AIDS—Vuto la Azaka Zapakati pa 13 ndi 19
MLIRI wa AIDS ulibe malire a msinkhu kapena mpata wa mbadwo. Malipoti apadziko lonse amapereka umboni wochititsa mantha wakuti “AIDS Ikufalikira mwa Azaka Zapakati pa 13 ndi 19, Chikhoterero Chatsopano Chochititsa Mantha Akatswiri,” monga momwe kunalengezedwera m’mutu wankhani wa AIDS mu New York Times. Kufalikira kwa kuyambukiridwa ndi AIDS pakati pa azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 “kudzakhala mliri wotsatira,” anatero Dr. Gary R. Strokash, mtsogoleri wotchuka wa mankhwala a achichepere wa malo azamankhwala a ku Chicago. “Nzowopsa ndipo zidzakhala zosakaza,” iye anatero. Mkulu wa chipatala chaching’ono cha azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 pa Kaiser Permanente Medical Center mu San Francisco, Dr. Charles Wibbelsman anadandaula kuti: “Palibe kukaikira kuti mliri wachaola wa AIDS wa m’ma 1990, ngati sipadzapezeka katemera, udzakhala . . . pakati pa azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19.” Polankhula za azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 oyambukiridwa ndi AIDS, kupenda kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka wa za AIDS wa ku New York City kunali kwakuti: “Tikulingalira kuti ndi mkhalidwe wa tsoka lamwadzidzidzi.”
The Toronto Star ya ku Canada, inadziŵikitsa ziyembekezo zoopsa pamene AIDS ikufalikira pakati pa azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19. “Pakali pano, njoipa kwenikweni kuposa mmene munthu aliyense amazindikirira,” anatero dokotala wina. “Ndikuganiza kuti ndi vuto lowopsa kwambiri lomwe sitingathe kulisamalira. Potsirizira pake tidzawona mmene liriri loipa.” Mawu osavuta a dokotalayo amakhala lingaliro losatsutsika la nduna zaumoyo ndi atsogoleri aboma onse padziko lonse pamene mliri wa AIDS ukukwera.
Kufikira posachedwapa, akatswiri a AIDS sanasumike pa achichepere akutha msinkhu kukhala paupandu waukulu wakuyambukiridwa ndi HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), yomwe imachititsa AIDS. Dokotala wina wa ku New York City anati: “Tikulankhula ponena za chinthu chimene chaka chimodzi chokha chapitacho chinali chothekera chongolankhulidwa.” Komabe, “adokotala omwe chaka chimodzi chokha chapitacho adalibe wodwala woyambukiridwa wazaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 tsopano ali nawo khumi ndi aŵiri kapena ochulukirapo,” inasimba motero The New York Times.
Ofufuza amalingalira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti chidziŵitso chomwe chiripo cha azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 oyambukiridwa ndi kachirombo ka AIDS nchochititsa mantha, icho chiri chochepa kwenikweni, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zizindikiro sizimawoneka kufikira patapita avareji ya zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri mpaka khumi pambuyo pa kuyambukiridwa. Chotero awo amene ayambukiridwa ndi HIV kuchiyambi kwawo kwa zaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 sangakhale ndi zizindikiro za AIDS yotheratu kufikira kumapeto kwa zaka zawo zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 kapena kuchiyambi kwa m’ma 20.
Mwachitsanzo, m’kupenda kwaposachedwapa kwa onse obadwa mu New York State chiyambire 1987, New York State Health Department inapeza kuti mwana mmodzi mwa ana 1,000 obadwa kwa azaka 15 zakubadwa anali ndi maantibody (zinthu zotetezera) a kachirombo ka AIDS, kusonyeza kuti nakubala wa khandalo anali woyambukiridwa. Mochititsa mantha, kupenda kumodzimodziko kunavumbula kuti khanda limodzi mwa makanda 100 obadwa kwa azaka 19 zakubadwa anali ndi maantibody a kachirombo ka AIDS. Kupenda kowonjezereka kopangidwa ndi CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control) kunavumbula kuti 20 peresenti ya amuna Achimereka ndi 25 peresenti ya akazi Achimereka opimidwa kukhala ndi AIDS ali m’zaka zawo za m’ma 20. Kupenda kwa CDC kukusimba kuti m’zochitika zochuluka, matendawo anatengedwa atatha msinkhu.
Komabe, kodi zimenezi zingachitike motani, pamene makanda obadwa ndi kachirombo ka AIDS, mwakamodzikamodzi amapulumuka kufika ku zaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19? Zifukwa zake ziri zochititsa kakasi!
Ofufuza ndi adokotala ali ofulumira kutsimikizira kuti azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 alerolino ali “okangalika kopambanitsa m’zakugonana, monga momwe chiŵerengero cha matenda opatsirana mwakugonana pakati pawo chimasonyezera,” inasimba motero The New York Times. Center for Population Options ikusimba kuti chaka chirichonse wazaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 mmodzi mwa asanu ndi mmodzi amatenga matenda opatsirana mwakugonana ndikuti msungwana mmodzi mwa asungwana okangalika m’zakugonana asanu ndi mmodzi apasukulu yasekondale anakhala ndi atsamwali osiyanasiyana osachepera pa anayi.
“Mosasamala kanthu za machenjezo a ‘kukana,’ wazaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 wa ku Amereka wachikatikati amataya unamwali wake pamsinkhu wa zaka 16,” inasimba motero U.S.News & World Report. “Popeza kuti azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 oŵerengeka okha ndiwo amapimidwa, ambiri a awo oyambukiridwa samadziŵa kuti ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV,” anatero magaziniwo. Kaya pakhale uchiŵereŵere wogwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito crack cocaine kapena ayi, kaya iwo ali othaŵa panyumba kapena ayi, “Azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 a ku Amereka ali minkhole yosavuta ya AIDS,” analemba motero katswiri wa matenda a AIDS. “Iwo akuvutika kale ndi matenda 2.5 miliyoni opatsirana mwakugonana chaka chirichonse.” Dr. Gary Noble wa ku CDC anafotokoza izi: “Timadziŵa kuti mkhalidwe wawo wakugonana umatulukapo kuikidwa pachiswe kwa kuyambukiridwa.”
Kuwonjezera pa chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha njira zopatsirana kachirombo ka AIDS pali achichepere akutha msinkhu okhala m’makwalala, ena sanafikebe m’zaka zawo zapakati pa 13 ndi 19, ambiri othaŵa makolo ochitira nkhanza ana. Pakati pawo pali chiŵerengero chomakwera mofulumira cha awo amene ayamba kugwiritsira ntchito crack cocaine. Ambiri ayamba uchiŵereŵere kuti apeze ndalama zochirikizira chizoloŵezi chawo kapena kupeza pogona. Mwachitsanzo, ku South America “asungwana achichepere kwenikweni a zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ndi khumi kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga akazi achigololo, nthaŵi zina kuti apeze mbale ya chakudya,” anatero phungu wa ana wa ku Brazil. “Ambiri amadziŵa zochepa ponena za AIDS kapena kugonana. Ndinakhala ndi asungwana omwe anali ndi pathupi ndipo analingalira kuti ‘anapatenga,’ monga chimfine,” iye anatero.
Dr. Philip Pizzo, katswiri wa AIDS ndiponso mkulu wa chipatala cha ana pa National Cancer Institute, ananena kuti mlingo wa kuyambukiridwa ndi HIV mwa azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 othaŵa panyumba umafalitsa mliri wachaola wa AIDS. “Pali othaŵa panyumba oposa miliyoni imodzi amene akupeza kakhalidwe kawo mwa kugonana. Mosakaikira, ambiri a iwo adzabwezeretsedwa m’chitaganya.”
Kodi nkodabwitsa kuti mliri wachaola wa AIDS ukukwera mofulumira pakati pa azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 padziko lonse? Kodi wafika pamlingo wosaletseka? Uwo udzaterodi ngati kusakondweretsedwa ndi kukhutira kwa awo oyambukiridwa ndi kachirombo ka AIDS ndi awo amene sangakane kugonana kwa ukwati usanakhale kupitiriza. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani lipoti ili lochokera mu The Sunday Star ya ku Johannesburg, South Africa. M’kufufuza kwaposachedwapa pakati pa odwala am’chipatala 1,142 okhala ndi matenda opatsirana mwakugonana, 70 peresenti anavomereza kuti anakhala ndi ogonana nawo kuyambira pa 3 mpaka 80 pamwezi. Ena anali okangalikabe ndipo ankayambukiritsa ena.
Mwatsoka, azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 19 ambiri samadera nkhaŵa ndi kutenga AIDS. Kwa iwo tsiku lirilonse limakhala kulimbana kwa kupulumuka—njira zambiri zofera m’khwalala—kotero kuti samasumika pa chinachake chimene chingawaphe patapita zaka zambiri kuchokera tsopano. Pakali pano iwo amalingalira kuti mankhwala ochiritsira adzapezeka oti awapulumutse. “Achichepere akutha msinkhu ali chitsanzo choyambirira cha gulu limene silimayang’ana zaka 10 kutsogolo,” anatero katswiri wina wa AIDS.
Palinso lingaliro lolakwika pakati pa ambiri lakuti mabwenzi awo ogonana nawo samanama pamene amanena kuti sanayambukiridwe ndi kachirombo ka AIDS. Kaŵirikaŵiri sizimakhala zowona. Ngakhale pamene matendawo afika poipa, minkhole yambiri imayambukiritsa ena mwadala chifukwa cha kukwiya kapena kubwezera.
Osafunikiranso kunyalanyazidwa ndi awo amene amayambukiridwa ndi kachiromboko kupyolera m’singano zoipitsidwa zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuperekera mankhwala—njira yomwe yatenga kale chiŵerengero chake. Ndipo pomalizira pake, pali chiwopsezo chosalekeza chakutenga AIDS mwakuthiridwa mwazi. Minkhole yambiri yopanda liŵongo yafa kale ndi matendawa, ndipo ena adzafabe ndi mwazi woipitsidwa ndi HIV. Adokotala ambiri ndi anesi amaopa kudzilasa ndi singano zoipitsidwa ndi kachirombo ka AIDS, kumene kungasinthe kotheratu miyoyo yawo. Kodi nkodabwitsa kuti AIDS yatchedwa vuto la m’ma 90 ndikunka mtsogolo?