Ubwino wa Nkhalango Zamvula

MU 1844, katswiri wina wachigiriki pa za Baibulo ndi zinenero, wotchedwa Konstantin von Tischendorf anaona masamba 129 a buku lolemba pamanja m’chitini cha zinyalala m’nyumba ya a monke. Tischendorf anatenga masamba ofunika kwambiri amenewo, ndipo iwo tsopano ali mbali ya Codex Sinaiticus—limodzi mwa mabaibulo olemba pamanja otchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Chuma chimenecho chinapulumutsidwa panthaŵi yabwino. Nkhalango zamvula—zomwe anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza ubwino wake—sizimatetezereka. Chaka chilichonse m’chilimwe, moto waukulukulu womwe umayatsidwa ndi osunga ng’ombe ndi alimi osinthasintha minda umachita kuwalitsa thambo. Al Gore, yemwe tsopano ali wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa United States, anaona moto waukulu umenewo ku Amazon, ndipo anati: “Kuwononga kumeneko kunali kovuta kukhulupirira. Kuli ngati limodzi mwa masoka aakulu m’mbiri.”

Sitimatentha kanthu kena kamene tikudziŵa kuti nkofunika kwambiri. Tsoka la nkhalango zamvula nlakuti zikuwonongedwa tisanazindikire ubwino wake, tisanamvetsetse mmene zimagwirira ntchito, ndiponso tisanadziŵe zimene zilimo. Kutentha nkhalango yamvula kuli ngati kutentha mabuku kuti anthu awothe moto—tisanaone kuti m’mabukuwo muli nkhani zotani.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi anayamba kufufuza “mabuku” ameneŵa, chidziŵitso chambiri chimene chili m’nkhalango zamvula. Muli “chidziŵitso” chosangalatsa zedi.

Nkhalango Yosafanana ndi Ina Iliyonse

Mu 1526, wolemba mbiri wina wachispanya, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, anati, “Mitengo imeneyi ya ku Indies ili kanthu kena kosatheka kufotokozeka, chifukwa njambiri kwabasi.” Zaka mazana asanu pambuyo pake, zimene ananenazo zikali zoonadi. Wolemba mabuku, Cynthia Russ Ramsay, anati: “Pankhani zonse zokhudza anthu ndi dziko lowazinga, nkhalango yamvula ndicho chinthu china chokhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana kwenikweni, chovuta kwambiri kufotokoza, ndipo chimene anthu samachimvetsetsa bwino.”

Wofufuza za moyo wa zomera ndi wa nyama m’madera otentha, Seymour Sohmer anati: “Tisamaiŵale kuti sitikudziŵa zambiri kapena sitikudziŵa chilichonse za mmene nkhalango zachinyontho kwambiri za m’madera otentha zinapangidwira ndi mmene zimagwirira ntchito ngakhalenso mitundu ya zomera zake ndi nyama za m’menemo.” Mitundu ya zomera ndi ya zamoyo njochulukitsitsa kwambiri moti kugwirizana kwa zomera ndi zamoyo nkovuta kukumvetsetsa, nchifukwa chake ntchito ya wofufuza ili yovutanso.

Nkhalango ya m’dera lofunda ingangokhala ndi mitundu yoŵerengeka ya mitengo pa hekitala iliyonse. Komabe, nkhalango yamvula ingakhale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoposa 80 ya zomera, ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero chonse cha mitengo pa hekitala iliyonse chili pafupifupi 700 basi. Popeza kuti kulekanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera nkuiika m’magulu kuli ntchito yovuta ndipo yofuna kusamala kwambiri, zigawo zoŵerengeka basi za nkhalango yamvula zokulira pang’ono kuposa hekitala ndizo zokha zimene sizinafufuzidwepo. Komabe, pankhalango zina zimene zinafufuzidwapo, zotsatirapo zake zinali zodabwitsa.

Mitengo yamitundu yochulukitsitsa ndiyonso malo okhala zamoyo zambirimbiri za m’nkhalango—zochulukitsitsa kuposa mmene aliyense anaganizira. A National Academy of Sciences ya United States amati chigawo chokula makilomita 10 monsemonse cha nkhalango yamvula yomwe siinadulidwepo mtengo chingakhale ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana yokwana mpaka 125 ya zinyama zoyamwitsa, mitundu 100 ya zokwaŵa, mitundu 400 ya mbalame, ndi mitundu 150 ya agulugufe. Moyerekezera ndi zimenezo, tikuona kuti mbalame za mitundu yochepera pa 1,000 ndizo zokha zimafika ku North America.

Ngakhale kuti unyinji wa mitundu ya zomera ndi ya zinyama zimapezeka m’chigawo chachikulu cha nkhalango yamvula, zina zimangopezeka m’phiri limodzi basi. Nchifukwa chake zili zosavuta kusakazika. Pamene odula mitengo ena anapululutsa mitengo yonse m’phiri lina ku Ecuador zaka zingapo zapitazo, mitundu 90 ya mitengo yopezeka m’phiri lokhalo inasoloka.

Chifukwa cha vuto limeneli, bungwe lina lotchedwa United States Interagency Task Force on Tropical Forests linachenjeza kuti: “Anthu ayenera kufulumira kuchitapo kanthu ndi kugwirizana kuti athetse msanga vutolo kuti nkhalango zimene ena amapeputsa ngati zopanda ntchito pomwe zili chuma chimene mwina sichingapezekenso zisawonongedwe pomadzafika kuchiyambi kwa zaka zana zikudzazo.”

Komabe pangabuke mafunso akuti: Kodi chuma cham’nthaka chimenechi nchofunikadi? Kodi nkhalango yamvula itasakazika zingakhudze moyo wathu kwenikweni?

Chakudya, Mphepo Yabwino, ndi Mankhwala

Kodi mmaŵa uliwonse mumadya phala, kapena dzira lophika, ndi kofi wotentha? Ngati mumatero, ndiye kuti mwanjira ina, mukupindula ndi zinthu zochokera kunkhalango. Phalalo, kofiyo, nkhuku imene inaikira dziralo, ngakhalenso ng’ombe imene inakamidwa mkakayo—zonsezo zinachokera ku zinyama ndi zomera za m’nkhalango. Chimanga chinachokera ku South America, kofi anachokera ku Ethiopia, nkhuku zoŵeta zinachokera mwa mtundu wa nkhuku zotchedwa jungle fowl za ku Asia, ndipo ng’ombe zamkaka zinachokera mwa nyama zina zotchedwa Bos banteng za ku South Asia. Buku lakuti Tropical Rainforest linati: “Kwenikweni 80 peresenti ya zonse zimene timadya zinachokera kunkhalango za m’madera ofunda.”

Munthu sanganyalanyaze malo kumene chakudya chake chimachokera. Ponse paŵiri mbewu ndi nyama zikhoza kufooka chifukwa chozibalitsa ndi mbewu za mtundu umodzi kapena kubalitsa nyama za banja limodzi. Nkhalango yamvula, poti ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi zamoyo zomwe, ingapereke zofunika zosiyanasiyana zochirikizira zomera ndi zamoyo zomwe. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza zomera wa ku Mexico, Rafael Guzmán, anatulukira mtundu wina wa udzu wofanana ndi chimanga chamakono. Zimene wofufuzayo anatulukira zinasangalatsa alimi, chifukwa udzuwu (Zea diploperennis) sumagwidwa ndi matenda aakulu asanu mwa matenda asanu ndi aŵiri omwe amasakaza chimanga. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti angagwiritsire ntchito mtundu wa chomera chatsopanocho kupangira chimanga chosiyanasiyana chokanika kugwidwa matenda.

Mu 1987, boma la Mexico linatetezera phiri lina limene munkapezeka chimanga chakuthengo chimenecho. Koma popeza nkhalango zikusakazidwa kwambiri chonchi, zomera zamtengo wapatali ngati chimenechi, mosakayikira zimatayika zisanatulukiridwe nkomwe. Mu nkhalango za ku Southeast Asia, muli mitundu ingapo ya ng’ombe za m’thengo zomwe zikanatha kulimbitsa ng’ombe zoŵeta. Koma nyama zimenezo zatsala pang’ono kusoloka chifukwa malo ake okhala akusakazidwa.

Mphepo yabwino njofunika monga mmene chilili chakudya chimene timadya. Monga mmene amaonera aliyense yemwe amakondwera poyenda m’nkhalango, mitengo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yoyeretsa mpweya umene timapumawu. Koma zikatenthedwa, utsi wa carbon dioxide ndi wa carbon monoxide umafalikira. Ndipo utsi wonsewo umavulaza.

Ena amayerekezera kuti zochita munthu zaŵirikiza kale kuchuluka kwa carbon dioxide mumpweya wadziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti utsi wamaindasitale ndiwo umaipitsa kwambiri, akuti kutentha nkhalango ndiko kumachititsa utsi wa carbon dioxide woposa 35 peresenti. Utsiwo utangoloŵerera mumpweya, umachititsa mpweyawo kutentha kwenikweni, moti asayansi ambiri amaneneratu kuti utsiwo udzachititsa dzikoli kutentha koopsa.

Utsi wa carbon monoxide ngwoipanso kwambiri. Ngwakupha kwambiri, umapezeka m’nkhungu, poizoni wa m’matauni. Koma wofufuza wina, James Greenberg anadabwa kupeza kuti “utsi wa carbon monoxide wambiri kunkhalango za ku Amazon ndiwonso unali m’matauni a mu United States.” Kutentha nkhalango za ku Amazon mosalingalira kunaipitsa mpweya weniweniwo womwe mitengoyo imafunika kuti iziyeretsa!

Kuwonjezera pakukhala gwero la chakudya ndi mpweya woyera, m’nkhalango yamvula mumapezekanso mankhwala amitundumitundu. Pamankhwala onse amene madokotala amapatsa anthu, chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi amachokera kumitengo ya m’nkhalango za m’madera otentha. Quinine, mankhwala a malungo, amachokera m’nkhalango za ku Andes; curare, wofeŵetsa mitsempha pochita opaleshoni, amachokera m’chigawo cha Amazon; ndipo periwinkle wofiira amachokera ku Madagascar, ndipo amachiritsa modabwitsa odwala matenda a leukemia. Ngakhale kuti pali mitengo yambiri choncho imene ingakhale mankhwala, 7 peresenti basi ya mitengo yonse yomwe ili ndi mphamvu ya mankhwala m’nkhalango ya m’dera lotentha ndiyo yokha imene inafufuzidwa. Ndipo nthaŵi ikutha. Bungwe la United States Cancer Institute linachenjeza kuti “kuwononga nkhalango zonse zachinyontho m’madera otentha kungalepheretse kwambiri njira zothetsera kansa.”

Pali ntchito zina zofunika zimene nkhalango zamvula zimachita—ngakhale kuti ubwino wake anthu samauyamikira mpaka nkhalangozo zitasoloka. Mwa ntchito zimenezo pali kuyendetsa kavumbidwe ka mvula ndi kulamulira kutentha kapena kuzizira ngakhalenso kutetezera nthaka kuti isakokoloke. Buku lakuti The Emerald Realm: Earth’s Precious Rain Forests linati: “Phindu la nkhalango za m’madera otentha a dziko lapansi nlalikulu kwambiri kuposa mmene tikudziŵira lerolino. Koma tikudziŵa ngakhale tsopano lino kuti phindu lake nlosaneneka.”

“Tidzasamala Zokhazo Zimene Timakonda”

Kusakaza zinthu zimene zimatithandiza chonchi nkupusa zedi. Zaka zoposa 3,000 zapitazo, Mulungu analangiza Aisrayeli kuti azisamala mitengo yazipatso pamene anali kumenyana ndi adani awo. Chifukwa chimene anawapatsa chinali chomveka: “Kuti izikupatsani chakudya.” Ndiponso, “mitengo ya m’munda sili anthu kuti uimangire tsasa.” (Deuteronomo 20:19, 20 The New English Bible) Nchimodzimodzinso ndi nkhalango zamvula, zikusakazidwa.

Nzoona, monga mmene ilili mitengo yazipatso, mitengo yankhalango zamvula nayo njamtengo wapatali ngati yasiyidwa ili chilili, osati itadulidwa. Koma m’dziko lamakonoli, anthu amakonda mapindu a nthaŵi yomweyo, nkuiŵala za maŵa. Komabe, maphunziro angasinthe anthu maganizo. Katswiri wa zankhalango ndi zinyama zake, Baba Dioum, wa ku Senegal, anati: “Kwenikweni tidzasamala zokhazo zimene timakonda; tidzakonda zokhazo zimene timazindikira; ndipo tizizindikira zokhazo zimene timaphunzitsidwa.”

Tischendorf anaba masamba akalewo m’Chipululu cha Sinai chifukwa anakonda malembo akale ndipo anafuna kuwasunga. Kodi anthu ambiri angaphunzire kukonda nkhalango zamvula nkuziteteza zisanasakazidwe?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 27]

Kutentha nkhalango yamvula kuli ngati kutentha mabuku kuti anthu awothe moto—tisanaone kuti m’mabukuwo muli nkhani zotani

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Kutetezera Zolengedwa za m’Nkhalango

JESÚS ELÁ ankasaka anyani otchedwa gorilla ndi nyama zina za m’nkhalango yamvula mu Afirika kwa zaka ngati 15. Koma tsopano analeka kusakako. Tsopano anakhala wotsogoza alendo m’nkhalango ina yosungidwira kutetezeramo a gorilla 750 a ku Equatorial Guinea kopanda mapiri.

Jesús anafotokoza kuti: “Nkhalango yamvula imandisangalatsa kwambiri ngati sindikusakamo. Kwa ine nkhalango yangokhala ngati mudzi wanga chifukwa ndimamva bwino ngati ndili muno ndipo ili ndi chilichonse chimene ndimafuna. Tiyenera kuchita chilichonse chimene tingathe kuti titetezere nkhalango zimenezi kuti ana athu adzazione.”

Jesús, yemwe amakonda kuuza ena za mmene amakondera nkhalango, ali ndi mwayi. Tsopano iye akulandira ndalama zambiri potetezera a gorilla kuposa zimene anali kupeza powasaka. Popeza kuti alendo amakonda kulipira ndalama kuti aziona nyama zimenezo m’thengo, eni mapaki amalembanso ntchito anthu a komweko ndi kupangitsa alendo kumakumbukira zolengedwa zambiri. Buku lakuti Tropical Rainforest, linafotokoza kuti: Kuti titetezere “chodabwitsa cha moyo” chosangalatsa chimenechi, pafunikira “nkhalango zazikulu ndithu, zomwe zili ndi zikweza zenizeni komwe mitsinje yambiri imayambira.”

Kodi nchifukwa chiyani mapaki amafunikira kukhala ndi malo okwanira otetezera zinyama? John Terborgh, m’buku lake lakuti Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest, anayerekezera kuti chiŵerengero cha ma jaguar (ngati nyama 300 zobereka) zimafuna pafupifupi chigawo chachikulu ngati makilomita 7,500 monsemonse. Iye pomaliza anati: “Chifukwa cha chimenecho, pali mapaki oŵerengeka chabe padziko lapansi omwe ali ndi malo okwanira kukhalamo ma jaguar. Anjuzi angafune malo aakulu kwambiri. Unyinji wa anjuzi obereka (nyama 400) angafune chigawo chachikulu ngati makilomita 40,000 monsemonse.

Mwa kusunga zigawo zazikulu zosungiramo nyama zodya zina zimenezi, madera aakulu a nkhalango zamvula angatetezeredwe. Phindu linanso nlakuti nyama zimenezi zimachita ntchito yofunika pakusamalira thanzi la nyama zonse. Terborgh akufotokoza kuti: “Ngakhale kuti nyama zina nzosoŵa, zina zonga njuzi, jaguar, ndi nyalugwe, “ndizo zimatheketsa mitundu ina ya nyama za m’thengo kukhalitsa.”

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Zolengedwa Zazikulu ndi Zazing’ono

1. Ziwala zina za m’nkhalango yamvula nzamitundu yoŵala kwambiri. Tizilombo tina ntongofanana ndi udzu moti nkovuta kutizindikira

2. Agulugufe amaoneka paliponse ndipo ndizo zolengedwa zokongola m’nkhalango yamvula

3. Gulu la anyani lomadumphadumphira panthambi iyi ndi iyo lili losangalatsa kwambiri kuliyang’ana m’nkhalango

4. Ngakhale kuti jaguar ndiyo mfumu yosatsutsidwa m’nkhalango yamvula ku America ophunzira za nkhalango oŵerengeka okha ndiwo amaiona m’thengo

5. Maluŵa a orchid amakongoletsa nkhalango zachinyontho zomwe zakuta mapiri a m’madera otentha

6. Tsopano pali anjuzi ochepera pa 5,000 omwe atsala m’thengo

7. Kachirombo kotchedwa moyenerera kuti rhinoceros beetle ka kumadera othentha a ku America kali ndi nyanga zoopsa koma nkosavulaza

8. Ngakhale kuti a gorilla ndi nyama zotetezeredwa, nyama yake idakapezekabe m’misika ya mu Afirika. Manthu ameneyu amadya masamba basi ndipo amayendayenda m’nkhalango m’magulumagulu

9. Ma ocelot ankasakidwa mpaka kutsala pang’ono kusolotsedwa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo

10. Zinkhwe ndizo mbalame zaphokoso kwambiri m’nkhalango ndipo zimakonda anthu

11. Monga mmene maso ake aakuluwo amaonekera, galago amadya usiku

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Foto: Zoo de Baños

Foto: Zoo de la Casa de Campo, Madrid

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Foto: Zoo de Baños

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

M’Nkhalango zamvula muli (1)cacao, (2) periwinkle wofiira, yemwe amathandiza kuchiza matenda a leukemia, ndipo (3) palm oil. (4) Kupululutsa thengo kumachititsa madzi kukokolola nthaka moipitsitsa