Kodi Dziko Linali Lotani Zaka 50 Zapitazo?

KODI ndinu wachikulire kwakuti nkukumbukira mmene dzikoli linalili mu 1945? Linali kuchira kumene pa Nkhondo Yadziko II imene inayambika mu 1939 pamene Britain ndi France analengeza zomenyana ndi Germany chifukwa cha kulanda Poland kwa Nazi. Ngati muli wamng’ono kwakuti simungakumbukire zimenezo, kodi mukukumbukira nkhondo ya ku Korea imene inabuka mu 1950? Kapena nkhondo ya ku Vietnam imene inayamba m’ma 1950 kufikira 1975? Kapena nkhondo ya ku Kuwait yoputidwa ndi Iraq mu 1990?

Kodi simumachita chidwi mwapadera kuti pamene tipenda mbiri kuyambira pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, timakumbukira nkhondo zina zambiri zimene zadzetsa chisoni ndi mavuto kwa anthu ambirimbiri ndi zimene zapha anthu ena ambirimbiri? Kodi Nkhondo Yadziko II inasiya chipsera chotani kwa anthu kalelo?

Ziyambukiro za Nkhondo Yadziko II

Anthu pafupifupi 50 miliyoni anaphedwa mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndipo podzafika 1945, mamiliyoni a othaŵa kwawo anali kuyendayenda mu Ulaya monse akumayesa kubwerera kwawo kumizinda ndi matauni ophulitsidwa ndi mabomba ndi kukakonzanso miyoyo yawo yowonongedwa. Zikwi mazana ambiri a akazi ndi asungwana, makamaka ku Russia ndi Germany, anali kuyesayesa kuchira pa zilonda za maganizo za kugwiriridwa chigololo ndi magulu ankhondo olanda dziko. Kugaŵira chakudya kunafala m’dera lalikulu la Ulaya—chakudya ndi zovala zinali zochepa. Zikwi mazana ambiri za asilikali ochotsedwa ntchito yausilikali anali kufunafuna ntchito. Mamiliyoni a akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye anali kulira amuna awo ndi makolo.

Ayuda anali kuyesayesabe kusinkhasinkha za kuchitika kwa Chipululutso cha Nazi chimene chinapululutsa mamiliyoni a Ayuda anzawo ndi za kuthekera kwawo kubala mibadwo ina. Mamiliyoni a anthu—ochokera ku America, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, ndi anthu a m’mitundu ina yambiri—anafera mu nkhondoyo. Mbadwo waukulu wamaluso umene ukanakhalako unatayika kuti achirikizire zolinga za ndale ndi za malonda za maiko amphamvu a dziko lapansi ndi olamulira awo.

Maiko ambiri anasakazidwa ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II kwakuti chinthu chawo choyamba chinali cha kukonzanso chuma. Njala inali yofala mu Ulaya kwa zaka zingapo nkhondoyo itatha. Spain, ngakhale kuti mwalamulo anali wosatengamo mbali m’nthaŵi ya Nkhondo Yadziko II, anayambukiridwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo yake yachiŵeniŵeni (1936-39) ndi zilango za zamalonda—mabuku a kugaŵiridwa kwa chakudya anali kugwiritsiridwabe ntchito kufikira June 1952.

Ku Far East, anthu a ku Burma, China, zisumbu za Philippines, ndi a ku maiko ena a Kummaŵa anali kukumbukirabe nkhanza za Ajapani. United States, ngakhale kuti linali dziko lopambana, linataya ankhondo 300,000, pafupifupi theka la ameneŵa kumadera ankhondo a ku Pacific. Ku Japan, umphaŵi, TB, mizere yaitali yolandira chakudya zinali njira ya moyo ya anthu wamba.

Chiitano cha Churchill cha Kuchitapo Kanthu

M’nkhani yake yachipambano yonenedwa ku mtundu wa Abritishi pa May 13, 1945, pamapeto a Nkhondo Yadziko II ku Ulaya, Nduna Yaikulu a Winston Churchill anati: “Ndikanakonda kukuuzani usiku uno kuti nsautso zonse ndi mavuto zatha. . . . Ndiyenera kukuchenjezani . . . kuti pali zambiri zofuna kuchita, ndi kuti muyenera kukonzekera kulingalira zochita mowonjezereka ndi kudzimana kwambiri.” Mwaluntha, poyembekezera kuwanda kwa Chikomyunizimu, iye anati: “Pa kontinenti ya Ulaya tiyenera kutsimikizirabe kuti . . . mawu akuti ‘ufulu’, ‘demokrase,’ ndi ‘chimasuko’ sakupotozedwa pa tanthauzo lake lenileni monga mmene tawadziŵira.” Ndiyeno anasonkhezera anthu ndi mawu akuti: “Tiyeni patsogolo, molimba, mosagwedezeka, mosagonja, kufikira ntchito yonse itachitidwa ndipo dziko lonse likhala lotetezereka ndi loyera”—Kanyenye ngwathu.

Theka la Zaka Zana la Nkhondo ndi Imfa

M’mawu ake a mu 1992, Mlembi Wamkulu wa United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali anavomereza kuti “chiyambire pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa United Nations mu 1945, nkhondo zazikulu zoposa 100 padziko lonse zapha anthu mamiliyoni pafupifupi 20.” Posonyeza chiŵerengero cha akufa kukhala chachikulu kuposa pamenepo, magazini a World Watch anati: “Zino zakhala zaka zana za mtendere wochepa kwambiri m’mbiri.” Magazini amodzimodziwo akugwira mawu wofufuza wina kukhala akunena kuti “anthu ambiri aphedwa ndi nkhondo m’zaka zana zino kuposa m’mbiri yonse ya munthu yapitayo. Pafupifupi 23 miliyoni a akufa amenewo aphedwa chiyambire pa Nkhondo Yadziko II.”

Komabe, The Washington Post, inasimbanso za kuyerekezera kwina kuti: “Kuyambira pamapeto a Nkhondo Yadziko II, pafupifupi nkhondo 160 zamenyedwa padziko lonse, zikumapha anthu oposa 7 miliyoni kumalo ankhondo ndipo zikumapha anthu wamba ofika pa 30 miliyoni. Ndiponso, pakhala anthu ovulazidwa, ogwiriridwa chigololo, ndi aja amene akhala othaŵa kwawo.” Zimenezi sizikuphatikizapo mamiliyoni ambiri okanthidwa ndi upandu wachiwawa padziko lonse m’zaka 50 zapitazo!

Tsopano, mu 1995, tikali ndi mikangano yakuphana yosonkhezeredwa ndi udani waukulu imene ikupha osati asilikali okha odzilembetsa kukafera kunkhondo komanso anthu wamba zikwi zambiri mu Afirika, maiko a Balkan, Middle East, ndi Russia.

Motero, kodi tinganene kuti zaka 50 pambuyo pa 1945, “dziko lonse lili lotetezereka ndi loyera”? Kodi ndi kupita patsogolo kotani kumene anthu apanga kuti dziko lathu likhale malo oyenera ndi otetezereka kukhalapo? Kodi nchiyani chimene taphunzira m’zaka 50? Kodi anthu apita patsogolo m’zinthu zimene zili zofunikadi—makhalidwe, mayendedwe? Nkhani ziŵiri zotsatirazo zidzayankha mafunso ameneŵa. Nkhani yachinayi idzafotokoza ziyembekezo zamtsogolo za ife tonse pa mudzi wathu padziko lonse.

[Bokosi patsamba 4]

Zikumbukiro za m’Nyengo ya Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II

Mwamuna wina Wachingelezi amene tsopano ali m’zaka za kumapeto kwa ma 60 akukumbukira kuti: “Kale kumapeto kwa ma 40, tinalibe wailesi yakanema m’nyumba mwathu. Wailesi inali chinthu chachikulu chosangulutsa chimene tinalingalira. Pamene ndinali kupita kusukulu, kuŵerenga ndi homuweki zinatanganitsa maganizo anga. Ndinkapita ku kanema mwina kamodzi pamwezi. Ndinali kuyenda pa njinga mitunda ingapo pa masiku a Loŵeruka kukaonerera timu ya mpira imene ndinakonda. Mabanja oŵerengeka chabe anali ndi galimoto kapena telefoni. Monga momwe anthu ambiri analili ku Britain, tinalibe mosambira mwapadera. Chimbudzi chinali kunja, ndipo bafa linali m’khichini, imenenso inali ngati mosambira. Mkati mwa nkhondoyo, tinali kudya zoperedwa—mazira aufa, mkaka waufa, ndi mbatata zaufa. Zipatso, zonga malalanje ndi nthochi, zinali zinthu zapadera zosapezekapezeka. Ngati zitafika m’sitolo yogulitsiramo ndiwo zamasamba anthu anali kuthamangirako molimbirana kukaimirira pamzere kuti akagule gawo lawo. Akazi ambiri anali kugwira ntchito m’mafakitale opangira zida. Panthaŵiyo anthu sanadziŵe za kusintha kwakukulu kumene kunalinkudza—dziko lodzala ma TV, mavidiyo, makompyuta, cyberspace, kulankhulana ndi fax, kuuluka mu mlengalenga, ndi uinjiniya wa majini.”