kpoo shiɛmɔ kɛ nitsɔɔmɔ ni jɛ Biblia mli lɛ.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Shikpɔŋ he mfoniri/Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 23]

Hei ni Waldensbii lɛ ná nɔ hewalɛ

FRANCE

Lyons

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Roma

Berlin

Prague

Vienna

[Mfoniri]

Waldensbii lɛ kwɛ afi 1535 Olivétan Biblia lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ nɔ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Biblia: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 20, 21]

VAUDÈS

Waldens yei onukpai enyɔ ni aashã amɛ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Baafa 20 kɛ 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe