Westphalia Toiŋjɔlɛ Lɛ Tsakemɔ Be ko ni Sa Kadimɔ Waa yɛ Europa

“ÁKƐ Europa Maŋ nɔyelɔi babaoo aaabua amɛhe naa taakɛ wɔbua wɔhe naa ŋmɛnɛ yɛ biɛ lɛ ji nɔ ko ni eka shi faŋŋ akɛ efɔɔɔ kaa.” Roman Herzog, ni ji Federal Republic of Germany tsutsu maŋ nɔyelɔ lɛ wie nakai sane lɛ yɛ October 1998 mli. Beni ewie nakai wiemɔi lɛ, no mli lɛ mɛi ni fata etoibolɔi lɛ ahe ji maŋtsɛmɛi ejwɛ, maŋnyɛmɛi ejwɛ, lumɛi enyɔ, ablade wulu kome, kɛ maŋ nɔyelɔi srɔtoi. Nifeemɔ lɛ ni Council of Europe to he gbɛjianɔ nɛɛ bafee nɔ ko ni he hiaa waa diɛŋtsɛ yɛ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ Germany maŋ lɛ yinɔsane be mli afii 50. Mɛni ji nifeemɔ lɛ?

Aye Westphalia Toiŋjɔlɛ Kpaŋmɔ lɛ afii 350 lɛ he gbijurɔ yɛ October, afi 1998 mli. Bei pii lɛ, toiŋjɔlɛ kpaŋmɔi ni afeɔ lɛ ji bei ni akɛfeɔ yiŋkpɛi ni he hiaa waa ni baasa yinɔsane he yɛ gbɛ ni sa kadimɔ nɔ, ni yɛ enɛ gbɛfaŋ lɛ Westphalia Kpaŋmɔ lɛ ji nɔ ko krɛdɛɛ. Waonaa gbɛi ni akɛwo kpaŋmɔ nɛɛ shishi yɛ afi 1648 lɛ kɛ Afii Nyɔŋmai Etɛ Ta lɛ ba naagbee ni efee ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ Europa shishijee akɛ shikpɔŋ wulu ni maji babaoo ni yeɔ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛhe nɔ yɔɔ mli.

Agbɔjɔ Gbɛjianɔtoo Momo Ko

Yɛ Teŋgbɛ Afii lɛ amli lɛ, Roma Katolik Sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ ji gbɛjianɔtoi ni yɔɔ hewalɛ fe fɛɛ yɛ Europa. Shikpɔji ohai abɔ ni esoro amɛdaramɔi feɔ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ, ni ekpele he ni amrɔ nɛɛ Austria, Czech Republic, France bokagbɛ, Germany, Switzerland, Europa Kooyi-Anaigbɛ Maji, kɛ Italy fãi komɛi yɔɔ lɛ. Akɛni Germany shikpɔji lɛ feɔ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ fã titri hewɔ lɛ, aba le lɛ akɛ Germany Maŋ lɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ. Shikpɔŋ fɛɛ shikpɔŋ yɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ elumɔ ni yeɔ enɔ. Maŋtsɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ji Roma Katoliknyo ni jɛ Austria Habsburg weku lɛ mli. No hewɔ lɛ, akɛni paapayeli gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ kɛ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ yɛ hewalɛ mli hewɔ lɛ, Roma Katolik ná Europa nɔ hewalɛ babaoo.

Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ afii ohai 16 kɛ 17 lɛ amli lɛ, agbɔjɔ gbɛjianɔtoo ni ato lɛ. Tsui ni enyɔɔɔ mɔ mli yɛ nibii ni Roma Katolik Sɔlemɔ lɛ feɔ kɛtekeɔ nɔ lɛ gbɛ eshwa Europa fɛɛ. Jamɔ mli hiɛtsakelɔi tamɔ Martin Luther kɛ John Calvin wie Biblia mli shishitoo mlai ni aaaku sɛɛ akɛba ekoŋŋ lɛ he. Luther kɛ Calvin ná sɛɛfilɔi babaoo, ni nɛkɛ kuu nɛɛ mli ajɛ aná Jamɔ Hiɛtsakemɔ kɛ Protestant jamɔi lɛ. Jamɔ Hiɛtsakemɔ lɛ gbala maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli ewo hemɔkɛyelii etɛ mli—Katolik jamɔ, Luther jamɔ, kɛ Calvin jamɔ.

Katolikbii lɛ heee Protestantbii lɛ amɛyeee, ni Protestantbii lɛ ebuuu Katolikbii lɛ. Shihilɛ nɛɛ ha ato Protestant Kuu lɛ kɛ Katolik Kpaŋmɔ lɛ shishi yɛ afii ohai 17 lɛ shishijee mli. Lumɛi komɛi ni yɔɔ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ mli lɛ yafata Kuu lɛ he, ni ekrokomɛi hu yafata Kpaŋmɔ lɛ he. Europa—titri lɛ maŋtsɛyeli lɛ—ha mɛi ná susumɔ akɛ ebaanyɛ edamɔ mlifu bibioo ko nɔ ekɛtee béi ashi. Beni yɛ naagbee lɛ nakai mlifu lɛ te shi lɛ, etee béi ni hé afii 30 ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ shi.

Mlifu ni Kpataa Nii Ahiɛ Kɛ Béi Babaoo Ba Europa

Protestant nɔyelɔi lɛ bɔ mɔdɛŋ koni amɛnyɛ Katolik Habsburgbii lɛ anɔ koni amɛŋmɛ jamɔ mli heyeli babaoo gbɛ. Shi amɛshashao shi akɛ amɛaakpɛlɛ enɛ nɔ, ni yɛ afi 1617-1618 lɛ mli lɛ, akɛ hewalɛ ŋamɔ Luther sɔlemɔi ni yɔɔ Bohemia (Czech Republic) lɛ enyɔ anaa. Enɛ wo Protestant abladei lɛ amli la, ni amɛke kɛtee Prague maŋtsɛ we lɛ, ni amɛyamɔmɔ Katolik onukpai etɛ, ni amɛshɛrɛ amɛ amɛshwie kɛtsɔ ŋwɛitsu samfɛlɛ ko mli. Nifeemɔ nɛɛ ji nɔ ko ni kɛ béi babaoo ba Europa lɛ.

Eyɛ mli akɛ asusu akɛ Toiŋjɔlɛ Lumɔ, ni ji Yesu Kristo sɛɛnyiɛlɔi ji amɛ moŋ, shi jamɔ mli bii ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe lɛ kɛ amɛhe wuu. (Yesaia 9:5) Yɛ Battle of White Mountain (Gɔŋ Yɛŋ Nɔ Ta) lɛ mli lɛ, Kpaŋmɔ lɛ mli bii lɛ ye Kuu lɛ mli bii lɛ anɔ butuu, ni enɛ gbɛ amɛmli. Agbe Protestant abladei lɛ yɛ Prague jara lɛ nɔ. Yɛ Bohemia fɛɛ lɛ, ahe Protestantbii ni kwaaa amɛhemɔkɛyeli lɛ anibii lɛ yɛ amɛdɛŋ ni ajara aha Katolikbii lɛ. Wolo ni ji 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—Ta kɛ Toiŋjɔlɛ yɛ Europa) wieɔ nibii ni ashɔ nɛɛ he akɛ “mɛi anibii ni yajeɔ mɛi krokomɛi adɛŋ ni fe fɛɛ ni eba pɛŋ yɛ Europa teŋgbɛ lɛ ateŋ ekome.”

Nɔ ni je shishi akɛ jamɔŋ béi yɛ Bohemia lɛ mli bawo wu kɛbatsɔ majimaji ateŋ hewalɛ he pelemɔ. Yɛ afii 30 ni nyiɛ sɛɛ kɛba lɛ mli lɛ, agbala Denmark, France, Netherlands, Spain, kɛ Sweden awo ta lɛ mli. Katolik kɛ Protestant nɔyelɔi, ni bei pii lɛ hiɛjoomɔ kɛ shwelɛ kɛha hewalɛ tsirɛɔ amɛ lɛ tao ni amɛna maŋkwramɔŋ hewalɛ kɛ jarayeli he sɛɛ. Ajara Afii Nyɔŋmai Etɛ Ta lɛ mli awo kui amli, ni akɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ henyɛlɔi ni fe fɛɛ lɛ agbɛi wo eko fɛɛ eko. Woji babaoo tsiɔ kui ejwɛ ni tamɔ enɛ lɛ tã: Bohemiabii kɛ Palatine Ta, Denmarkbii-Lower Saxony Ta, Sweden Ta, kɛ Francebii-Swedenbii a-Ta. Awuu tai lɛ babaoo yɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ shikpɔji anɔ.

Nɔ ni fata tawuu nibii ni yɔɔ yɛ nakai bei lɛ amli lɛ ahe ji tui bibii, kɛ tui kakadaji ni akɛfɔɔ kɔji anɔ, kɛ okpɛlɛmii, ni Sweden ji he ni tui lɛ babaoo jɛɔ. Katolikbii lɛ kɛ Protestantbii lɛ kɛ amɛhe wo ta mli. Asraafoi lɛ bote ta lɛ mli kɛ bolɔmɔi akɛ “Santa Maria” loo “Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ wɔ yɛ.” Asraafoi lɛ hà nibii ni yɔɔ Germany shikpɔji lɛ anɔ lɛ, ni amɛkɛ henyɛlɔi kɛ maŋbii lɛ ye tamɔ kooloi. Ta lɛ naa bawa aahu kɛbote yiwalɛ nifeemɔ mli. Kwɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ srɔto kwraa yɛ Biblia mli gbalɛ akɛ: “Jeŋmaŋ ko woŋ klante nɔ eshiŋ jeŋmaŋ ko, ni amɛkaseŋ tawuu dɔŋŋ” lɛ he!—Mika 4:3.

Yinɔbii komɛi dara yɛ Germany ni leee nɔ ko nɔ ko fe tawuu, ni maŋbii ni shihilɛ eje amɛtsine lɛ miishwe toiŋjɔlɛ. Eyɛ faŋŋ akɛ, kulɛ toiŋjɔlɛ baanyɛ aba, eji nɔyelɔi lɛ tiuuu maŋkwramɔŋ saji ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe lɛ asɛɛ. Maŋkwramɔ saji baje kpo faŋŋ yɛ be mli ni gbɛfaŋnɔ ni jamɔ náa yɛ ta lɛ mli lɛ bɔi laajemɔ ni etee nɔ etsɔ maŋkwramɔŋ nɔ̃ lɛ. Eyɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ, mɔ ni wo tsakemɔ nɛɛ mli hewalɛ lɛ ji Katolik Sɔlemɔ lɛ mli onukpa ko.

Osɔfonukpa Richelieu Kɛ Ehewalɛ lɛ Tsu Nii

Sabala diɛŋtsɛ ni akɛtsɛɔ Armand-Jean du Plessis ji Osɔfonukpa de Richelieu. Eji France maŋsɔɔlɔ nukpa hu kɛjɛ afi 1624 kɛbashi afi 1642 mli. Richelieu tswa efai shi akɛ ebaaha France afee Europa nɔyeli ni yɔɔ hewalɛ kpele. Bɔni afee ni enine ashɛ oti nɛɛ nɔ lɛ, ebɔ mɔdɛŋ koni eba enanemɛi Katolikbii, ni ji Habsburgbii lɛ ahewalɛ lɛ shi. Te efee enɛ eha tɛŋŋ? Kɛtsɔ Protestant asraafoi ni yɔɔ Germany shikpɔji anɔ, Denmark, Netherlands, kɛ Sweden, ni amɛfɛɛ amɛmiiwuu amɛmiishi Habsburgbii lɛ ni ekɛ shika fi amɛsɛɛ lɛ nɔ.

Yɛ afi 1635 mli lɛ, Richelieu tsu France asraafoi kɛtee ta lɛ mli klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa. Wolo ni ji vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Toiŋjɔlɛ Ahi Shi Kɛya Naanɔ!) lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ yɛ ta lɛ naagbee mli lɛ, “Afii Nyɔŋmai Etɛ Ta lɛ efeee béi ni kã jamɔ kui ateŋ dɔŋŋ. . . . Ta lɛ batsɔ maŋkwramɔŋ onukpayeli yɛ Europa lɛ hepelemɔ.” Nɔ ni je shishi akɛ jamɔŋ béi ni kã Katolikbii kɛ Protestantbii ateŋ lɛ bafee Katolikbii ni kɛ Protestantbii efee ekome ni amɛmiiwuu amɛmiishi Katolikbii krokomɛi. Afite Katolik Kpaŋmɔ lɛ, ní agbɔjɔ lɛ momo yɛ afi 1630 afii lɛ ashishijee mli lɛ yɛ afi 1635.

Toiŋjɔlɛ Kpee yɛ Westphalia

Europa fite kɛ nihaa, gbɔmɔ gbee, kabonaatoo, kɛ hela. Fiofio lɛ, shwelɛ kɛha toiŋjɔlɛ lɛ mli bawa beni ayɔse akɛ ta nɛɛ jeee nɔ ni mɔ ko baanyɛ aye kunim yɛ mli lɛ. Wolo ni ji vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! lɛ wie akɛ, “beni afi 1630 afii lɛ baa naagbee lɛ, lumɛi ni yeɔ nɔ lɛ yɔse yɛ naagbee mli akɛ asraafoi ahewalɛ nyɛŋ aye abua amɛ dɔŋŋ koni amɛnine ashɛ oti ni ma amɛhiɛ lɛ nɔ.” Shi kɛ́ toiŋjɔlɛ ji nɔ ni mɔ fɛɛ mɔ taoɔ lɛ, te aaafee tɛŋŋ ni nine aaashɛ nɔ?

Maŋtsɛ Ferdinand III ni jɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ mli, Maŋtsɛ Louis XIII ni jɛ France, kɛ Maŋnyɛ Christina ni jɛ Sweden lɛ kpɛlɛ nɔ akɛ esa akɛ afee kpee koni kui lɛ fɛɛ ni wuɔ ta lɛ akpe koni ato toiŋjɔlɛ he yelikɛfuamɔ he gbɛjianɔ. Ahala hei enyɔ kɛha kpee lɛ—maji ni ji Osnabrück kɛ Münster ni yɔɔ Germany maŋ bibioo ni ji Westphalia lɛ mli lɛ. Ahala amɛ ejaakɛ ekã gbɛ ni yaa Sweden kɛ France maŋtiasei lɛ amli lɛ teŋ. Yɛ afi 1643 shishijee mli lɛ, aaafee mɛi 150—ní ŋaawolɔi babaoo fata amɛteŋ mɛi komɛi ahe lɛ—bashɛ maji enyɔ lɛ amli, Katolik najiaŋdamɔlɔi lɛ bua amɛhe naa yɛ Münster, ni Protestant najiaŋdamɔlɔi lɛ hu bua amɛhe naa yɛ Osnabrück.

Klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ, ato bɔ ni nibii baaya nɔ aha lɛ he gbɛjianɔ, nibii tamɔ, najiaŋdamɔlɔi lɛ agbɛi kɛ amɛgbɛhei, bɔ ni abaatara shi aha, kɛ bɔ ni gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ baaya nɔ aha. Kɛkɛ ni toiŋjɔlɛ he wiemɔi lɛ je shishi, ni abɔi nibii ni aŋmala kɛha saji ahesusumɔ lɛ jaa kɛmiijɛ mɛi ni eba kpee lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome nɔ kɛmiiya mɔ kroko nɔ kɛtsɔ mlidamɔlɔi lɛ anɔ. Yɛ nɔ ni miihe ashɛ afii enumɔ—be mli ni ta lɛ yaa nɔ lɛ—sɛɛ lɛ, akpɛlɛ toiŋjɔlɛ he yelikɛfuamɔi lɛ anɔ. Westphalia Kpaŋmɔ he woji lɛ fa fe ekome. Akɛ nine wo yelikɛfuamɔ kome shishi yɛ Maŋtsɛ Ferdinand III kɛ Sweden teŋ, kɛ ekroko hu yɛ maŋtsɛ lɛ kɛ France teŋ.

Beni kpaŋmɔ lɛ he adafitswaa gbɛɔ eshwaa lɛ, aje gbijurɔyelii ashishi. Ta ni je shishi kɛ gbɔmɔ gbee kanyamɔ lɛ ba naagbee kɛ kpɛtɛkpɛlɛi ni feɔ miishɛɛ he okadi lɛ atswiamɔ. Kpɛtɛkpɛlɛi lɛ ha ŋwɛi kpɛlɛ yɛ maŋtiasei srɔtoi amli. Sɔlemɔ ŋmɛji gbɛɛ, ni atswara tuŋtɛi kɛtsɔɔ akɛ akpɛlɛ kpaŋmɔ lɛ nɔ, ni gbɔmɛi la kɛnyiɛ gbɛjegbɛi lɛ anɔ. Ani Europa baanyɛ akpa naanɔ toiŋjɔlɛ gbɛ agbɛnɛ?

Ani Abaanyɛ Ana Naanɔ Toiŋjɔlɛ?

Westphalia Kpaŋmɔ lɛ yɔse nɔyeli he shishitoo mlai lɛ. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ kuu fɛɛ kuu kpɛlɛ nɔ akɛ ebaabu shikpɔji ni eko fɛɛ eko yeɔ nɔ lɛ, ni amɛkɛ amɛhe woŋ maji krokomɛi lɛ asaji amli. Nɛkɛ fee ni ana Europa akɛ shikpɔŋ wulu ni maji babaoo ni yeɔ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛhe nɔ yɔɔ mli. Yɛ nɛkɛ maji nɛɛ ateŋ lɛ, mɛi komɛi ná kpaŋmɔ lɛ hesɛɛ babaoo fe mɛi krokomɛi.

Ato France shishi akɛ nɔyeli ni yɔɔ hewalɛ, ni Netherlands kɛ Switzerland fɛɛ ná heyeli. Yɛ nɔ ni kɔɔ Germany shikpɔji, ní ta lɛ kpata hiɛ lɛ he lɛ, kpaŋmɔ lɛ ná naagbai yɛ he. Nɔ ni baajɛ Germany mli kɛba lɛ babaoo damɔ yiŋkpɛɛ ni maji krokomɛi baafee lɛ nɔ. The New Encyclopædia Britannica lɛ bɔ amaniɛ akɛ: “Nibii ni Germany lumɛi lɛ ná kɛ nɔ ni ŋmɛɛ amɛ lɛ damɔ nɔ ni hewalɛi titrii: France, Sweden, kɛ Austria baaná he sɛɛ lɛ nɔ.” Yɛ nɔ najiaŋ ni aaabua Germany shikpɔji lɛ anaa ni afee amɛ maŋ kome lɛ, ajara mli taakɛ eji tsutsu lɛ nɔŋŋ. Kɛfata he lɛ, akɛ shikpɔji lɛ ekomɛi wo maŋsɛɛ nɔyelɔi akudɔmɔ shishi, taakɛ eji yɛ Germany faai wuji lɛ ekomɛi ahe lɛ—Rhine, Elbe, kɛ Oder.

Akpɛlɛ Katolikbii, Lutherbii, kɛ Calvinbii ajamɔi lɛ anɔ akɛ amɛfɛɛ amɛyɛ ŋɛlɛ kome nɔ. Enɛ esaaa mɔ fɛɛ mɔ hiɛ. Paapa Innocent X te shi ewo kpaŋmɔ lɛ waa diɛŋtsɛ, ni etsɔɔ akɛ ejaaa. Ni kɛlɛ, jamɔ he husui ni ato shishi lɛ hi shi nakai ni atsakeee afii 300. Eyɛ mli akɛ no mli lɛ jamɔ mli heyeli kɛha aŋkroaŋkroi lɛ bako moŋ, shi nibii tee hiɛ kɛyashi no feemɔ he.

Kpaŋmɔ lɛ mu Afii Nyɔŋmai Etɛ Ta lɛ naa, ni no fo yiwalɛ nibii babaoo ni afee lɛ sɛɛ. Enɛ ji naagbee jamɔ mli ta wulu ni awuu yɛ Europa. Tai asɛɛ efooo, shi nɔ ni kɛ tawuu baa lɛ tsake kɛjɛ jamɔ nɔ kɛtee maŋkwramɔŋ loo jarayeli he saji anɔ. Enɛ etsɔɔɔ akɛ jamɔ naaa hewalɛ dɔŋŋ yɛ yiwalɛ nibii ni afee yɛ Europa lɛ nɔ. Yɛ Jeŋ Ta I nɔ kɛ II lɛ mli lɛ, Germany asraafoi lɛ fi hɛfiinii ni akpɛ wiemɔ ko ni ale jogbaŋŋ lɛ yɛ edade ni akɛlaa lɛ nɔ akɛ: “Nyɔŋmɔ Kɛ Wɔ Yɛ.” Yɛ nakai ta ni yɔɔ gbeyei lɛ mli lɛ, Katolikbii kɛ Protestantbii yafi afã kome sɛɛ shikome ekoŋŋ ni amɛwuu amɛshi Katolikbii kɛ Protestantbii ni yɔɔ afã kroko lɛ.

Eyɛ faŋŋ akɛ Westphalia Kpaŋmɔ lɛ kɛ naanɔ toiŋjɔlɛ baaa. Shi kɛlɛ, etsɛŋ ni adesai ni feɔ toiboo lɛ baana nakai toiŋjɔlɛ lɛ mli niiashikpamɔ. Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ naanɔ toiŋjɔlɛ baaha adesai kɛtsɔ e-Bi, Yesu Kristo Mesia Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ nɔ. Yɛ nakai nɔyeli lɛ shishi lɛ, anɔkwa jamɔ kome pɛ baafee hewalɛ ko ni feɔ mɛi ekome, jeee nɔ ni gbalaa mɛi amli. Mɔ ko mɔ ko eyaŋ ta yɛ yiŋtoo ko hewɔ, kɛ́ yɛ jamɔ loo nɔ kroko hewɔ jio. Kwɛ heyeli ni eeeji beni Maŋtsɛyeli nɔyeli lɛ yeɔ shikpɔŋ muu lɛ fɛɛ nɔ lɛ, ni ‘toiŋjɔlɛ sɛɛ efoŋ’!—Yesaia 9:5, 6.

[Wiemɔ ni akɔ ni akɛmiitsu nii ni yɔɔ baafa 21]

Nɔ ni je shishi akɛ béi ni kã Katolikbii kɛ Protestantbii ateŋ lɛ bafee Katolikbii ni kɛ Protestantbii efee ekome ni amɛmiiwuu amɛmiishi Katolikbii krokomɛi

[Wiemɔ ni akɔ ni akɛmiitsu nii ni yɔɔ baafa 22]

Asraafoi bote ta lɛ mli kɛ bolɔmɔi akɛ “Santa Maria” loo “Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ wɔ yɛ”

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 21]

Osɔfonukpa Richelieu

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 23]

Afii ohai 16 mfoniri ni miitsɔɔ mpleshii ni kã Luther, Calvin, kɛ paapa lɛ tɛŋ

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 20 lɛ Jɛ]

From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI

[Hei ni Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 23 lɛ Jɛ]

Jamɔ mli hiɛnyiɛlɔi ni miishi mpele: From the book Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; shikpɔŋ he mfoniri: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck