Ochirikiza Fodya Aponya Zibaluni Zawo za Mpweya Wotentha wa Zinyengo

M’MA 1940, London anali mzinda wolaliridwa. Ndege zankhondo Zachijeremani ndi mabomba ouluka zinachititsa mantha ndi kusakaza kwakukulu. Koma ngati mkhalidwewo sukanakhala wangozi choncho, anthuwo akanasangalala ndi maonekedwe a zochitikazo.

Zitamangiriridwa ndi zingwe zazitali, zibaluni zazikulu zikwi zambiri zinalenjekeka m’mwamba. Chifuno chake chinali cha kufooketsa ndege zankhondo zoulukira mmunsi ndipo ndi kuyesa kuphulitsira m’mwambamo mabomba angapo ouluka. Ngakhale kuti machenjera ochinjiriza ndi zibaluni amenewo anali anzeru kwambiri, sanakhale ndi chipambano kwenikweni.

Makampani opanga ndudu nawonso anapezeka mumkhalidwe wolariridwa. Makampani a fodya ofalikirawo, amene panthaŵi ina anaoneka kukhala zimphamvu zosagonjetseka zandale ndi zachuma, tsopano akuukiridwa kumbali zonse.

Azipatala akufalitsa nkhani zambiri zowaimba mlandu. Akuluakulu a zaumoyo okangalika akuyesayesa kupezerapo phindu pamkhalidwewo. Makolo okwiya akunena kuti ana awo akuwonongedwa. Opanga malamulo otsimikiza mtima aletsa kusuta ndudu m’maofesi, malesitiranti, m’malo okhala asilikali, ndi m’ndege. M’maiko ambiri, zilengezo zosatsa malonda a fodya zaletsedwa pa wailesi yakanema ndi pawailesi. Mu United States, maboma athunthu akuzengetsa milandu makampani a fodya kuti apereke madola mamiliyoni ochuluka olipirira kusamalira odwalawo. Ngakhale maloya akugwapo pankhondoyo.

Chotero poyesa kudzichinjiriza kwa amene akuwaukirawo, makampani a fodya aponya zibaluni zawo zodzitetezera nazo. Komabe, izi zikuoneka kukhala zodzazidwa mpweya wotentha wa zinyengo zokhazokha.

Anthu a United States chaka chatha anadzionera okha pamene opanga malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma oyang’anira zaumoyo okwiya anamenya nkhondo yamphamvu ndi makampani a fodya. Pa misonkhano yokambirana pamaso pa bungwe la oimira zigawo za United States mu April 1994, akuluakulu a makampani a fodya aakulu asanu ndi aŵiri a mu America anasonyezedwa maumboni owapeza ndi mlandu: Amereka oposa 400,000 amafa chaka chilichonse ndipo mamiliyoni ambiri amadwala kufikira imfa, chifukwa cha kumwerekera.

Kodi iwo ananenanji chodzichinjiriza nacho? Akuluakulu oimbidwa mlanduwo anapereka zifukwa zosangalatsa zokanira mlandu: “Kusuta . . . sikunatsimikiziridwe kuti kumachititsa matenda,” anatero wolankhulira Tobacco Institute. Ndiponso, chizoloŵezi cha kusuta chinasonyezedwa kukhala chosavulaza mofanana ndi kudya chinthu china chilichonse chosangalatsa, monga ngati kudya maswiti kapena kumwa kofi. “Chikonga chimene chilimo sichimachititsa ndudu kukhala namgoneka, kapena kusuta kukhala komwerekeretsa,” anatero mkulu wina wa kampani ya fodya. “Lingaliro lakuti chikonga chokhala m’ndudu nchomwerekeretsa pamlingo uliwonse nlolakwika,” ananenetsa motero wasayansi wina wa kampani ya fodya.

Komiti inafunsa kuti, ngati ndudu sizimwerekeretsa, kodi nchifukwa ninji makampani a fodya amasinthasintha mlingo wa chikonga m’fodya? “Ukoma,” anayankha motero mkulu wina wa kampani ya fodya. Kodi palibe chifukwa china kusiyapo ndudu yosakoma? Pamene anasonyezedwa zopezedwa za kufufuza zochuluka za m’mafaelo a kampani yake yeniyeniyo zosonyeza kumwerekeretsa kwa chikonga, iye anangoumirira pachifukwa chakecho.

Mwachionekere, iye ndi ena adzaumirirabe palingaliro limenelo mosasamala kanthu za kudzaza kwa manda ndi anthu akufa ndi fodya. Kuchiyambi kwa 1993, Dr. Lonnie Bristow, tcheyamani wa American Medical Association Board of Trustees anapereka chitokoso chosangalatsa. The Journal of the American Medical Association inapereka lipoti lakuti: “Iye anaitana akuluakulu a makampani aakulu a fodya a United States kuti akayende pamodzi naye m’mawadi a chipatala ndi kuona chimodzi cha zotulukapo za kusuta—odwala kansa ya kumapapu ndi matenda ena a m’chifuŵa. Panasoŵa ndi mmodzi yemwe.”

Makampani opanga fodya amadzitamanda kuti amapereka ntchito zabwino m’dziko la zachuma mmene ulova ukukulirakulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Argentina, ntchito zokwanira miliyoni imodzi zimapangidwa ndi makampani ameneŵa, limodzinso ndi ntchito zina zokwanira mamiliyoni anayi zosachita mwachindunji ndi fodya. Ndalama zambiri za boma zopezedwa m’misonkho zachititsa makampani a fodya kupeza chiyanjo cha maboma ambiri.

Kampani ina ya fodya yachitira zinthu zabwino mitundu yaing’ono ya anthu—pofuna kusonyeza kuti amasamala nzika za dziko. Komabe, zolembedwa za kampani zinavumbula cholinga chenicheni cha “bajeti yotukula chigawo” imeneyi—kuti anthu adzawavotere.

Kampani ya fodya imodzimodzi imeneyi yapezanso mabwenzi pakati pa anthu amaluso a zinthu zokometsera ndi zosangulutsa mwa kupereka chithandizo cha ndalama chachikulu ku mamyuziyamu, sukulu, kumalo okulitsira maluso akuvina, ndi kumene anthu amaphunzirako maimbidwe. Akuluakulu a zokometsera ndi zosangulutsa amakhala ofunitsitsa kulandira ndalama zofunikira kwambirizo zochokera m’fodya. Posachedwapa, anthu amaluso a zinthu zokometsera ndi zosangulutsa a ku New York City anayang’anizana ndi chothetsa nzeru choipa pamene kampani ya fodya imodzimodziyi inawapempha kuti achirikize zoyesayesa zawo za kutsutsa lamulo loletsa kusuta.

Ndithudi, makampani olemera aakulu kwambiri a fodya samawopa kumwazamwaza ndalama kwa andale, amene angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zawo kutsutsa malingaliro alionse osayanja malonda a fodya. Akuluakulu a boma a m’malo apamwamba achirikiza zolinga za makampani a fodya. Ena ali ndi ngongole kwa makampaniwo kapena amakakamizika kuwachitiranso zabwino chifukwa cha kuchirikiza kwawo kampeni yandale ndi ndalama za fodya.

Woimira chigawo wina mu United States anasimbidwa kuti analandira zopereka zoposa $21,000 kuchokera kwa makampani opanga ndudu, motero anaponya voti yotsutsa nkhani zingapo zotsutsa kusuta fodya.

Wochititsa makampeni ochirikiza kusuta fodya wolipiridwa ndalama zambiri, yemwe panthaŵi ina anali nduna ya boma ndi wosuta kwambiri, posachedwapa anapeza kuti ali ndi kansa pakhosi, m’mapapu, ndi kuchiŵindi. Tsopano ali wachisoni ndipo akudandaula kuti “kukhala uli chigonere ndi nthenda yodzichititsa wekha” kumachititsa munthu kudziona chitsiru.

Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito madola ambiri kusatsira malonda, makampani aakulu a fodya akumenya nkhondo mwamphamvu yolimbana ndi owatsutsa. Chilengezo chosatsa malonda chimasonkhezera chikhumbo cha kukhala waufulu, chikumalengeza kuti, “Lero akuletsa ndudu. Nanga maŵa adzaletsa chiyani?” Chimenecho chimatanthauza kuti kuletsa zinthu kosalingalira kumeneko kudzakhudzanso caffeine, moŵa, ndi mahamburger.

Zilengezo zosatsa malonda za m’manyuzipepala zayesa kusuliza zopezedwa ndi kufufuza kwa U.S. Environmental Protection Agency zogwidwa mawu ndi ambiri zimene zimasonyeza kuti utsi wa fodya wosutidwa ndi munthu wina umadwalitsa kansa. Makampani a fodya analengeza cholinga chawo cha kumenya nkhondo ya m’khoti. Programu ina ya pawailesi yakanema inaimba mlandu kampani ina kuti imasinthasintha mlingo wa chikonga kuti ilimbikitse kumwerekera. Nyumba ya wailesi yakanema youlutsa programuyo mwamsanga inapatsidwa mlandu wa kulipira $10 biliyoni.

Makampani a fodya amenya nkhondo kwambiri, koma zinenezo zikuchulukirabe. Kufufuza kokwanira 50,000 kwachitidwa mkati mwa zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, kukumapereka mulu womakulakula wa maumboni a ngozi za kusuta fodya.

Kodi makampani opanga ndudu azemba motani zinenezo zimenezo zokundikidwa pa iwo? Iwo aumirira nganganga pa mfundo yongoganizira imodzi yakuti: Osuta amaleka. Motero, iwo amati chikonga sichimwerekeretsa. Komabe, maumboni amasonyeza zosiyana ndi zimenezo. Nzoona kuti Amereka okwanira 40 miliyoni aleka. Koma 50 miliyoni adakasutabe, ndipo ndi 70 peresenti chabe ya ameneŵa amene akunena kuti akufuna kuleka. Pa 17 miliyoni amene akuyesayesa kuleka chaka chilichonse, 90 peresenti amalephera m’chaka chimodzi chokha.

Atachitidwa opaleshoni ya kansa ya kumapapu, pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya osuta a United States amabwereranso ku chizoloŵezi chawo. Pakati pa osuta amene adwalapo mtima, 38 peresenti amayatsanso ndudu asanatuluke nkomwe m’chipatala. Maperesenti 40 a osuta amene anachotsedwa larynx pakhosi amayesa kusutanso.

Mwa achinyamata mamiliyoni ambiri osuta mu United States, atatu mwa anayi amanena kuti anayesapo mwamphamvu kamodzi kuti aleke koma analephera. Maumboni amasonyezanso kuti kwa achichepere ambiri, kusuta fodya ndiko mlatho woolokera ku anamgoneka aukali. Osuta achichepere ali pakuthekera koŵirikiza nthaŵi 50 kwa kusuta cocaine kuposa amene samasuta. Mtsikana wina wosuta wazaka 13 akuvomereza zimenezo. “Sindikukayikira konse kuti ndudu zili khomo loloŵera ku anamgoneka,” iye analemba motero. “Pafupifupi aliyense amene ndidziŵa, kusiyapo anthu atatu, anayamba kusuta asanayambe anamgoneka.”

Bwanji ponena za ndudu zokhala ndi tar wochepa? Zofufuza zimasonyeza kuti izo zingakhale zowopsa koposerapo—pa zifukwa ziŵiri: Choyamba, kaŵirikaŵiri wosuta amakoka kwambiri kuti apeze chikonga chimene chingamkhutiritse, akumaika mapapu ake pangozi ya kuvulazidwa ndi utsi; chachiŵiri, lingaliro lolakwika lakuti akusuta ndudu “yabwinopo” lingamuletse kuyesayesa kulekeratu.

Kufufuza koposa 2,000 kwachitidwa pa chikonga chokha. Iko kumavumbula kuti chikonga ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zomwerekeretsa kopambana zodziŵika kwa munthu, ndiponso chili chimodzi cha zinthu zovulaza kwambiri. Chikonga chimafulumuza kugunda kwa mtima ndipo chimatsinya mitsempha ya mwazi. Chimatsopedwa m’mwazi m’masekondi asanu ndi aŵiri okha—ndipo chimaloŵa m’mitsempha mofulumira kwambiri kuposa ndi jekeseni. Chimachititsa ubongo kufuna chowonjezereka, chilakolako chimene ena amati nchoŵirikiza kaŵiri kuposa heroin.

Kodi makampani a fodya, mosasamala kanthu za kukana kwawo, amadziŵa za mphamvu yomwerekeretsa ya chikonga? Maumboni amasonyeza kuti iwo adziŵa zimenezo kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, lipoti la mu 1983 limasonyeza kuti wasayansi wa kampani ya fodya inayake anaona kuti makoswe a m’labolatole anasonyeza zizindikiro za kumwerekera, nthaŵi zonse akumadzimwetsa okha chikonga mwa kukankhira dala ziŵiya zoloŵetsa chikonga. Zikusimbidwa kuti, kufufuzako kunaponderezedwa mwamsanga ndi kampaniyo ndipo zangodziŵika posachedwapa.

Makampani aakulu a fodya sanakhale manja lende pamene akuukiridwa kumbali zonse. The Council for Tobacco Research ku New York City imachititsa zimene The Wall Street Journal imatcha “kampeni ya bodza la nthaŵi yaitali kopambana m’mbiri yonse ya malonda a United States.”

Mwa kunamizira kuti likuchita kufufuza kwa palokha, bungwelo lawononga madola mamiliyoni ambiri pakulimbana ndi adani ake. Zinayamba mu 1953 pamene Dr. Ernst Wynder wa Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center anapeza kuti tar wa m’fodya amene anapakidwa pamisana ya makoswe anachititsa zotupa. Kampaniyo inakhazikitsa bungwelo kuti lifafanize umboni wochuluka woonekeratu wotsutsa fodya, mwa kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wa wasayansi wawowawo.

Komabe, kodi ndimotani mmene asayansi a bungwelo anatulutsira maumboni otsutsana ndi zopezedwa za ofufuza onse? Zolembedwa zotulutsidwa posachedwapa zavumbula machenjera ocholoŵana kwambiri. Ofufuza ambiri a bungwelo, olefulidwa ndi mapangano anthito olembedwa ndiponso olamuliridwa ndi magulu a maloya ochenjera kwambiri, anapeza kuti nkhaŵa ya kuvulaza thanzi ilidi ndi zifukwa zomveka. Koma pamene linayang’anizana ndi zenizeni, bungwelo, malinga ndi kunena kwa The Wall Street Journal, “nthaŵi zina linanyalanyaza, kapena ngakhale kuleka kufufuza kwake kumene kunasonyeza kuti kusuta kunali kovulaza thanzi.”

Mwamseri, kufufuza njira yopangira ndudu yosavulaza kunapitirizabe kwa zaka zambiri. Kuchita zimenezo poyera kukanakhala kuvomereza kuti kusuta kunalidi kovulaza thanzi. Pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1970, loya wamkulu wa kampani ya fodya ananena kuti zoyesayesa za kupanga ndudu “yosavulaza” zilekeke chifukwa nzosaphula kanthu ndi kuti mapepala onse okhudza zimenezo achotsedwe.

Zinthu ziŵiri zinadziŵika pa zaka za kuyesayesa: Chikonga chilidi chomwerekeretsa, ndipo kusuta ndudu kumapha. Ngakhale kuti makapani a fodya amakana poyera zimenezi kwa mtu wagalu, zochita zawo zimasonyeza kuti amadziŵa zimenezo bwino lomwe.

Powaimba mlandu wa machenjera amene amachita, kazembe wa U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), David Kessler anati: “Kwenikweni, ndudu zina za lerolino, zingayenerere kunenedwa kuti zili njira za sayansi zoperekera chikonga zimene zimapereka chikonga m’milingo yolinganizidwa mwaluso . . . yokwanira kuchititsa kumwerekera ndi kukupitiriza.”

Kessler anavumbula kuti makampani a fodya ali ndi njira zololedwa zopangira zinthu zimene zimapereka umboni wa cholinga chawo. Imodzi ndi ya kusintha mtundu wa fodya kuti ukhale ndi chikonga chochuluka kopambana. Njira ina imaika chikonga kumbali yokokera ya ndudu ndi kumapepala ake kuwonjezera kumwerekeretsa kwake. Njira inanso imachititsa kukoka koyamba kukhala ndi chikonga chochuluka kuposa kukoka komaliza. Ndiponso, zipepala za makampani zimasonyeza kuti misanganizo ya ammonia imaikidwa ku ndudu kuti itulutse chikonga chowonjezereka m’fodya. “Pafupifupi mlingo woŵirikiza kaŵiri pa wokokedwa wamasiku onse umaloŵa m’mwazi wa wosutayo,” likutero lipoti la New York Times. FDA yalengeza kuti chikonga ndi mankhwala omwerekeretsa ndipo cholinga chake ndicho kuika malamulo okhwima kwambiri pa ndudu.

Mabomanso amadalira pa ndudu mwa njira yawo. Mwachitsanzo, boma la United States limasonkhetsa $12 biliyoni pachaka m’misonkho ya fodya ya m’zigawo ndi boma lonse. Komabe, Office of Technology Assessment ya zigawo imaŵerengera kuti imataya $68 biliyoni pachaka kaamba ka kusuta, chifukwa cha kusamalira odwala ndi kutsika kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito.

Kudzitamandira ndi chuma chopezedwa ndi ntchito zochuluka zopangidwa, kuchirikiza maluso a zokometsera ndi zosangulutsa, kukana kwa mtu wa galu ngozi zochititsidwa pa thanzi—indedi, makampani a fodya aponya zibaluni zooneka modabwitsa zodzichinjiriza nazo. Kaya zidzakhala zothandiza kwambiri kuposa zibaluni zolenjekeka pamwamba pa London zidzatsimikiziridwa mtsogolo.

Koma ndi koonekeratu kuti makampani aakulu sangabisenso mkhalidwe wawo weniweni. Apanga mamiliyoni, ndipo apha mamiliyoni, koma akuoneka kukhala osadera nkhaŵa za chotulukapo chotsirizira cha tsoka loipitsitsa pa miyoyo ya anthu.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 24]

Zimaoneka kukhala zodzala ndi mpweya wotentha wa zinyengo

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 25]

Kufufuza kwa boma kwasonyeza kuti utsi wa fodya wosutidwa ndi munthu wina umadwalitsa kansa

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 26]

Chikonga ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zomwerekeretsa koposa zodziŵika kwa munthu

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 27]

Apanga mamiliyoni; apha mamiliyoni

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Kufufuza Kokwanira 50,000—Kodi Kwapezanji?

Nazi zitsanzo za nkhaŵa za umoyo zimene ofufuza anasonyeza ponena za kusuta fodya:

KANSA YA MAPAPU: Osuta amapanga 87 peresenti ya imfa za kansa ya mapapu.

NTHENDA YA MTIMA: Osuta ali ndi 70 peresenti ya ukulu wa kuthekera kwa kudwala nthenda ya mtima ndi mitsempha ya mwazi.

KANSA YA MAŴERE: Akazi amene amasuta ndudu 40 kapena kuposapo patsiku ali ndi kuthekera kokulirapo kwa 74 peresenti kwa kufa ndi kansa ya maŵere.

KUGONTHA: Makanda a anakubala osuta fodya amakhala ndi vuto kwambiri kuti amve mawu.

MAUPANDU A NTHENDA YA SHUGA: Odwala nthenda ya shuga amene amasuta kapena kutafuna fodya ali pangozi yaikulu ya kuwonongeka impso ndipo vuto lawo la retinopathy (kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa retina) limakula mofulumira.

KANSA YA M’MATUMBO AAKULU: Kufufuza kuŵiri pa anthu oposa 150,000 kumasonyeza moonekera bwino mgwirizano umene uli pa kusuta ndi kansa ya m’matumbo aakulu.

ASIMA: Utsi wosutidwa ndi wina ungakulitsiretu asima ya achichepere.

KUBADWA NDI CHIKHUMBO CHA KUSUTA: Ana aakazi a akazi amene anasuta fodya pamene anali ndi pakati ali ndi kuthekera koŵirikiza kanayi kwa kuyamba kusuta.

LUKEMIYA: Kusuta kukuoneka kuti kumachititsa nthenda yotchedwa myeloid leukemia.

KUVULALA PAMASEŴERO OLIMBITSA THUPI: Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa U.S. Army, osuta fodya ali othekera kwambiri kuvulala pochita maseŵero olimbitsa thupi.

KUIŴALA: Kusuta chikonga chochuluka kungafooketse mphamvu ya kuganiza pochita ntchito zocholoŵana.

TONDOVI: Akatswiri a nthenda za maganizo akufufuza umboni wa kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kusuta ndi tondovi lalikulu limodzinso ndi kusokonezeka maganizo.

KUDZIPHA: Kufufuza manesi kunasonyeza kuti kudzipha kunali kothekera moŵirikiza kaŵiri pakati pa manesi amene anasuta.

Ngozi zina zowonjezera pampambowu ndi izi: Kansa ya m’kamwa, ya ku larynx, ya pakhosi, ya pakolingo, ya kunsoso, ya m’mimba, ya m’matumbo aang’ono, ya m’chikodzedzo, ya kuimpso, ndi kukhomo kwa chibaliro; sitroko, nthenda ya mtima, nthenda ya mapapu yalizunzo, nthenda ya kayendedwe ka mwazi, zilonda za m’mimba, nthenda ya shuga, kusabala, kubala mwana wopepuka, kusalimba mafupa, ndi nthenda za m’makutu. Ngozi zamoto nazonso zingaphatikizidwe, popeza kuti kusuta ndiko kumachititsa kwambiri moto m’nyumba, m’hotela, ndi m’chipatala.

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

Fodya Wosasuta–choloŵa M’malo Changozi

Kampani yopambana yopeza $1.1 biliyoni m’malonda a fodya wosasuta imakola achatsopano ndi nyambo yokometseredwa. Ili ndi mitundu yokometseredwa imene imakondedwa kwambiri. “Kuchangamutsa kwakung’ono” kumene mitunduyo imapereka kumakhutiritsa koma kwakanthaŵi chabe. Yemwe kale anali wachiŵiri kwa tcheyamani wa kampani ya fodya imeneyi anati: “Anthu ambiri angayambire pa fodya wokometseredwa kwambiri, koma potsirizira pake, amafika pa [mtundu waukali kwambiri].” Amasatsidwa kuti, “Chotafuna Champhamvu cha Amuna Amphamvu” ndi, “Imakhutiritsa.”

The Wall Street Journal, imene inalemba lipoti yonena za njira yamachenjera ya kampani imeneyi, inagwira mawu kulandula kwake chinenezo chakuti “imasintha mlingo wa chikonga.” Journal imeneyo inanenanso kuti aŵiri amene kale anali akatswiri a msanganizo wa fodya a kampaniyo, polankhula pankhaniyo kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, anati “pamene kuli kwakuti kampaniyo siimasintha milingo ya chikonga, iyo imasintha mlingo wa chikonga umene osuta amaloŵetsa m’thupi.” Amanenanso kuti kampaniyo imawonjezera mankhwala kuti awonjezere msanganizo wa alkali m’fodya wake wofenthera. Kuchuluka kwa alkali m’fodya wofenthera, “kumakhalanso kuchuluka kwa chikonga chotulutsidwa.” Journal ikuwonjezera kumveketsa bwino zinthu ponena za kufenthera ndi kutafuna fodya: “Fodya wofenthera, amene nthaŵi zina amalingaliridwa kukhala fodya wotafuna, ali fodya wonyenyedwa amene omugwiritsira ntchito amamupsipsinya, koma samatafuna. Omugwiritsira ntchito amatenga kachidutswa, kapena ‘dontho,’ ndi kuika pakati pa tsaya ndi nkhama, akumamulumunya ndi lilime lawo ndi kutaya mate kaŵirikaŵiri.”

Mitundu ya fodya yopangira achatsopano imatulutsa 7 mpaka 22 peresenti yokha ya chikonga chake choloŵetsa m’mwazi. Mtundu wamphamvu koposa ungatsamwitse oyamba chatsopano. Umapangidwa wodulidwa bwino kwambiri kaamba ka amuna “enieni.” Peresenti yokwanira 79 ya chikonga chake ili “yomasuka,” yokhoza kuloŵa mwamsanga m’mwazi. Mu United States, ambiri omugwiritsira ntchito amayamba kufenthera pa msinkhu wa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi. Ndipo ndi wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi wotani amene angadziletse kwanthaŵi yaitali kuti asayambe mtundu waukali ndi kukhala pakati pa amuna “enieni”?

Mlingo wake wotsirizira wa chikonga kwenikweni umakhala wamphamvu kuposa wa ndudu. Omugwiritsira ntchito amakhala othekera kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 4 kukhala ndi kansa ya m’kamwa, ndipo ngozi yawo ya kudwala kansa yapakhosi imakhala yaikulu moŵirikiza nthaŵi 50 kuposa osamugwiritsira ntchito.

Anthu anadandaula kwakanthaŵi mu United States pamene kampani ya fodya inaimbidwa mlandu ndi mayi wa mwana wake amene anali katswiri wa maseŵero akuthamanga amene anafa ndi kansa ya m’kamwa. Iye anapatsidwa chithini chaulere cha fodya wofenthera pamene anali kubwalo la maseŵero a radeo pamene anali ndi zaka 12 ndipo anakhala wogwiritsira ntchito zitini zinayi pamlungu. Atachitidwa maopaleshoni osautsa angapo amene anakhotetsa lilime lake, nsagwada, ndi khosi, madokotala ake anatopa ndi kuleka. Mnyamatayo anamwalira ali ndi zaka 19 zakubadwa.

[Bokosi patsamba 29]

Mmene Mungalekere

Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amasuka bwino lomwe pa kumwerekera kwawo ndi chikonga. Ngati mumasuta, ngakhale ngati mwatero kwanthaŵi yaitali, nanunso mungaleke chizoloŵezi chovulaza chimenechi. Naŵa malingaliro angapo amene angathandize:

• Dziŵani pasadakhale zimene muyenera kuyembekezera. Zizindikiro za kuleka zingaphatikizepo nkhaŵa, mtima wapachala, chizwezwe, mutu, kusaona tulo, m’mimba, njala, chilakolako cha fodya, kusasumika maganizo, ndi kunjenjemera. Zoona, zimenezi si zinthu zabwino zoziyembekezera, koma zizindikiro zovutitsa kwambiri zimangotenga masiku oŵerengeka ndipo pang’onopang’ono zimazimiririka pamene thupi limasuka ku chikonga.

• Tsopano nkhondo yeniyeni ya maganizo imayamba. Si thupi lanu lokha limene linalakalaka chikonga, komanso maganizo anu anazoloŵera machitidwe ena a kusuta. Tapendani kachitidwe kanu ka zinthu ndi kuona pamene munalikungotenga ndudu mosalingalira, ndiyeno sinthani kachitidweko. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nthaŵi zonse munasuta mutangomaliza chakudya, tsimikizani mtima kumangochokapo mwamsanga ndi kukawongola miyendo kapena kukatsuka mbale.

• Pamene mwagwidwa ndi chilakolako champhamvu, mwinamwake chifukwa cha mphindi ya kupsinjika maganizo, kumbukirani kuti chikhumbocho chidzatha m’mphindi zisanu chabe. Khalani wokonzekera kutangwanitsa maganizo anu mwa kulemba kalata, kuchita maseŵero olimbitsa thupi, kapena kudya kakudya kopepuka kabwino. Pemphero ndilo thandizo lamphamvu pa kudziletsa.

• Ngati mwalefulidwa chifukwa chakuti zoyesayesa zanu zikulephera, musataye mtima. Chinthu chofunika ndicho kupitirizabe kuyesayesa.

• Ngati mukuwopa kunenepa, kumbukirani kuti mapindu a kuleka ndudu ali aakulu kuposa maupandu a kunenepetsako. Kungakhalenso kothandiza kukhala ndi zakudya za zipatso ndi zamasamba pafupi. Ndipo mwani madzi ambiri.

• Kuleka kusuta ndi nkhani ina. Kupitirizabe kusagwira fodya ndi nkhani inanso. Ikani zonulirapo za nthaŵi ya kukhala chabe popanda kusuta—tsiku limodzi, mlungu umodzi, miyezi itatu, kwamuyaya.

Yesu anati: “Uzikonda mnzako monga udzikonda mwini.” (Marko 12:31) Kuti mukonde mnzanu, lekani kusuta. Kuti mudzikonde inu mwini, lekani kusuta.—Onaninso “Kusuta—Kawonedwe Kachikristu,” mu Galamukani! wa July 8, 1989, masamba 13-15.