Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso
Mbali 1a: Kutembenuzira Chisamaliro pa Boma
MASINTHIDWE aakulu andale zadziko ochitika ku Ulaya mkati mwa 1989 anatembenuzira chisamaliro chadziko lonse pankhani ya boma mwanjira yapadera. Nyuzi magazini ina inati “chaka cha 1989 chidzakumbukiridwa osati kukhala chaka chimene Ulaya Yakummaŵa inasintha koma kukhala chaka chimene Ulaya Yakummaŵa monga momwe taidziŵira kwa zaka makumi anayi inatha.”
Powonjezera, Francis Fukuyama wa Dipatimenti ya Boma yopanga malamulo mu U.S. posachedwapa analemba kuti “zimene tingakhale tikuwona siziri kokha mapeto a nkhondo yapakamwa, kapena kupita kwa nyengo inayake ya mbiri yapambuyo pankhondo, koma mapeto a mbiri: ndiko kuti, pamagomero a malingaliro a chisinthiko cha mibadwo ya mtundu wa anthu.”
Komabe, pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro limeneli, limadzutsa mkangano waukulu, iro limasumika chisamaliro chathu pamafunso ofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kodi nchiyani chimene chinganenedwe ponena za ulamuliro wa anthu umene wakhalako kwa zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo? Kodi mtundu wa anthu wafika panthaŵi imene ungalankhule za “mapeto a mbiri”? Kodi kwenikweni mtsogolo muli chiyani kaamba ka maboma? Ndipo kodi zochitika zamtsogolo zimenezi zidzakhala nchiyambukiro chotani pa ife monga munthu aliyense payekha?
Mmene Anthu Amalingalirira Ponena za Boma
Mamiliyoni a anthu mwachiwonekere akugwiritsidwa mwala ndi atsogoleri awo andale zadziko. Izi ziri choncho osati kokha kwa anthu aku Ulaya komanso, pamilingo yosiyanasiyana, kwa anthu kulikonse. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiwone, kumaiko a Latin Amereka.
Magazini otchuka a zantchito aku Jeremani anafotokoza mkhalidwe wandale zadziko kumeneko kumapeto kwa 1988 kukhala “mulu wa zapabwinja.” Kunena molunjika, iwo anati: “Chuma cha Argentina . . . chikunyonyotsoka. Brazil akutupsa kukhala ndi anthu osalamulirika. Peru akufikira pakusalamulirika. Uruguay akuchita movutikira kwambiri. Ecuador akuyesa kulimbana ndi mkhalidwe umene mosakanika uli wangozi. Colombia ndi Venezuela . . . akuyesayesa kulimbitsa mkhalidwe wademokrase yofooka. Ku Mexico chipani chimene chakhala chikulamulira mosatsutsidwa kwa zaka 50 . . . chikunyonyotsoka pamaso pa onse. Zaka zama 1980 zanenedwa kale kukhala ‘zaka khumi zachitayiko.’”
M’malo ena kutchuka kwa andale zadziko kwatsika kuposa ndikalelonse. Pamene anthu aku Austria anapemphedwa kuti alembe mpambo wa ntchito zokwanira 21 mwadongosolo la kufunika kwake, anaika andale zadziko panambala 19. Kupenda malingaliro a anthu onse m’dziko la Federal Lipabuliki ya Jeremani kwasonyeza kuti 62 peresenti ya nzika zake zimene zinafunsidwa akuvomereza kukhala ndi chidaliro chochepa mwa andale zadziko.
Purofesala Reinhold Bergler, mtsogoleri wa Institute of Psychology pa Yunivesite ya Bonn, akuchenjeza kuti “achichepere ali pafupi kufulatira boma, ndale zadziko, ndi andale.” Iye akuti 46 peresenti ya achichepere ameneŵa akuwona andale zadziko kukhala anthu “omangobwetuka,” ndipo 44 peresenti imawawona kukhala onyenga.
Wofufuza waku Amereka, polemba m’ma 1970 anati: “Pali chikhulupiriro chakuti mchitidwe (wandale zadziko) ngwankhalwe ndipo ngwosawona mtima kotero kuti sungagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi ochita voti kutumikira zifuno zawo.” Chifukwa chake, chiŵerengero cha anthu mu United States olingalira kuti andale zadziko “samasamala kwenikweni zochitika kwa inu” chakwera mosalekeza kuchokera pa 29 peresenti mu 1966 kufika pa 58 peresenti m’ma 1980. Nyuzipepala yaku Jeremani yotchedwa Stuttgarter Nachrichten ikuvomereza kalingaliridwe koteroko, mwakumati: “Andale zadziko ambirimbiri amasamalira zabwino zawo choyamba, ndiyeno mwinamwake, za owachitira voti.”
Motero, nzomveka kuti mphwayi kulinga ku ndale zadziko ikuwonjezereka. Mu 1980 panali 53 peresenti yokha ya nzika za U.S. zoyenerera kuchita voti zinapita kumavotiko. Kumeneku kunasimbidwa kukhala kutsika kwachisanu m’chiŵerengero cha kuchita masankho. Pofika 1988 chiŵerengero cha ochita voti chinatsika 50 peresenti yokha.
Andale zadziko akulizindikira vutoli. Mtsogoleri wadziko wotchuka anaulula kuti: “Muli zinyengo zochuluka . . . m’moyo wa andale zadziko.” Pofotokoza chifukwa chake, iye anati: “Chiri chofunikira kuti usankhidwe kuti utetezere malo antchitowo.” Kodi wolankhulayo anali yani? Yemwe kale anali purezidenti wa U.S. Richard Nixon. Polingalira milandu yochititsa manyazi imene inafupikitsa upurezidenti wake, anthu oŵerengeka okha ndiwo amene angakayikire kuti iye anadziŵa zimene ankanena.
Kulephera kwandale zadziko kumapangitsa anthu owona mtima kukaikira kuthekera kwa kukhalako kwa boma labwino. Kodi sitingakhale bwinopo ngati tikhala opanda boma lirilonse? Kodi ‘kukhala wopanda boma’ mwinamwake kungakhale yankho?
[Bokosi patsamba 4]
“Popanda upo wanzeru anthu amagwa.”—Miyambo 11:14