Zoyesayesa za Kupulumutsa Ana

“Tasonkhana pano pa Msonkhano wa Atsogoleri Wadziko Lonse wa Ana kuti tigwirizane pantchito imodzi ndi kupereka pempho lofulumira kwa onse—lakuti tikonzere mwana aliyense mtsogolo mwabwinopo.”—Msonkhano wa Mitundu Yogwirizana, 1990.

MAPREZIDENTI ndi nduna zazikulu ochokera ku maiko oposa 70 anasonkhana mu New York City pa September 29 ndi 30, 1990, kuti akambitsirane mavuto a ana a padziko lonse.

Msonkhanowo unasumika maganizo pa mitundu yonse pa kuvutika koipitsitsa kwa ana, tsoka la dziko lonse limene labisidwa. Nthumwi ya United States Peter Teeley inati: “Ngati akadzidzi amaŵangamaŵanga okwanira 40,000 anali kufa tsiku ndi tsiku, pakhoza kukhala kudandaula kwambiri. Koma ana 40,000 alinkufa, ndipo palibe chimene chikuchitidwa.”

Atsogoleri aboma onse osonkhana anavomereza kuti anayenera kuchitapo kanthu—mofulumira. Iwo anapanga “pangano lolemekezeka la kupereka chisamaliro choyambirira pa zoyenera za ana, moyo wawo ndi chisungiko chawo ndi makulidwe.” Kodi iwo anapangana mfundo zazikulu zotani?

Miyoyo ya Achichepere Oposa Mamiliyoni 50 Ili ya Kayakaya

Cholinga chachikulu chinali kupulumutsa ana oposa mamiliyoni 50 amene mwinamwake angafe mkati mwa ma 1990. Ochuluka a achichepere ameneŵa akanapulumutsidwa mwa kutsatira njira zosungitsa thanzi zotsatirazi.

• Ngati amayi onse m’maiko osatukuka akanaumirizidwa kuyamwitsa bere makanda awo kwa miyezi inayi mpaka isanu ndi umodzi, ana okwanira miliyoni imodzi akanapulumutsidwa chaka chilichonse.

• Kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri madzi otchedwa oral rehydration therapy (ORT) kukanachepetsa imfa zochititsidwa ndi nthenda ya kupaza, imene imapha ana okwanira mamiliyoni anayi chaka chilichonse.a

• Kutemera anthu ochuluka ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala otsika mtengo kukhoza kuletsa mamiliyoni a imfa zina zochititsidwa ndi matenda onga chikuku, tetanus, ndi chibayo.

Kodi makonzedwe osungitsa thanzi oterowo ali otheka? Mwinamwake mtengo ungafike pa U.S.$2,500,000,000 pachaka podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi. Ponena za dziko lonse kutayikiridwa kumeneku kungakhale kwakung’ono. Makampani a fodya a mu America amawononga ndalama zimenezo chaka chilichonse—pa kusatsa ndudu chabe. Tsiku lililonse mitundu ya dziko imawononga unyinji umodzimodziwo wa ndalama pa zida zankhondo. Kodi ndalama zoterozo zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’njira yabwinopo kusungitsa thanzi la ana okhala pangozi ya imfawo? Pangano la United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child limanena mosabisa kuti “mtundu wa anthu uli ndi thayo la kupatsa ana chisamaliro chabwino kwambiri chimene ungachipereke.”

Ndithudi, kukonzera “mwana aliyense mtsogolo mwabwinopo” kumaloŵetsamo zochuluka kuposa kuwapulumutsa ku imfa yofulumira. Sandra Huffman, prezidenti wa Center to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition, akufotokoza m’magazini a Time kuti madzi a “ORT samachinjiriza nthenda ya kupaza, amangopulumutsa ana kuti asafe nayo. . . . Chimene tifunikira kuchita tsopano,” iye akuwonjezera motero, “ndicho kuganizira mmene tingachinjirizire matendawo, osati imfa yokha.”

Kuti awongolere miyoyo ya ana mamiliyoni—mmalo mwa kungoipulumutsa—makonzedwe aakulu ochuluka ayambidwa. (Onani bokosi patsamba 6.) Palibe aliwonse adzakhala osavuta kukwaniritsa.

Madzi Oyera Okhala Pamtunda Waufupi

Felicia Onu anali kuthera maola asanu tsiku lililonse kumatunga madzi a banja lake. Kaŵirikaŵiri madzi omwe anawapereka kunyumba anali oipitsidwa. (Madzi oterowo amachititsa njoka za m’mimba zimene zimawonjezera nthenda ya kupaza.) Koma mu 1984, m’mudzi wake wa Ugwulangwu kummaŵa kwa Nigeria, chitsime chinakumbidwa ndi kuikapo mpopi wotchova ndi manja.

Iye tsopano amayenda mamita oŵerengeka kukatunga madzi oyera. Ana ake ali ndi thanzi labwinopo, ndipo moyo wake wakhala wofeŵerapo. Anthu oposa mamiliyoni chikwi onga Felicia anapeza madzi oyera mkati mwa ma 1980. Koma mamiliyoni a akazi ndi ana adakatherabe maola ambiri akumasenza mitsuko ya madzi ochepa powayerekezera ndi madzi amene amagujumulidwa m’chimbudzi cha anthu wamba m’mayiko Akumadzulo.

Zabwino ndi Zoipa m’Maphunziro

Maximino ndi mnyamata wanzeru wa zaka 11 zakubadwa amene amakhala kumalo akumudzi ku Colombia. Mosasamala kanthu za kuthera maola ambiri tsiku lililonse akumathandiza atate wake kusamalira mbewu zawo m’munda, iye akuchita bwino kusukulu. Amapita ku Escuela Nueva, kapena Sukulu Yatsopano, imene ili ndi programu yosinthasintha kuti ithandize ana kuphunzira zimene anzawo anaphunzira pamene iwo anaphonya ngati anafunikira kusapita kusukulu kwa masiku angapo—zimene zimachitika kaŵirikaŵiri, makamaka panthaŵi yokolola. Aphunzitsi ali oŵerengeka kwambiri pa sukulu ya Maximino. Mabuku ophunziridwa ali opereŵera. Anawo amalimbikitsidwa kumathandizana zimene samamvetsa, ndipo iwo okha amachita ntchito yambiri ya kuyendetsa sukuluyo. Kakonzedwe kodzipangira kameneka—makamaka kolinganizidwira kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za zitaganya za m’midzi zosauka—kakuyesedwa m’maiko ena ambiri.

Makilomita ambiri kuchokera ku Colombia, mu mzinda waukulu wa ku Asia, mumakhala mtsikana wina wanzeru wa zaka 11 zakubadwa, dzina lake ndi Melinda. Iye analeka sukulu posachedwapa kuti adzithera maola 12 akumatola zidutswa za zitsulo ndi mapulasitiki ku dzala lina lalikulu. “Ndifuna kuthandiza atate kuti tidzipeza chakudya tsiku lililonse,” akutero Melinda. “Ndikapanda kuwathandiza, sitidzadya kanthu.” Ngakhale patsiku limene malonda amuyendera bwino, amabweretsa panyumba masenti 35 (U.S.) chabe.

Antchito Yoona za Umoyo wa Ana

Kumadera akumidzi a mzinda wa Bombay ku India kuli komboni yotchedwa Malvani, kumene matenda ali mliri wosatha. Komabe tsopano zinthu zikuwongokera, chifukwa cha ogwira ntchito ya zaumoyo okangalika onga Neetu ndi Aziz. Iwo amafikira mabanja kuona ngati ana awo anapatsidwa katemera kapena ngati akupaza, kudwala mphere, kapena ngati alibe mwazi wokwanira. Neetu ndi Aziz ali chabe ndi zaka 11 zakubadwa. Iwo anadzipereka kugwira ntchito m’makonzedwe apadera mmene achichepere okulirapo amapatsidwa ntchito yoyang’anira thanzi la ana osafika zaka zisanu. Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za Neetu ndi Aziz—ndi zoyesayesa za ana ena ambiri ofanana nawo—pafupifupi achichepere onse a mu Malvani analandira katemera, makolo ambiri amadziŵa kumwetsa oral rehydration, ndipo ukhondo wa ambiri wawongokera.

Kuzungulira dziko lonse, zoyesayesa zazikulu zikupangidwa kutemera ana aang’ono kuwachinjiriza ku matenda ofala kwambiri. (Onani tchati patsamba 8.) Bangladesh tsopano watemera ana ake oposa 70 peresenti, ndipo China watemera oposa pa 95 peresenti. Ngati dziko losatukuka lililonse lingafike pa mlingo wa 90 peresenti, akatswiri a zaumoyo amakhulupirira kuti ambiri angatetezeredwe ku matenda. Pamene ochuluka atemeredwa, kumakhala kovutirapo kuti nthenda iyambukire munthu wina.

Umphaŵi, Nkhondo, ndi Aids

Chikhalirechobe, chomvetsa chisoni nchakuti pamene kuli kwakuti kupita patsogolo kukupangidwa m’zaumoyo ndi m’maphunziro, mavuto ena akukulirakulira. Atatu ovuta kwambiri ndiwo umphaŵi, nkhondo, ndi AIDS.

M’zaka za posachedwapa anthu osauka m’dziko akhala akusaukirasaukira. Malipiro opezedwa m’madera aumphaŵi a Afirika ndi Latin America atsika ndi 10 peresenti kapena kuposapo m’zaka khumi zapitazo. Makolo m’maiko ameneŵa—kumene 75 peresenti ya malipiro a banja imathera pa chakudya—sangakhoze kupatsa ana awo chakudya chamagulu onse.

‘Patsani ana ndiwo zamasamba ndi nthochi,’ amauzidwa motero Grace ku kiliniki ya kwawo. Koma Grace, mayi wa ana khumi, yemwe amakhala mu East Africa, alibe ndalama zogulira chakudya, ndipo palibe madzi okwanira kuti alime mbewu zimenezi pamalo awo a ukulu wa nusu la ekala. Iwo sangachitire mwina koma kungodya chimanga ndi nyemba ndi kugona ndi njala nthaŵi zina. Ngati mikhalidwe ilipoyi ipitirizabe, moyo suoneka kuti udzawongokera kwa banja la Grace kapena kwa mamiliyoni ena ofanana naye.

Ana a Grace, ndi kusauka kwawoko, ali bwinopo powayerekezera ndi Kim Seng wa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zakubadwa wa Kummwera koma Chakummaŵa kwa Asia, yemwe atate wake anaphedwa m’nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ya paubale ndipo amayi ake anadzamwalira ndi njala imene inatsatirapo. Kim Seng, yemwe nayenso anatsala pang’ono kufa ndi manyutilishoni, potsirizira pake anapeza populumukira mu msasa wa othaŵa kwawo. Ambiri a ana okwanira mamiliyoni asanu omwe akuvutika kwambiri m’misasa ya othaŵa kwawo kuzungulira dziko lonse akhala ndi mavuto ofananawo.

Pachiyambi cha zaka za zana lino, 5 peresenti yokha ya ovulala ndi ophedwa m’nkhondo anali anthu wamba. Tsopano chiŵerengerocho chakwera kufika pa 80 peresenti, ndipo ochuluka a mikhole ya nkhondo imeneyi ali akazi ndi ana. Awo amene angapulumuke kuvulala kwakuthupi amavutikabe mwamaganizo. “Sindingaiŵale mmene amayi anawaphera,” akutero mtsikana wina wothaŵa kwawo ku chigawo chakummwera koma chapakati pa Afirika. “Anagwira amayi anga ndi kuwachita zinthu zoipa. Pambuyo pake anawamangirira m’mwamba ndi kuwabaya. . . . Nthaŵi zina ndimalota zimenezo.”

Pamene mikangano yachiwawa ikupitiriza kubuka m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, kukuonekera kukhala kosapeŵeka kuti ana opanda chifukwa adzapitirizabe kuvutika ndi masoka a nkhondo. Ndiponso, mkangano wa mitundu yonse ukuvulazanso ana omwe sali oloŵetsedwamo mwachindunji m’mikanganoyo. Magulu a nkhondo amawononga ndalama zambiri zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kupereka maphunziro abwinopo, malo audongo, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Ndalama zowonongedwa ndi magulu ankhondo a maiko otukuka zimaposa ndalama zonse zopezedwa pachaka za theka la mtundu wa anthu aumphaŵi koposa. Ngakhale maiko 46 osauka koposa amawononga ndalama zochuluka pa zida zankhondo mofanana ndi zimene amawonongera pa zaumoyo ndi maphunziro kuziphatikiza pamodzi.

Kuwonjezera pa umphaŵi ndi nkhondo, pali wakupha wina amene akuŵenda ana padziko. Mkati mwa ma 1980 pamene chipambano chachikulu chinali kuchitika m’kulimbana ndi matenda a chikuku, tetanus, ndi kupaza, panatulukira vuto lina la zaumoyo: AIDS. World Health Organization ikuŵerengera kuti podzafika chaka cha 2000, ana mamiliyoni khumi adzayambukiridwa. Ochuluka a anawo sadzatha zaka ziŵiri, ndipo palibe ndi mmodzi yemwe adzapyola zaka zisanu. “Pokhapo ngati chinachake chichitidwa, AIDS ikuwopseza kugwetsa zipambano zonse zimene tapeza za kupulumutsa ana m’zaka 10 zapitazo,” akudandaula motero Dr. Reginald Boulos, dokotala wa matenda a ana wa ku Haiti.

Mwa kupenda kwachidule kumeneku, kuli koonekeratu kuti mosasamala kanthu za zipambano zina zoyamikirika, cholinga cha ‘kukonzera mwana aliyense mtsogolo mwabwinopo’ chidakali ntchito yaikulu kwambiri. Kodi pali chiyembekezo chilichonse chakuti tsiku lina vutolo lidzatha?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Zonulirapo za ma 1990—Thayo Lovuta la Kupulumutsa Ana

Mitundu imene inapezekapo pa Msonkhano wa Atsogoleri Wadziko Lonse wa Ana inapangana mfundo zolimba zingapo. Nazi zimene akuyembekezera kukwaniritsa podzafika chaka cha 2000.

Katemera. Makonzedwe a katemera amene alipo tsopano amapulumutsa ana mamiliyoni atatu chaka chilichonse. Koma padakali mamiliyoni ena aŵiri amene akumwalirabe. Mwa kutemera 90 peresenti kapena oposapo ya ana onse padziko kuwatetezera ku matenda ofala, imfa zochuluka zotero zingapeŵedwe.

Maphunziro. Mkati mwa ma 1980, kulembetsa ana kusukulu kunatsika m’maiko ambiri osauka kwenikweni m’dziko. Chonulirapo ndicho kusintha mkhalidwewo ndi kutsimikizira kuti pakutha kwa zaka khumi, mwana aliyense ali ndi mwaŵi wakupita kusukulu.

Manyutilishoni. Akuluakulu a United Nations Children’s Fund amakhulupirira kuti “ndi malamulo oyenera, . . . dziko tsopano lili lokhoza kudyetsa ana onse apadziko ndi kugonjetsa mitundu yoipitsitsa ya manyutilishoni.” Maganizo anaperekedwa akuchepetsa ndi theka chiŵerengero cha ana omadya mosakwanira mkati mwa zaka khumi zimene tilimozi. Chipambano choterocho chikapulumutsa ana okwanira mamiliyoni 100 ku mavuto a njala.

Madzi oyera ndi ukhondo. Mu 1987, Brundtland Report linafotokoza kuti: “M’maiko osatukuka, unyinji wa mipopi yamadzi yokhala pafupi uli chizindikiro chabwinopo cha umoyo wa anthu a m’chitaganyacho kuposa unyinji wa mibedi m’zipatala.” Pakali pano anthu oposa mamiliyoni chikwi alibe madzi oyera, ndipo ochuluka kuŵirikiza kaŵiri chiŵerengerocho alibe njira zaukhondo zotayira zonyansa. Chonulirapo ndicho kupeza njira ya onse yopezera madzi oyera ndi njira zoukhondo zotayira zonyansa za munthu.

Chitetezo. M’zaka khumi zapitazo, nkhondo zavulaza ndi kupha ana oposa mamiliyoni asanu. Ana ena mamiliyoni asanu achititsidwa kukhala opanda kokhala. Othaŵa kwawo ameneŵa, limodzinso ndi mamiliyoni ena a ana a m’khwalala ndi ana ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza, akufunikira chithandizo cha mwamsanga. Pangano lotchedwa Msonkhano wa Zoyenera za Mwana—tsopano lovomerezedwa ndi mayiko oposa zana limodzi—likuyesayesa kutetezera ana onse ku chiwawa ndi kulimidwa pamsana.

[Tchati patsamba 7]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

ZOCHITITSA ZAZIKULU ZA IMFA ZA ANA

(Ana Osafika Zaka Zisanu)

MAMILIYONI A IMFA CHAKA CHILICHONSE (Ziŵerengero zoyerekezera za mu 1990):

0.51 MILIYONI Chifuŵa Chokoka Mtima

0.79 MILIYONI Neonatal Tetanus

1.0 MILIYONI Malungo

1.52 MILIYONI Chikuku

2.2 MILIYONI Zifuŵa Zina Zoyambukira

4.0 MILIYONI Nthenda za Kupaza

4.2 MILIYONI Zochititsa Zina

Magwero: WHO ndi UNICEF

[Tchati patsamba 8]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

CHIPAMBANO M’KATEMERA WA ANA M’MAIKO OSATUKUKA 1980-1988

Peresenti ya ana osafika miyezi 12 otemeredwa

ZAKA

1980 1988

DPT3* 24% 66%

POLIO 20% 66%

CHIFUŴA CHA TB 29% 72%

CHIKUKU 15% 59%

* DPT3: Katemera wophatikiza pamodzi DIPHTHERIA, CHIFUŴA CHOKOKA MTIMA (PERTUSSIS), ndi TETANUS.

MAGWERO: WHO ndi UNICEF (Ziŵerengero za mu 1980 siziphatikizapo China)

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Photo: Godo-Foto