Malonda Apadziko Lonse Mmene Amakukhudzirani

Pamene Peter anachotsedwa ntchito m’kampani ina yopezeka m’mayiko ambiri kumene anagwirako ntchito kwa zaka 20, kalata yomudziŵitsa za kuchotsedwako inati chalakwika kwenikweni ndi chakuti chuma “chikuyendetsedwa padziko lonse.” Pamene ndalama ya ku Thailand, yotchedwa baht, inatsika mphamvu kupitirira theka, nduna ya zachuma ya dziko limeneli inaonekera pa TV n’kuyamba kunyoza “kayendetsedwe ka chuma padziko lonse.” Pamene m’dziko lina la ku Southeast Asia mtengo wa mpunga unakwera ndi 60 peresenti, mitu ya nkhani pa malo ogulitsirapo nyuzipepala inati: “N’chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka chuma padziko lonse!”

Kodi kwenikweni kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse ndi chiyani? Kodi ndi motani ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani kumakhudza dziko lanu komanso ndalama zomwe muli nazo? Kodi chimachititsa zimenezi ndi chiyani?

Kodi Kuyendetsa Chuma Padziko Lonse ndi Chiyani?

Pa nkhani ya zachuma, kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse, ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka chuma kuti kakhale ka padziko lonse mmalo mongozungulira m’dziko limodzi. “M’mudzi wa dziko lonse” wa masiku ano, katundu akupangidwa m’mayiko ambiri, ndipo ndalama zimayenda mosavuta ndiponso mwamsanga kwambiri kupita m’mayiko ena. Cholinga chake ndi kuchititsa kuti pakhale malonda opanda malire. Mu mchitidwe woterewu makampani opezeka m’mayiko ambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo anthu ena a malonda ochokera kunja, angapite patsogolo m’zachuma, ena angachititse ndalama kutsika mphamvu kwambiri mbali ina iliyonse ya dziko.

Kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kwachititsa ndiponso kwabwera chifukwa chakuti makono njira za kuyankhulana zapita patsogolo kwambiri. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwamsanga kwambiri kwa zipangizo zoyankhulirana ndi anthu akutali, kuwonjezereka kwa nkhaninkhani kwa zimene makompyuta akutha kuchita, ndi kupangidwa kwa njira zina zoyankhulirana ndi anthu akutali, monga njira ya Internet. Njira zimenezi zikuthandiza kuchotsa mavuto a kutalikirana. Zotsatira zake zakhala zotani?

Pali Madalitso Osakanikirana?

Anthu ochirikiza kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse amati kungakhale ngati kamvuluvulu wopititsa patsogolo malonda ndi kuyambitsa mabizinesi amene amalimbitsa chuma ndi kutukula ngakhale mayiko osaukitsitsa a padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, m’zaka za m’ma 1990 zokha, anthu amalonda a m’mayiko akunja akhuthulira madola 1,000,000,000,000 m’chuma cha mayiko ongotukuka kumene. Kukwera kwakukulu kumeneku kwa kuyambitsa malonda kunja kwachititsa kupangidwa kwa misewu, mabwalo a ndege, ndi mafakitale kukhala kotheka m’mayiko osauka. Kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse n’kumenedi kwachititsa moyo wa anthu ena kutukuka m’mayiko ena padziko lapansi. Peter Sutherland amene ali wapampando wa bungwe la Chitukuko cha m’Mayiko Onse, ananena kuti “kufikira posachedwapa, pankatha mibadwo iŵiri kuti moyo wa anthu upite patsogolo moŵirikiza kaŵiri, koma ku China, tsopano moyo wa anthu umapita patsogolo moŵirikiza kaŵiri zaka khumi zilizonse.” Kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kukuonedwa ngati kukubweretsa mwayi wosayembekezereka kwa anthu ochuluka. Kukwera kwakukulu kwa malonda apadziko lapansi kwachititsa kuti papangidwe zinthu zambiri kuposa kalelonse ndi kutinso zinthu ziziyenda bwino ndipo kwabweretsa ntchito zatsopano.

Komabe, anthu amene sakufuna, akunena kuti kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kungathenso kuloŵetsa pansi chuma mosavuta. Kungodinikiza mabatani a kompyuta oŵerengeka chabe kungachititse kuti ndalama ya dziko itsike mphamvu mwamsanga kwambiri, n’kuwononga ndalama zonse zimene anthu mamiliyoni oyang’anira mabanja anasunga pamoyo wawo. Mawu oopseza ochokera m’kamwa mwa munthu wamalonda wodziŵika bwino wa ku America angachititse amalonda amantha kuti agulitse katundu wawo ku Asia nthaŵi yomweyo, kuchititsa kuti kusakhale katundu wochuluka. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti anthu miyandamiyanda akhale paumphaŵi. Bungwe la oyang’anira kampani lingaganize zotseka fakitale yake ya ku Mexico ndipo m’malo mwake n’kutsegula ina ku Thailand—kulemba ntchito anthu a ku Asia koma m’mbuyomu akusiya mabanja a ku Latin America pa umphaŵi.

Anthu ambiri akunena kuti kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kwachititsa moyo kukhala wovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri ndi kutinso kungachititse kuti mbali ina yadziko lapansi itsalire mmbuyo. “Si kuti zinangochitika mwangozi kuti mayiko ambiri a kummwera kwa Sahara mu Afirika akutsalira pa zachuma kusonyeza kulephera kugwirizana ndi chuma cha dziko lonse ndipo motero kukanika kuchita malonda bwinobwino ndi kukopa amalonda,” anatero Sutherland.

Zotsatirapo Zake Zimene Inunso Zingakulemeretseni Kapena Kukusaukitsani

Kodi zimenezi zimakukhudzani motani? Chuma cha m’madera, cha dziko, ndiponso cha zigawo za mayiko chalumikizana komanso ndi chodalirana. Motero, vuto limene lingagwere mbali ina ya kayendedwe ka chuma kameneka lingafalikire msangamsanga ku mbali zinazo—kuphatikizapo dziko lanu. Mwachitsanzo, kusokonezeka kwa chuma kumene kunachitika padziko lonse ndipo kunawononga Asia mu 1997 ndi Russia komanso Latin America mu 1998 ndi 1999 tsopano kukuonetsa kuti kuwononga mbali yaikulu ndithu ya chuma cha United States, mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndi mayiko ena ambiri amene chuma chawo chikuyenda bwino. Kumene chuma chimayenda bwino poyamba, pano chayamba kusayenda bwino—osati chifukwa cha zovuta zina zochitika kwawoko koma chifukwa cha mavuto ochokera kunja. Akatswiri a zachuma amatcha mavuto obwera moteroŵa kukhala “mavuto a zachuma opatsirana.” Lionel Barber wolemba nkhani m’magazini ya zachuma yotchedwa Financial Times akuti: “Mavuto a zachuma akuchitika panthaŵi yofanana ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amakulitsana. Mavuto opatsirana pakali pano si kuti akungoopseza chabe; alipodi.”

Choncho, kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kwamanga pamodzi mowonjezereka miyoyo ya anthu pa zachuma. Kulikonse kumene mumakhala, mavuto a zachuma opatsirana ameneŵa amakukhudzani m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Taonani zitsanzo zotsatirazi. Pamene dziko la Brazil linachepetsa mphamvu ndalama yake mu January 1999, alimi oŵeta nkhuku a m’dziko la Argentina anakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri kuona kuti anthu a ku Brazil anali kugulitsa nkhuku pa mitengo yotsika kuposa yawo ku misika ya ku Buenos Aires. Ndiponso, kutsika kwa chuma m’mayiko ambiri kunali kutatsitsa kale mitengo ku Argentina ya matabwa, soya, madzi a zipatso nyama ya ng’ombe, ndi tchizi. Chifukwa cha kutsika kwa mitengo ya zinthu komanso kuchepa kwa zogulidwa kunachititsa kuti makampani opanga mkaka atsekedwe kumeneko, potero ambiri anasoŵa ntchito.

Panthaŵi yomweyi, alimi oŵeta nkhumba ku Illinois, U.S.A., anazindikira kuti ngakhale kuti poyamba anali kugulitsa nyama ya nkhumba yambiri ku mayiko a ku Asia amene akutukuka, tsopano anayenera kutsitsa mitengo yawo, chifukwa chakuti siikugulidwa kwambiri ndipo pali mpikisano waukulu wa ogulitsa. “Sitinataye ndalama zochuluka chonchi pa malonda a nyama ya nkhumba, ngakhale pa nyengo imene padziko lonse panali vuto lalikulu la chuma,” anadandaula motero mlimi wina. M’dziko lomweli, ogwira ntchito m’makampani okonza zitsulo anayamba awaimitsa ntchito, pamene makampani awo anali kuvutika chifukwa cha zitsulo zochuluka zimene zinali kuloŵa m’dzikolo kuchoka ku China, Japan, Russia, Indonesia, ndi mayiko ena—onseŵa ndi mayiko okhala ndi ndalama zochepa mphamvu zimene zinachititsa kuti katundu wawo wotumizidwa kunja akhale wotsika mtengo. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ogula a ku Asia, zokolola zambiri zinangounjikika ku United States, ndipo alimi a m’dziko limeneli anangosoŵeratu chochita.

Zotsatirapo zoipa za kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse zimakulitsidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti mabanki ndi mabungwe a anthu opuma pantchito a m’mayiko olemera akongoza kapena kuika ndalama zambiri “m’misika imene ikuyamba kumene”—mawu oserewula otchulira chuma cha mayiko amene akutukuka kumene. Motero, pamene chuma cha mayiko ameneŵa chinaloŵa pansi pa nyengo ya mavuto a zachuma ya 1997 mpaka 1999, anthu wamba amene anali opuma pantchito kapena amene anali ndi ndalama ku mabanki omwe ndalama zawo zinawonongeka anakhudzidwa kwambiri n’zimenezi. Pafupifupi aliyense amaopa kutaya ndalama zake, mwachindunji kapena m’njira ina.

Kuchititsa Olemera Kulemereratu, Osauka Kusaukiratu

Kupenda bwino mchitidwe wa kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kumaonetsa kuti kwalemeretsa magulu ena a anthu a ku mayiko osauka ndipo kwachititsa umphaŵi wa dzaoneni kwa magulu ena a anthu m’mayiko olemera. Zatheka bwanji? M’buku lakuti When Corporations Rule The World (Pamene Makampani Alamulira Dziko) David Korten anayankha funso limeneli pang’ono chabe ponena kuti: “Kukwera kwamsanga kwa zachuma m’mayiko okhala ndi ndalama zochepa kumabweretsa mabwalo a ndege, wailesi yakanema, misewu yaikulu kwambiri, ndi masitolo aakulu okhala ndi zipangizo zoziziritsira mpweya ndipo mmene mumagulitsidwa zipangizo zamagetsi komanso zovala zotchuka zimene ochepa chabe amwayi ndi amene angathe kuzikwanitsa. Koma sikusintha moyo wa anthu ambiri. Kukwera kotereku kumafunika kusintha kayendedwe ka chuma kuti kagwirizane ndi katundu wotumizidwa kunja kotero kuti ndalama zakunja zipezeke zogulira zinthu zimene anthu olemera amalakalaka. Motero, minda ya anthu osauka imalandidwa kuti alimepo zinthu zokagulitsidwa kunja. Anthu amene anali kulima minda imeneyi kenaka amakakhala m’madera osauka a mtauni ndi kumagwira ntchito yochuluka koma n’kumalipidwa ndalama zochepa kwabasi ndi makampani oumira amene amapanga zinthu zokagulitsa kunja. Mabanja amatha, kugwirizana kwa anthu kumachepa kwambiri, ndipo chiwawa chimafala moopsa. Anthu amene apindula ndi chitukuko ndiye kuti azifunabe ndalama zambiri zakunja kuti aitanitse zida zodzitetezera ku anthu amene zinthu sizikuwayendera bwino aja.”

Padziko lonse, kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonseku kwaika pamavuto aakulu anthu a pantchito chifukwa chakuti maboma amatsitsa malipiro ndi chisamaliro cha kuntchito n’cholinga chofuna kukopa amalonda akunja powalonjeza kuti sadzawononga ndalama zambiri. Ngakhale kuti mayiko ena amene angoyamba kumene kukhala ndi maindasitale apindula ndi kuwonjezeka kwa katundu amene akutumizidwa kunja chifukwa cha kumasuka pa malonda a padziko lonse, mayiko osauka akumanidwa mapindu ameneŵa.

Kodi kusafanana pa zachuma padziko lonse kwafika potani? Ingoganizirani za chiŵerengero chimodzi chokha chimene anachitchula Korten: “Tsopano [mu 1998] pali ampondamatiki 477 okhala ndi mabiliyoni a ndalama padziko lapansi, kuchokera pa 274 mu 1991. Ngati katundu wawo ataphatikizidwa angakwane ndalama zimene zimapezedwa pachaka chathunthu ndi theka la anthu a padziko lonse amene ndi osauka kwambiri—anthu 2.8 biliyoni.” Wolakwa ndani? “Zimenezi ndi zotulukapo zachindunji za kayendetsedwe ka chuma padziko lonse kosayang’aniridwa.”

Kulimbikitsidwa ndi Umbombo—Kodi ndi Chizoloŵezi Chabwino?

Kodi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse ndi lotani? Ponenapo za vuto la zachuma la 1997 mpaka 1998, mkonzi wina wotchedwa Jim Hoagland ananena kuti anthu olemba mbiri a m’tsogolo “azidzaona kuti panali mwayi wambiri umene tinautaya, panali kusagwirizana kwa mayiko ndiponso anthu a umbombo.” Anthu ena amafunsa kuti: ‘Kodi pangakhale bwanji mtendere ndiponso chitukuko padziko lonse ngati mayendedwe a chuma akupsepsezera mpikisano wadzaoneni pakati pa anthu ochepa olemera ndi anthu ochuluka amene umphaŵi wawatengetsa kwambiri? Kodi lili khalidwe labwino kuti anthu ochepa amene ali opambana akhale ndi chuma chadzaoneni pamene anthu ochuluka amene ali okanika akhale pa umphaŵi wofa nawo?’

N’zoona, umbombo wosakhutiritsika komanso kusoŵa kwa makhalidwe abwino kwachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu pa zachuma padziko lapansi. Zimene loya wina ananena zaka 2,000 zapitazo n’zoonabe mpaka lero: “Pakuti muzu wa zoipa zonse ndiwo chikondi cha pandalama.” (1 Timoteo 6:10) Kodi maboma a anthu ali okonzeka kuthana ndi mikhalidwe yoipa yachibadwa ya anthu opanda ungwiro? Fernando Cardoso, amene ali pulezidenti wa dziko la Brazil, ananena nkhaŵa yake motere: “Ntchito yoganizira m’thumba mwa anthu pa nyengo ino ya kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse yakhala yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti tonsefe tiyenera kulimbana . . . ndi kupanda khalidwe kumene kwabweretsedwa ndi khalidwe loipa pa malonda.”

“Mkangano Waukulu Wolimbirana Mphamvu ndi Zinthu Zofunika”

M’nkhani imene anakamba pa Msonkhano wa Dziko Lonse wa Nambala 22 wa Bungwe la Zachitukuko Padziko Lonse, Korten anasonyeza kuti anali kukayikira zotsatira zina za kuyenda kwa chuma padziko lonse. Iye ananena kuti pali “mkangano waukulu wolimbirana mphamvu ndi zinthu zofunika umene ukuchitika pakati pa anthu ambiri ndiponso mabungwe a zachuma apadziko. Zotulukapo za mkangano umenewu ndi zimene zionetse ngati m’zaka za zana la 21 ndimo mmene mtundu wathu usandukire waumbombo, wachiwawa, wosoŵa zinthu, ndi wowononga malo okhala n’kupangitsa kuti mwina tidzifafanize tokha. Kapena kuyamba kwa magulu ozindikira, oganizira kwambiri za moyo okhala ndi anthu amene akukhala mumtendere komanso mogwirizana ndi dzikoli.”

[Bokosi/​Chithunzi patsamba 14]

“DZIKO LIKUMKA LILUMIKIZANA”

Mawu amenewo analembedwa m’nkhani ya m’magazini ya Asiaweek ya pa February 26, 1999, imene inanena kuti: “Dziko likumka lilumikizana chifukwa cha kumasuka kwa kayendedwe ka malonda, ndalama zoyambitsira mabizinesi, chidziŵitso ndi sayansi. . . . Njira yake ndiyo kuloŵetsamo aliyense: ngati pali zigawo komanso mayiko ambiri okhala nawo pa chuma cha padziko, ndiye kuti kogulitsako zinthu zimene mayiko amapanga kuchulukanso.”

Inanenanso kuti: “Kuloŵa pansi kwa kayendedwe ka chuma ku East Asia, Russia, ndi Brazil [m’zaka za posachedwapa] kwasonyeza kuti m’dziko la zachuma ndi zasayansi lino, kutukula chigawo chimodzi n’kusiya zinazo zikuvutika, kulibe tanthauzo.”

Nkhani yomweyo inachenjeza za kuchititsa kuti Asia akhale “wotsalira pachuma ndiponso pandale,” kukumbutsa oŵerenga kuti “dziko la Japan lidakali lachiŵiri ndipo la China lidakali lachitatu pa mayiko olemera kwambiri padziko lonse.” Inapitiriza kunena kuti: “Kuchuluka kwa anthu m’madera a Asia yense mosakayikira kudzayenera kuganiziridwa.” Mabiliyoni a anthu a ku Asia sanganyalanyazidwe. N’zoona, chuma chathu chikuyendetsedwa padziko lonse, ndipo malire ochitira malonda achepetsedwa.

[Zithunzi patsamba 15]

Kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse akuti ndi kumene kwachititsa kuti pakhale mpata waukulu kwambiri pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka