Kodi Ndani Amene Angabweretse Mtendere Wokhalitsa?

“Adzasula malupanga awo akhale zolimira, ndi nthungo zawo zikhale anangwape; mtundu sudzanyamula lupanga kumenyana ndi mtundu wina, ndipo sadzaphunziranso nkhondo.”

LEMBA lili pamwambali lachokera pa Yesaya chaputala 2, vesi 4. Human Development Report 1994, yofalitsidwa ndi United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) [Programu ya Chitukuko ya Mitundu Yogwirizana], linagwira mawu ameneŵa ndipo linawonjezera kuti: “Zinachita ngati kuti nthaŵi ya ulosi umenewu inafika pakutha kwa nkhondo ya mawu [mu 1990]. Komabe chimenechi chakhaladi chiyembekezo chosatsimikizirika.”

Kuchepetsa Ndalama Zowonogedwa pa Zankhondo

Chochititsa chimodzi chimene chikufooketsa ziyembekezo za mtendere nchakuti kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa ndale zapadziko lonse sikunayenderane ndi kuchepetsedwa kwambiri kwa ndalama zowonongedwa pa zankhondo. Zoonadi, achepetsa ndalama zake zina. Malinga ndi ziŵerengero za UN, ndalama zowonongedwa pa zankhondo za padziko lonse zatsika kuchokera pa chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha $995 biliyoni mu 1987 kufika pa $815 biliyoni mu 1992. Komabe, $815 biliyoni ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri. Chikuyerekezeredwa kukhala chofanana ndi cha ndalama zonse za theka la anthu apadziko lonse!

Chochititsa china chimene chimalepheretsa kutula pansi zida zankhondo ndicho lingaliro lakuti kukhala amphamvu mu zankhondo kumabweretsa chisungiko. Chotero, ngakhale kuti Nkhondo ya Mawu yatha, ambiri m’maiko otukuka amaumirira kunena kuti ndalama zowonongedwera pa chisungiko cha dziko ziyenera kukhalabe zambiri. James Woolsey, pamene anali mkulu wa Central Intelligence Agency [Bungwe Lopereka Chidziŵitso ku Boma pa Nkhani Zosiyanasiyana] ya United States anauza Kongiresi mu February 1993 kuti: “Tapha chinjoka chachikulu [U.S.S.R.], koma tsopano tikukhala mu nkhalango yodzala njoka zosokonezeka zaululu.”

Maiko omatukuka amavomereza kuwonongera ndalama zambiri pa zankhondo kukhala njira yoletsera kuukiridwa ndi maiko amene amaonedwa kuti akhoza kukhala njoka zazikulu ndi njoka zaululu. Komano kwenikweni, UNDP inanena kuti, “maiko omatukuka amenyana kangapo ndi mitundu ina, ndipo ambiri agwiritsira ntchito magulu awo ankhondo kuponderezera anthu awo.” Kwenikweni, lipoti la UNDP linafotokoza kuti: “M’maiko omatukuka, mipata ya imfa zochititsidwa ndi kunyalanyaza kwa anthu (za matenda anjala ndi nthenda zokhoza kupeŵedwa) njoŵirikiza nthaŵi 33 kuposa mipata ya kuphedwa mu nkhondo youkiridwa ndi dziko lina. Komabe, pa avareji, dokotala aliyense ali ndi asilikali 20. Mulimonse mmene zilili, asilikaliwo mwachionekere adzachepetsa chisungiko cha munthu mwini m’malo mwa kuchiwonjezera.”

Malonda a Zida Zankhondo Apadziko Lonse

Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Mawu, maiko aŵiriwo amphamvu koposa padziko lapansi anagulitsa zida kumaiko amene anagwirizana nawo kuti alimbitse migwirizanoyo, kupeza malo ankhondo, ndi kupitirizabe kukhala ndi mphamvu. Magulu ankhondo a maiko ambiri anakhala amphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, pakali pano, maiko 33 ali ndi akasinja ankhondo oposa 1,000 lililonse.

Popeza kuti tsopano Nkhondo ya Mawu yatha, kugulitsana zida zankhondo kolungamitsidwa ndi ndale ndi zifukwa zankhondo kwazimiririka. Komabe, zisonkhezero za kupeza chuma zikali zamphamvu. Pali mwaŵi wa kupeza phindu landalama! Chotero, pamene kufunika kwa zida m’dziko kukutsika, opanga zida zankhondo amaumiriza maboma awo kuti njira yosungitsira ntchito kuti zisathe ndi kuchititsa chuma kukhala champhamvu ndiyo kugulitsa zida kumaiko ena.

Magazini a World Watch akunena kuti: “Modabwitsa, pamene maiko amphamvu a padziko lapansi akuchotsa zida zawo zazikulu zanyukliya, iwo akufunafuna mwamsanga njira zogulitsira mabomba ndi mfuti zimene sizili za nyukliya pafupifupi kwa aliyense amene angazigule.” Chiŵerengero chake? Malinga ndi kunena kwa Stockholm International Peace Research Institute [Bungwe Lofufuza za Mtendere Wapadziko Lonse la Stockholm], mtengo wa zida zimene sizili za nyukliya zimene zinagulitsidwa pamsika wake wapadziko lonse m’zaka za 1988 kufikira 1992 unali $151 biliyoni. Dziko lotsogolera koposa pa zimenezi linali United States, motsatiridwa ndi maiko omwe kale anali a Soviet Union.

Chiwopsezo cha Nyukliya Chikalipo

Bwanji nanga za chiwopsezo cha nyukliya? United States ndi Soviet Union (kapena maiko ake omuloŵa m’malo) anasayinirana Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty [Pangano la Zida Zankhondo za Nyukliya Zoponyedwa Kumka Kutali] mu 1987 ndi upo uŵiri wa Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START) [Mapangano a Kuchepetsa Zida Zankhondo Zofunika Koposa] m’zaka za 1991 ndi 1993.

Mapangano a START analetsa zida zankhondo zapansi zokhala ndi mutu wa bomba woposa umodzi ndipo anaika lamulo la kuthetsa pafupifupi zigawo zitatu za mitu ya mabomba a nyukliya pa zonyamulira zake zonse podzafika chaka cha 2003. Komabe ngakhale kuti chiwopsezo cha Nkhondo Yadziko III yanyukliya chazimiririka, pakali nkhokwe zazikulu za zida zanyukliya—zokwanira kuwononga moyo wonse padziko lapansi nthaŵi zingapo.

Kupasula zida zimenezi kumawonjezera mipata ya kuba zinthu zanyukliya. Mwachitsanzo, Russia akupasula ndi kukundika mitu ya mabomba pafupifupi 2,000 pachaka, akumazichotsa zinthu zobulungira za plutonium zotchedwa kuti ma pit. Pit ya mutu wa bomba, imene imafunikira kukonzedwa ndi ndalama zochuluka ndi mwasayansi yakuya, ndiyo chinthu chofunika koposa m’bomba la nyukliya. Popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri ma pit amaikidwa mu mkwamba wachitsulo umene umatsekereza rediyeshoni, mbala ikhoza kuba ndi kubisa ina m’thumba lake. Ndiyeno chigaŵenga chimene chingapeze pit yopangidwa kaleyo chikhoza kuikweteza ndi makombola kuti ikhale bomba lamphamvu kwambiri.

Nkhaŵa ina ndiyo chiwopsezo cha kufalikira kwa zida zanyukliya ku maiko owonjezereka. Maiko asanu—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, ndi United States—ndiwo amadziŵidwa kukhala ndi mphamvu yanyukliya ndipo maiko ena angapo akulingaliridwanso kukhala ali okhoza kugwiritsira ntchito msanga zida zankhondo zanyukliya.

Pamene maiko owonjezereka apeza zida zanyukliya, kuthekera kwakuti winawake adzazigwiritsira ntchito kukuwonjezereka. Pali chifukwa chimene anthu amawopera za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zida zowopsa zimenezi. Monga momwe buku la The Transformation of War likunenera, “mphamvu yake njaikulu kwambiri kwakuti imachititsa zida zimene sizili za nyukliya kuoneka ngati zosanunkha kanthu.”

Kutula Zida Pansi ndi Mtendere

Komano bwanji ngati maiko atachotsa zida zawozo zopangidwa mwapamwamba zowononga? Kodi zimenezo zingabweretse dziko lamtendere? Kutalitali. Wolemba mbiri ya zankhondo John Keegan akuti: “Zida zanyukliya, chiyambire 9 August 1945, sizinaphe aliyense. Anthu 50,000,000 amene afa mu nkhondo kuyambira deti limenelo, mokulira, aphedwa ndi zida wamba zopangidwa mu unyinji ndi zipolopolo zazing’ono, zogulidwa ndi ndalama zoposa pang’ono pa za mawailesi a m’manja ndi mabatire ake zimene zadzaza m’dziko panyengo yofanana.”

Chitsanzo chaposachedwapa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zida wamba ndicho kuphana kwa anthu ku Rwanda, dziko limene The World Book Encyclopedia (1994) inati: “Ochuluka a anthuwo ndiwo Aroma Katolika. . . . Aroma Katolika ndi matchalitchi ena achikristu amayang’anira sukulu zapulaimale ndi zasekondale zambiri.” Komabe, ku Rwanda anthu ofikira theka la miliyoni anaphedwa ndi anthu anzawo onyamula zikwanje. Mwachionekere, kuti mtendere udze, kanthu kenanso kakufunika kuposa pa kungochepetsa zida zimene sizili za nyukliya ndi zimene zili zanyukliya. Ndiponso, kanthu kena kakufunika koposa ziphunzitso zimene zimaperekedwa ndi zipembedzo za dziko.

Maudani a Mafuko Awonjezereka

Sadako Ogata, kazembe wamkulu wa othaŵa kwawo wa UN, posachedwapa anati: “Nkhondo ya Mawu itangotha, tinaganiza kuti mavuto onse adzatha. Sitinadziŵe kuti Nkhondo ya Mawuyo inali ndi mbali ina—yakuti maiko amphamvuwo anali kupereka bata kapena kuumiriza bata m’madera awo. . . . Chotero tsopano, pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Mawu, tikuona kubuka kwa nkhondo zimene zili kwenikweni zamtundu wa mafuko, zogonera, mwinamwake zimene zinalipo Nkhondo Yadziko I isanachitike.”

Arthur Schlesinger, wolemba mbiri ndi mabuku wopambana pa mphatso ya Pulitzer, akunena mfundo imodzimodziyi: “Mtundu umodzi wa maudani umaloŵa m’malo unzake. Kutha kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wa kupondereza malingaliro a anthu ku Eastern Europe ndi ku amene kale anali Soviet Union kwatseguliranso maudani amene anali kuponderezedwa a mafuko, autundu, achipembedzo ndi achinenero ozikika kwambiri m’mbiri ndi m’maganizo. . . . Ngati zaka za zana la 20 zakhala zaka za zana la nkhondo ya malingaliro, zaka za zana la 21 zidzayamba kukhala zaka za zana la nkhondo ya mafuko.”

Malinga ndi ziŵerengero za United Nations, pakati pa 1989 ndi 1992 panali nkhondo 82, zambiri za izo zinachitika pakati pa maiko amene akutukuka kumene. Mu 1993, m’maiko 42 munali nkhondo zazikulu ndipo m’maiko ena 37 munali chiwawa chandale. Izi zikali choncho, United Nations—itatsala ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri—inayesayesa kubweretsa mtendere pa ntchito 17 zokha mosaphula kanthu kwenikweni. Mwachionekere, anthu ayenera kuyang’ana kwina kaamba ka dziko la mtendere.

Mavuto Amene Akuwopseza

Anthu ambiri mowonjezereka, m’malo mwa kuyembekezera mtsogolo ndi chidaliro, akuchita mantha. Chikuto cha kope la The Atlantic Monthly la February 1994 chikufotokozeratu mwachidule za zaka khumi zimene zikudzazo kuti: “Maiko adzagaŵanika chifukwa cha namtindi womakula wa othaŵa kwawo chifukwa cha tsoka lachilengedwe ndi nkhondo. . . . Anthu amachita nkhondo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu, makamaka madzi, ndipo nkhondo yeniyeniyo imapitiriza limodzi ndi upandu, pamene timagulu tonyamula zida topanda kwawo tolanda akatundu timenyana ndi magulu olonda anthu apamwamba.”

Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mtendere wosatha sungapezeke? Kutalitali! Nkhani yotsatira ikusonyeza zifukwa zimene tingayang’anire kutsogolo ndi chidaliro.

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Chipembedzo—Mphamvu Yobweretsa Mtendere?

Pamene maiko amenyana, zipembedzo za m’dziko lapansi zimasiya ziphunzitso za mtendere ndi ubale. Ponena za mkhalidwe umenewu mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko I, Mkulu wankhondo wachibritishi Frank P. Crozier anati: “Matchalitchi achikristu ndiwo osonkhezera kukhetsa mwazi koposa omwe tili nawo, ndipo tinawagwiritsira ntchito monga momwe tinafunira.”

Mbali ya chipembedzo m’nkhondo yakhala yosasintha m’nyengo zonse. Wolemba mbiri wachikatolika E. I. Watkin anavomereza kuti: “Ngakhale kuti kuvomerezako kungakhale kopweteka, ife sitingakane kapena kunyalanyaza umboni wa m’mbiri monamizira kulimbikitsa anthu kapena kukhulupirika konyenga kuti nthaŵi zonse Mabishopu achirikiza nkhondo zimene zamenyedwa ndi boma la dziko lawo.” Ndipo nkhani ina yamkonzi mu Sun ya Vancouver, Canada, inati: “Mwinamwake ndi chofooka cha gulu lililonse lachipembedzo kuti tchalitchi chimagwirizana ndi zochitika za boma . . . Kodi ndi nkhondo iti imene inamenyedwapo imene sananene kuti Mulungu anali kumbali zonse?”

Mwachionekere, m’malo mwa kukhala mphamvu yobweretsa mtendere, zipembedzo za dziko zachirikiza nkhondo ndi kuphana—monga momwe kuphana kwa ku Rwanda kunasonyezera mwamphamvu.

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Kupanda Pake kwa Nkhondo

M’buku lakuti I Found No Peace, lofalitsidwa mu 1936, mtolankhani wakunja Webb Miller analemba kuti: “Modabwitsa, tsoka lowopsa la [Nkhondo Yadziko I] silinandidabwitse pa zamanyazi zake zonse ndi kupanda pake kufikira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zenizeni iyo itatha.” Panthaŵiyo iye anapitanso ku malo ankhondo a Verdun, kumene ananena kuti anthu 1,050,000 anali atafa.

“M’nkhondoyo, ine limodzi ndi anthu ena ambirimbiri tinanyengedwa,” analemba motero Miller. “Nkhondo Yadziko inangoyambitsa nkhondo zatsopano. Anthu mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu ndi theka anafera zachabechabe, anthu ena mamiliyoni makumi ambiri anavutika ndi nkhanza zosaneneka, ndipo anthu ena mamiliyoni mazana ambiri analira maliro, kumanidwa zinthu, ndi chisoni. Zonsezi zinachitika m’chinyengo chachikulu.”

Patapita zaka zitatu bukuli litafalitsidwa, Nkhondo Yadziko II inayamba. The Washington Post inati: “Nkhondo za zaka za zana lathu la 20 zakhala ‘nkhondo za kuphana kotheratu’ kwa magulu ankhondo ndi anthu wamba omwe. . . . Nkhondo za anthu opanda makhalidwe za m’zaka mazana zapita zinali zazing’ono tikayerekezera.” Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kochitidwa ndi katswiri wina, anthu 197 miliyoni afa mu nkhondo ndi m’ziukiro zachiŵeniŵeni chiyambire 1914.

Komabe, nkhondo ndi ziukiro zonse za anthu sizinabweretse mtendere kapena chimwemwe. Monga momwe The Washington Post inanenera, “kufikira pano palibe dongosolo la ndale kapena la zachuma m’zaka za zana lino limene lachepetsa kapena limene lakhutiritsa mamiliyoni ovutika.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Nakubala uyu ndi mmodzi wa zikwi mazana ambiri a anthu amene anaphedwa ku Rwanda—ambiri ophedwa ndi anthu achipembedzo chawo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Albert Facelly/Sipa Press