Michael Servetus Anafufuza Choonadi Yekhayekha

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU SPAIN

Pa October 27, 1553, Michael Servetus anawotchedwa pamtengo ku Geneva, ku Switzerland. Guillaume Farel, yemwe anapha Servetus komanso yemwe anali mtumiki wa John Calvin, anachenjeza anthu oonerera kuti: “[Servetus] ndi munthu wanzeru amene mosakayikira ankaganiza kuti akuphunzitsa choonadi, koma anagwa m’manja mwa Mdyerekezi. . . . Samalani kuti zinthu ngati zimenezi zingakuchitikireni inunso!” Kodi munthu ameneyu analakwa chiyani kuti afe momvetsa chisoni chonchi?

MICHAEL SERVETUS anabadwa mu 1511 m’mudzi wa Villanueva de Sijena, ku Spain. Kuyambira ali mwana, ankakhoza kwambiri ku sukulu. Malinga ndi zomwe analemba munthu wina wolemba mbiri ya anthu, “pofika zaka 14, anali ataphunzira Chigiriki, Chilatini, ndi Chihebri, ndipo ankadziwa bwino nzeru za anthu, masamu, ndi maphunziro azaumulungu.”

Servetus akadali mnyamata, Juan de Quintana, mlangizi pa nkhani zauzimu wa Mfumu ya ku Spain Charles V, anamulemba ntchito kuti akhale mthandizi wake. Pa maulendo ake otsagana ndi Juan Quintana, Servetus anaona kugawikana kwachipembedzo komwe kunalipo ku Spain, kumene Ayuda ndi Asilamu anathamangitsidwa kapena kukakamizidwa kutembenukira ku Chikatolika.a

Servetus ali ndi zaka 16 anapita kukaphunzira zamalamulo ku yunivesite ya Toulouse, ku France. Ali kumeneko anaona koyamba Baibulo lathunthu. Ngakhale kuti kuwerenga Baibulo kunali koletsedwa, Servetus ankaliwerenga mwakabisira. Atamaliza kuliwerenga koyamba, analumbira kuti adzaliwerenganso “kasauzande.” Mwina Baibulo limene Servetus analiphunzira ku Toulouse linali la Complutensian Polyglot, lomwe anatha kuwerengamo Malemba m’zinenero zoyambirira (Chihebri ndi Chigiriki), limodzi ndi Chilatini chomwe anamasulira.b Zomwe anaphunzira m’Baibulo, komanso makhalidwe oipa a atsogoleri a chipembedzo amene anaona ku Spain, zinamutayitsa chikhulupiriro chake mu chipembedzo cha Chikatolika.

Zimene Servetus ankakayikira zokhudza Chikatolika zinatsimikiziridwa pamene anaonerera kulongedwa ufumu kwa Charles V. Mfumu yachisipanishiyo inavekedwa ufumu ndi Papa Clement VII kuti ikhale mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma. Papayo anakhala pa mpando wake wachifumu atanyamulidwa ndi anthu pamapewa, ndipo analandira mfumuyo, yomwe inapsompsona mapazi ake. Kenaka Servetus anadzalemba kuti: “Ndaona ndi maso anga papa atanyamulidwa pamapewa pa nduna, modzikweza, akulambiridwa mumsewu ndi anthu omuzungulira.” Servetus anaona kuti kudzikweza ndi kuwononga ndalama kumeneko kunali kosagwirizana ndi kukhala moyo wosalira zambiri kumene kunafotokozedwa m’Mauthenga Abwino.

Kufufuza Choonadi M’zipembedzo

Servetus anasiya mwakachetechete ntchito yake kwa Quintana ndipo anayamba kufunafuna yekha choonadi. Ankakhulupirira kuti uthenga wa Kristu unafunika kupita kwa anthu wamba amene akanaumvetsa ndi kuugwiritsa ntchito, osati kwa akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu ndi a nzeru zapamwamba. Choncho anaganiza zowerenga Baibulo m’zinenero zoyambirira, n’kukana chiphunzitso chilichonse chomwe chinali chosemphana ndi Malemba. N’zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu oti “choonadi” ndi ena ofanana nawo amapezeka nthawi zochuluka kuposa mawu ena alionse m’zinthu zimene analemba.

Zinthu za m’mbiri ndi za m’Baibulo zimene Servetus anaphunzira zinamuchititsa kukhulupirira kuti Chikristu chinasokonezedwa pa zaka 300 zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu ino. Iye anazindikira kuti Constantine ndi anthu amene anamulowa m’malo ankalimbikitsa ziphunzitso zonyenga zimene pamapeto pake zinadzachititsa kuti ayambe kuphunzitsa Utatu monga chiphunzitso chovomerezeka ndi tchalitchi. Servetus ali ndi zaka 20 anatulutsa buku lotchedwa On the Errors of the Trinity (Zolakwika za Utatu), lomwe linachititsa kuti Khoti la Kafukufuku wa Akatolika liyambe kufuna kwambiri kumulanga.

Servetus ankatha kumvetsa zinthu bwinobwino. Iye analemba kuti: “M’Baibulo sanatchulemo za Utatu. . . . Timamudziwa Mulungu, osati kudzera mu ziphunzitso zathu za nzeru zapamwamba zomwe timanyadira, koma kudzera mwa Kristu.”c Iye anazindikiranso kuti mzimu woyera si munthu, koma kuti ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya Mulungu.

Servetus anachititsa anthu ena kugwirizana naye. Munthu wosintha zinthu wachipolotesitanti dzina lake Sebastian Franck analemba kuti: “Servetus, yemwe ndi Msipanishi, akunena m’chikalata chake kuti Mulungu ndi mmodzi basi. Tchalitchi cha Roma chimati pali milungu itatu mwa mulungu mmodzi. Ine ndikugwirizana ndi Msipanishiyu.” Komabe, Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika ndiponso matchalitchi achipolotesitanti sanamukhululukire Servetus chifukwa chotsutsa chiphunzitso chawo chachikulu cha Utatu.

Kuwerenga Baibulo kunamuchititsanso Servetus kutsutsa ziphunzitso zina za tchalitchi, ndipo ankaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafano n’kosemphana ndi malemba. Choncho, patatha chaka chimodzi ndi theka chitulutsireni buku lakuti On the Errors of the Trinity, Servetus, polemekeza Akatolika ndi Apolotesitanti omwe, ananena kuti: “Sindikuvomerezana kapena kutsutsana ndi mfundo zonse za gulu lili lonse. Chifukwa ndikuona kuti onsewa ali ndi mfundo zoona ndi zinanso zolakwika, koma aliyense akuona zolakwa za mnzake osati zake.” Iye anali yekhayekha pa ntchito yofunafuna choonadi.d

Koma ngakhale Servetus anali woona mtima, sanamvetse molondola zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, anawerengetsera kuti Armagedo ndi Ulamuliro wa Zaka 1,000 wa Kristu zidzachitika iye akadali moyo.

Kufufuza Zoona Zenizeni za Sayansi

Pothawa anthu amene ankamuzunza, Servetus anasintha dzina lake n’kukhala Villanovanus ndipo anasamukira ku Paris, komwe anakapeza digiri ya ntchito zaluso ndi ya udokotala. Chifukwa chofuna kudziwa zinthu zasayansi, ankatumbula zinyama kuti adziwe mmene thupi la munthu limagwirira ntchito. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Servetus mwina anali munthu woyamba wa ku Ulaya kufotokoza momwe magazi amayendera m’mapapo. Zimene anapezazo anaziphatikiza m’buku lake lakuti The Restitution of Christianity. Iye anafotokoza zimenezi patatsala zaka 75 kuti William Harvey afotokoze mmene magazi amayendera m’thupi lonse.

Servetus analembanso kachiwiri buku lolembedwa ndi Ptolemy lotchedwa Geography. Bukuli linatchuka kwambiri moti anthu ena amanena kuti Servetus ndiye anayambitsa jogalafe yoyerekezera zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndiponso maphunziro a zikhalidwe za anthu. Kenaka, pa mlandu wake ku Geneva, Servetus anaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chonena kuti Palesitina ndi dera lopanda minda yambiri ndiponso lopanda chonde. Servetus anadziikira kumbuyo ponena kuti zimene anafotokozazo zimakhudza nthawi yake, osati nthawi ya Mose, pamene dzikolo mosakayikira linali loyenda mkaka ndi uchi.

Servetus analembanso buku lakuti Universal Treatise on Syrups, lomwe linafotokoza njira yatsopano ndiponso yabwino yochizira matenda. Kuchuluka kwa mfundo zothandiza zomwe zili m’buku limenelo kunamupangitsa Servetus kukhala munthu woyamba kufufuza za kamwedwe ka mankhwala ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mavitamini. Popeza Servetus ankadziwa zinthu zambiri choncho, wolemba mbiri wina anamutcha “mmodzi wa anthu a nzeru kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya anthu, amene anathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yotulukira zinthu zimene anthu akudziwa masiku ano.”

Mdani Wamphamvu

Anthu ofunafuna choonadi nthawi zonse amakhala ndi adani ambiri. (Luka 21:15) Mdani wina wa Servetus anali John Calvin, amene anakhazikitsa boma lachipolotesitanti lankhanza ku Geneva. Malinga ndi zimene analemba wolemba mbiri Will Durant, “Ulamuliro wankhanza wa [Calvin] sunali wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo kapena mphamvu, koma wopondereza ndi kutsutsana ndi anthu ena” ndipo Calvin “anayesetsa kwambiri mofanana ndi papa wina aliyense kutsutsa zoti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wokhulupirira zimene akufuna.”

Servetus ndi Calvin mwina anakumana ku Paris onse akadali anyamata. Sanagwirizane kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe, ndipo Calvin anakhala mdani wamkulu kwambiri wa Servetus. Ngakhale kuti Calvin ndi amene anayambitsa nyengo ya kukonzanso zinthu, pamapeto pake anatumiza Servetus ku Khoti la Kafukufuku la Akatolika. Servetus pang’onong’ono akanamugwira ku France, kumene anthu anawotcha chiboliboli chomwe anachipanga ngati chizindikiro chake. Komabe, anthu anamuzindikira ku Geneva, mzinda womwe uli m’malire ndi dziko la France, ndipo anagwidwa n’kuikidwa m’ndende. Mu mzinda umenewu chilichonse chomwe Calvin wanena anthu sankachitsutsa.

Servetus ali m’ndende, Calvin anamuzunza kwambiri. Komabe, pamene Servetus ankapikisana mawu ndi Calvin pa mlandu wake, anati akhoza kusintha maganizo ake ngati Calvin angamupatse umboni wa m’Malemba. Calvin sanathe kuchita zimenezi. Pamapeto pa mlanduwo, Servetus analamulidwa kuti awotchedwe pamtengo. Olemba mbiri ena amati Servetus anali munthu wotsutsa chipembedzo yekhayo amene chizindikiro chake chinawotchedwa ndi Akatolika ndiponso amene anawotchedwa wamoyo ndi Apolotesitanti.

Anabweretsa Ufulu Wachipembedzo

Ngakhale kuti Calvin anapha mdani wake, ulamuliro umene anali nawo wouza anthu momwe azikhalira unatha. Kupha Servetus popanda zifukwa zomveka kunakwiyitsa anthu ambiri a nzeru ku Ulaya konse, ndipo kunapatsa mfundo zabwino anthu olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Anthu amenewa ankanena kuti palibe munthu amene ayenera kuphedwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo chake, ndipo anali ofunitsitsa kuposa kale lonse kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo yobweretsa ufulu wachipembedzo.

Mtaliyana wina wolemba ndakatulo dzina lake Camillo Renato, pa nkhani imeneyi anati: “Mulungu, ngakhalenso mzimu wake, sanalimbikitsepo zinthu ngati zimenezi. Kristu sanachitirepo anthu amene ankamutsutsa zinthu zotere.” Ndipo Mfalansa wina wolimbikitsa kuti anthu azikhulupirira zimene akufuna dzina lake Sébastien Chateillon analemba kuti: “Kupha munthu si kuteteza chiphunzitso, n’kupha munthu basi.” Servetus mwiniwakeyo anali atanenapo kuti: “Ndikuona kuti ndi nkhani yaikulu kupha anthu chifukwa choti sakumvetsa molondola mfundo inayake ya m’malemba, pamene tikudziwa kuti ngakhale anthu osankhidwawo akhozanso kukhala atasochera.”

Ponena za momwe kuphedwa kwa Servetus kunakhudzira kwambiri anthu, buku lakuti Michael Servetus—Intellectual Giant, Humanist, and Martyr limati: “Imfa ya Servetus inasintha zikhulupiriro zimene zinali zofala m’zaka za m’ma 300.” Bukulo limapitiriza kuti: “Tikaona m’mbiri, tingaone kuti Servetus anafa kuti ufulu wa chikumbumtima ukhale ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu onse m’dziko lathu lamakonoli.”

Mu 1908 anthu anasema chiboliboli chokumbukira Servetus mu mzinda wa Annemasse ku France, makilomita pafupifupi asanu kuchokera pamalo amene anafera. Mawu a pachosemacho amati: “Michel Servet[us], . . . katswiri wa jogalafe ndiponso dokotala, anathandiza kutukula moyo wa anthu chifukwa cha zinthu zasayansi zimene anatulukira, kudzipereka kwake kwa odwala ndi osauka, ndi kukana kwake kwamtuwagalu kuti anthu alamulire maganizo ndi chikumbumtima chake. . . . Zikhulupiriro zake zinali zosasunthika. Anapereka moyo wake nsembe chifukwa cha choonadi.”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

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Servetus Anagwiritsa Ntchito Dzina la Yehova

Kufunafuna choonadi kwa Servetus kunamuchititsanso kuti azigwiritsa ntchito dzina la Yehova. Patapita miyezi ingapo William Tyndale atagwiritsa ntchito dzina limeneli m’mabuku asanu oyambirira a m’Baibulo amene anamasulira, Servetus anatulutsa buku lakuti On the Errors of the Trinity. M’buku lonseli anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Yehova. Iye anafotozamo kuti: “Dzina linalo, lomwe ndi lopatulika kuposa ena onse, יהוה, . . . tikhoza kulitanthauzira motere, . . . ‘Wochititsa kukhalako,’ ‘amene amachititsa,’ ‘woyambitsa kukhalako.’” Iye anati: “Dzina la Yehova liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Atate yekha basi.”

Mu 1542, Servetus anakonzanso Baibulo lotchuka la Chilatini lomasuliridwa ndi Santes Pagninus (lomwe lasonyezedwa pansipa). M’mawu a m’mphepete ambirimbiri amene analemba, Servetus anasonyezanso malo amene dzina la Mulungu linali kupezeka. Iye analemba dzina la Yehova m’mawu a m’mphepete a malemba ofunika monga Salmo 83:18, pamene olemba Baibulowo anaikapo mawu oti “Ambuye.”

M’buku lake lomaliza lakuti The Restitution of Christianity, Servetus ananena mawu otsatirawa ponena za Yehova, dzina la Mulungu: “N’zoonekeratu . . . kuti panali anthu ambiri amene ankatchula dzina limeneli kalelo.”

[Chithunzi]

Chosema cha nkhope ya Servetus ku Annemasse, ku France

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Chithunzi cha m’zaka za m’ma 1400 cha ubatizo wokakamiza wa Asilamu a ku Spain

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Capilla Real, Granada

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Tsamba loyamba la buku lakuti “On the Errors of the Trinity”

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From the book De Trinitatis Erroribus, by Michael Servetus, 1531

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Servetus anaphunzira za kayendedwe ka magazi m’mapapo

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Anatomie descriptive et physiologique, Paris, 1866-7, L. Guérin, Editor

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Buku la Servetus lakuti “Universal Treatise on Syrups” linabweretsa mfundo zatsopano za kamwedwe ka mankhwala

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

John Calvin anakhala mdani wamkulu wa Servetus

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Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid