Mutu 10

Chimene Chimatichitikira Pamene Tifa

1. Kodi n’chifukwa ninji tonse timafa? (Aroma 5:12)

MONGA ochimwa, olandira kupanda ungwiro kuchokera kwa Adamu, ife tonse timafa.

“Mphotho yake ya uchimo ndi imfa.” (Aroma 6:23)

Koma kodi inu mumafuna’di kufa? Maka-maka ngati muli ndi thanzi labwino-bwino, ndithudi mumafuna kupitirzabe kusangalala ndi moyo.

2. (a) Kodi n’chifukwa ninji tiyenera kufuna kupitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo? (b) Kodi n’chiani chimene chimasonyeza kuti munthu anapangidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo wautali woposa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri kapena makumi asanu ndi atatu? (Genesis 2:9)

² Muli zochuluka m’moyo zimene zingatipangitse kukhala achimwemwe​—mabwenzi abwino, banja la chikondi, masewera olimbitsa thupi opatsa thanzi, kusangalala ndi chilengendwe chotizinga. Ha, ndi chikondwerero chotani nanga chimene chingapezedwe m’kuona ukulu wa mapiri kapena mipata ya madzi, kutuluka kwa dzuwa kapena kulowa kwa dzuwa kosangalatsa, kapena kaonekedwe ka nyanja zazing’ono ndi nkhalango! Eya, mitengo ina m’nkhalango zimene’zo yakhala ndi moyo zaka mazana ambiri, ngakhale zikwi zambiri! Komabe anthufe, amene Mulungu anatilenga kaamba ka chifuno cholemekezeka kopambana koposa mitengo, tiyenera kukhala ndi utali wa moyo wa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri kapena makumi asanu ndi atatu. Kodi Mlengi wathu analinganiza kuti zikhale motero?

3. Kodi ndi chokumana nacho chotani chimene chinachititsa munthu wina kulingalira kuti imfa ndiyo mapeto? (Salmo 104:29)

³ Ife tonse tiyenera kuyang’anizana ndi kuthekera kwa imfa. M’kati mwa Nkhondo ya Pacific (1941-1945), imfa ya adani inakhala yeni-yeni kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri m’dera limene’lo. Pa chisumbu cha Okinawa, m’kati mwa nkhondo yoopsya imene inawirima kumene’ko, akufa anakwana oposa 203,000, kuphatikizapo anthu osakhala asilikali 132,000.

Mmodzi wa Aokinawa opulumuka akulongosola m’mene iye anathawirira ku malo obisalira limodzi ndi mwana wake wamwamuna wa usinkhu wa masiku makumi anai. Amene’wa anali manda m’kati mwa manda akulu a makolo a banja’lo mphepete mwa phiri. Mosemphana ndi mwambo wapamalopo, mwana wake wamwamuna’yo sanafe pofika pa mandapo. M’kati mwa maora ochuluka amene anaonongedwera pamenepo, iye anaona kuti zotsalira za makolo ake sizinaoneke kukhala zosiyana konse ndi dothi lapanja, ndipo analingalira kuti iwo ayenera kukhala atafa kotheratu. Mwamsanga pambuyo pa nkhondo’yo iye anakumana ndi Mboni za Yehova, zimene zinam’sonyeza kuchokera m’Baibulo kuti akufa “amabwerera’di ku nthaka,” popanda china chotsala. Iye anakhala munthu woyamba wa mu Okinawa kulengeza “mbiri yabwino” ya chiyembekezo cheni-cheni kaamba ka awo “ogona mu imfa.”—Genesis 3:19; 1 Atesalonika 4:13.

4. Kodi ndi motani m’mene Baibulo limalongosolera mkhalidwe wa akufa?

⁴ Kodi munthu wa mu Okinawa amene’yu anawerenga’nso chiani m’Baibulo chimene chinatsimikizira lingaliro lake lonena za mkhalidwe wa akufa? Nawa ena a malemba amene iye anawerenga ndi amene akunena mwachindunji za nkhani’yo:

“Pakuti amoyo adziwa kuti tidzafa; koma akufa sadziwa kanthu bi, sadzalandira mphotho; pakuti angoiwalika. Chiri chonse dzanja lako lichipeza kuchichita, uchichite ndi mphamvu yako; pakuti mulibe ntchito ngakhale kulingirira ngakhale kudziwa, ngakhale nzeru, kumanda [Sheol] ulikupitako.” (Mlaliki 9:5, 10)

“Yehova, . . . ndipulumutseni chifukwa cha kukoma mtima kwanu. Pakuti muimfa m’mosakumbukira Inu; m’mandamo [Sheol] adzakuyamikani ndani?” (Salmo 6:4, 5)

“Munthu ndani amene adzakhalabe ndi moyo, osaona imfa? Amene adzapulumutsa moyo wake [Chihebri, ne’phesh] ku mphamvu ya manda [Sheol].” (Salmo 89:48)

“Munthu [wanthaka] . . . abwerera kumka ku nthaka yake; tsiku lomwelo zotsimikiza mtima zake zitayika.”—Salmo 146:3, 4.

5. Kodi n’chiani chimene chiri Sheol ndi Hade, ndipo kodi mkhalidwe wa awo amene amapita kumene’ko ndi wotani? (Salmo 115:17)

⁵ Malemba apamwambapo’wo amaphatikizamo atatu mwa mau oposa makumi asanu ndi limodzi Achihebri Sheol, opezeka m’Baibulo amene kweni-kweni amatanthauza “manda.” Liu lofanana’lo m’Malemba Achigriki, Hades, limene limaonekera nthawi khumi zokha, limatanthauza zofanana’zo. Mau onse’wa nthawi zonse amasonyeza, osati ku manda’wo liri lonse pa lokha, koma ku “manda onse,” kumene mbadwa zochimwa za Adamu zimapita pa imfa. Amene’wa ndi malo a kusakhala’ko, a kusazindikira, kumene akufa ayenera kukhalabe kufikira Mulungu atawaukitsa’ko. Iwo ali akufa kotheratu, koma osati popanda chiyembekezo.

KODI “MOYO” N’CHIANI?

6. (a) Kodi “moyo” n’chiani, malinga ndi kunena kwa chikhulupiriro chofala? (b) Kodi ndi mau Achihebri ndi Achigriki ati amene amatembenuzidwa kukhala “moyo”?

⁶ Komabe, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi “moyo” umene umatuluka m’thupi pa imfa, kukakhala kwina kwake. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti Baibulo limaphunzitsa zimene’zi. Chifukwa chimodzi n’chakuti mau Achihebri ndi Achigriki’wo m’Baibulo (ne’phesh ndi psy-khe’) amatenbenuzidwa kulowa m’zinenero zina ndi mau amene amasonyeza moyo wauzimu pambuyo pa imfa. M’Chichewa, liu limene’lo ndiro “moyo.” Chifukwa cha chimene’cho, kuli kofunika kopambana kuti, tizindikire tanthauzo leni-leni la mau Achihebri ndi Achigriki amene’wa amene akumasuliridwa kukhala “moyo.”

7. (a) Kodi liu Lachihebri’lo limapezeka kangati m’Baibulo, ndipo kodi tanthauzo lake leni-leni ndi lotani? (b) Kodi pali miyoyo ina yotani kuphatikiza pa miyoyo yaumunthu, ndipo kodi miyoyo imafa? (c) Kodi ndi motani m’mene liu Lachigriki lotanthauza moyo likugwiritsiridwira ntchito ponena za Adamu? (d) Kodi ndi motani m’mene Adamu anakhalira wamoyo, ndipo kodi ndi kachitidwe kosiyana kotani kamene kanachitika pambuyo pake? (Yobu 34:15)

⁷ Liu Lachihebri’lo, neʹphesh, limene limapezeka nthawi 750 m’Baibulo, kweni-kweni limatanthauza “wopuma.” Monga momwe taonera kale, nsomba, mbalame, zinyama ndi anthu zonse zimachedwa “miyoyo [neʹphesh,]” m’Baibulo. Izo ziribe miyoyo. Izo ndizo miyoyo, zolengedwa zopuma. Ndipo monga momwe masalmo ogwidwa mau pamwambapo’wo akusonyezera, “moyo” sungapewe manda. Uwo umafa. Kupendedwa kwa kupezeka kwake nthawi 102 m’Malemba Achigriki kwa liu lolingana nalo psy’khe’ mofananamo limasonyeza kuti munthu ndiye moyo.

“Munthu woyamba’yo Adamu anakhala wamoyo [psy·kheʹ].” (1 Akorinto 15:45, NW)

Mulungu anapanga “moyo” umene’wu mwa kuuzira mpweya wa moyo m’mphuno mwa munthu’yo amene iye anam’panga kuchokera ku pfumbi lapansi. Motero munthu anakhala “wopuma,” kapena wamoyo. Pamene Adamu anapanduka, Mulungu anapereka chiweruzo cha imfa pa iye, kuti:

“Udzabwerera ku nthaka, pakuti unatengedwa kumene’ko. Pakuti ndiwe pfumbi ndi kufumbiko udzabwerera.” (Genesis 3:19, NW)

Pamene chiweruzo chimene’cho chinakwaniritsidwa, Adamu analeka kukhala “wopuma,” kapena moyo, ndipo anabwerera ku kukhala pfumbi lopanda moyo kumene iye anatengedwako. Kunali kusinthidwa kwa kachitidwe ka kulenga. Palibe mbali yake imene inapitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo. Iye analowa kotheratu m’kusakhala’ko.

8. (a) Kodi ndi motani m’mene ophunzira Chihebri amafotokozera ne’phesh? (b) Kodi ndi motani m’mene mabukhu olongosola matanthauzo a mau Achigriki ndi Chingelezi amafotokozera psykhe’? (c) Kodi ndi mau otani a Yesu amene amatsimikizira kuti moyo suli wosakhoza kufa? (Mateyu 26:38)

⁸ “Moyo” ndiwo munthu wathupi ndi wamoyo weni-weni’yo, osati kokha mbali yake yauzimu. Olemba za nkhani’yo ambiri amapereka lingaliro limene’li. Mwa chitsanzo, mmodzi wa ophunzira Chihebri wa Amereka wopambana, Dr. H. M. Orlinsky, ponena za liu’lo “moyo” anati:

“Baibulo silimanena kuti tiri ndi moyo. ‘Nefesh’ ndiye munthu mwini’yo, kufunikira kwake chakudya, mwazi weni-weni’wo m’mitsempha yake, kukhalapo kwake.”

Ponena za liu Lachigriki’lo psy-khe’, mabukhu olongosola matanthauzo a mau Achigriki ndi Chingelezi amapereka malongosoledwe otero’wo onga ngati “moyo,” “mphamvu ya moyo” (life) ndi munthu weni-weni wozindikira’yo kapena munthu monga phata la malingaliro, chikhumbo, ndi kukonda,” “chamoyo,” ndipo amasonyeza kuti ngakhale mabukhu ena osakhala a Baibulo Achigriki liu’lo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa “zinyama.”a Chakuti “chamoyo” sichiri chosakhoza kufa chikusonyezedwa ndi mwambi wa Yesu pa Mateyu 10:28 wakuti Mulungu ali “wokhoza kuononga moyo [psy·kheʹ] ndi thupi lomwe m’gehena.”

9. (a) Kodi “Gehena” n’chiani? (b) Kodi ali yense amakhala wodziwa kumene’ko? (Mateyu 18:9)

⁹ Komabe, kodi n’chiani chimene chiri “Gehena” amene’yu? Popeza kuti akutembenuzidwa kukhala “helo” m’zinerero zambiri, kodi sindiwo malo a chizunzo chozindikira pambuyo pa imfa? Ai. “Gehena” wakale, kunja kwa malinga a Yerusalemu, anali chigwa chogwiritsiridwa ntchito monga dzala lotayira zinyalala, kumene mitembo ya apandu ophedwa inali kuponyedwa’ko kawiri-kawiri kuti ionongedwe pakati pa zinyalala zomapsya’zo. Motero “Gehena” akugwiritsiridwa ntchito nthawi khumi ndi ziwiri m’Malemba Achigriki monga chizindikiro cha chionongeko chosatha cha miyoyo yoipa kwambiri. Amatanthauza kufafanizidwa, osati chizunzo chamuyaya. Awo oonongedwa m’Gehena sanali kuzunzidwa konse monga momwe simabvutikira mitembo imene imaochedwa m’malo oochera mitembo amakono.

KUPITIRIZEDWABE KWA BODZA

10. Kodi n’chiani chimene chimapulumuka pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu? (Yesaya 53:12)

¹⁰ Ai, palibe kanthu kali konse kamene kamakhalabe ndi moyo pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu. Nanga, n’kuti, kumene chiphunzitso chimene’chi chakuti munthu ali ndi moyo wosakhoza kufa chinayambira?

11. (a) Kodi ndi motani m’mene Nimrode ananyozera Yehova? (b) Kodi ndi motani m’mene Babulo anakhalira “mai” wa chipembedzo choyenga pa dziko lonse lapansi? (Chibvumbulutso 17:5)

¹¹ Pambuyo pa chigumula cha m’nthawi ya Nowa, mdzukulu wake Nimrode anakhala wankhalwe, “motsutsa Yehova,” munthu amene anasaka anthu ndi zinyama. Iye analinganiza anthu ndipo anawachititsa kum’mangira mizinda, kuphatikizapo Babele, kapena Babulo, amene anakhala “mai” wa chipembedzo chonyenga. Kumene’ko Nimrode anayamba kumanga nsanja monyoza Mulungu. Chotero Yehova anasokoneza chinenero cha anthu’wo, ndipo anawabalalitsa, mogwirizana ndi magulu ao a chinenero, “pa dziko lonse lapansi.” (Genesis 10:8-10; 11:5-9) Pamene iwo anapita anatenga chipembedzo Chachibabulo kumka nacho, akumakhazikitsa “mwana wamkazi” wachipembedzo pa dziko lonse lapansi.

12. (a) Kodi ndi chiphunzitso chotani chimene nthawi zonse chakhala chachikulu m’chipembedzo Chachibabulo? (b) Koma kodi Baibulo limaphunzitsanji?

¹² Encyclopaedia Britannica (1910 ed. Vol. 3, p. 115) ponena za chiphunzitso chachipembedzo cha Babulo wakale cha mkhalidwe wa akufa imati:

“Panali lingaliro lofala lonena za phanga lalikulu la mdima pansi pa nthaka . . . mu limene akufa onse anasonkhanitsidwa ndi kumene iwo anakhala ndi moyo wobvutika wa kusagwira ntchito m’kati mwa mdima ndi pfumbi.”

Motero, pa dziko lonse lapansi “mwana wamkazi” wachipembedzo wa Babulo wapitirizabe chiphunzitso chimene’chi chakuti “moyo” uli wosakhoza kufa, ndi kuti umapitirizabe kukhalako pambuyo pa imfa m’dziko la mizimu. Zimene’zi ziri zosiyana kwambiri ndi mau omvekera bwino a Baibulo onena za munthu wochimwa: “Moyo . . . weni-weni’wo udzafa.”—Ezekieli 18:20.

13. Kodi ndi motani m’mene mabukhu ena amatsimikizirira chiphunzitso cha moyo?

¹³ Anthanthi Achigriki, onga ngati Plato, nawo’nso anaphunzitsa kuti moyo uli wosakhoza kufa. Ponena za zimene’zi, nyuzipepa Yachifrenchi Le Monde ya pa November 8, 1972 ikugwira mau mkonzi Wachifrenchi Roger Garaudy kukhala akunena kuti nthanthi Yachigriki “inasocheretsa Akristu kwa zaka mazana ambiri.” Timawerenga’nso kuti:

“Kukhala ziwiri kwa moyo ndi thupi ndi nthanthi yotulukapo ya kusafa kwa moyo . . . ndizo nthanthi za Plato zimene ziri zosagwirizana ndi Chikristu kapena Baibulo.”

Ngakhale New Catholic Encyclopedia (Vol. 13, p. 449) imabvomereza, pansi pa mutu’wo “Moyo (m’Baibulo)”:

“Palibe kugawidwa pawiri [kugawika] kwa thupi ndi moyo mu [Malemba Achihebri] . . . Liu lakuti nepes, ngakhale kuli kwakuti limatembenuzidwa ndi liu lathu lakuti moyo, silimatanthauza konse moyo monga wosiyana ndi thupi.”

14. Kodi n’chiani chimene chimatsimikizira kuti Chikristu cha Dziko chakhala chikuphunzitsa bodza lalikulu? (1 Timoteo 4:1, 2)

¹⁴ Zipembedzo za Chikristu cha Dziko ndi za maiko ena chifukwa cha chimene’cho zakhala zikuphunzitsa bodza m’kunena kuti moyo umapulumuka imfa ya thupi. M’kupezeka konse koposa 850 kapena kupitirira kwa ne’phesh ndi psy’khe’ m’Baibulo, palibe pa chochitika chiri chonse pamene iwo amasinthidwa ndi mau otero’wo monga ngati wosakhoza kufa, wosakhoza kuonongeka, wosakhoza kusakazika, wosafa, kapena ena ofanana nawo.

“Moyo [ne’phesh] wochimwa’wo-ndiwo udzafa.” “Wamoyo [psy-khe’] ali yense wosamvera . . . adzasakazidwa konse.” (Ezekieli 18:4; Machitidwe 3:23)

Moyo (ne’phesh, psy-khe’) sumakhalapobe pambuyo pa imfa.

CHIYEMBEKEZO CHA AKUFA

15. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene potsirizira pake chimachitikira anthu ndi zinyama zomwe? (Salmo 49:12) (b) Kodi n’chiani chimene chiri “mzimu” wochulidwa pa Mlaliki 12:7, ndipo kodi n’chiani chimene chimauchitikira pa imfa?

¹⁵ Nanga, n’chiani chimene chiri chiyembekezo cha anthu akufa? Ngati Mulungu akadapanda kupanga makonzedwe ena, iwo akanakhalabe ali akufa, mongofanana ndi zinyama.

“Pakuti chomwe chigwera ana a anthu chigwera’nso nyama’zo; ngakhale chowagwera n’chimodzi-modzi; monga wina’yo angofa momwemo zina’zo zifa’nso; . . . onse apita ku malo amodzi; onse achokera m’pfumbi ndi onse abwerera’nso kupfumbi.” (Mlaliki 3:19, 20)

Inde, kuli koonekera bwino kwambiri kuti munthu amafa mofanana ndi zinyama. Koma onani zimene wolemba Baibulo wofanana’yo pambuyo pake akunena za “mzimu,” kapena mphamvu ya moyo, umene Mulungu anauika pa anthu:

“Pfumbi ndi kubwerera pansi pomwe linali kale, mzimu ndi kubwerera kwa Mulungu amene anaupereka.” (Mlaliki 12:7)

Chotero, Mulungu amabwezeretsa mphamvu ya moyo ya munthu’yo.

16. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene chimasonyeza kuti Mulungu angathe mosabvuta kulenga’nso munthu? (Yobu 14:13) (b) Kodi ndi motani m’mene Mulungu amabwezeretsera “mzimu”?

¹⁶ Bwanji ngati Mulungu woona alingalira kubwezeretsa “mzimu” wa moyo wa munthu amene’yo? Ndi chikumbukiro Chake changwiro, Mulungu angathe kukumbukira kweni-kweni chimene munthu anali. Ziri zofanana ndi zimene anthu amachita lero lino pamene iwo amagwiritsira ntchito matepi okhala ndi mphamvu ya magineti kukopa mau ndi machitidwe a anthu ndi kuwatulutsa’nso amene’wa ndi rediyo kapena pa zithunzi za wailesi ya kanema nthawi yaitali pambuyo pa imfa ya anthu amene’wa. Ndithudi sikukakhala kobvuta kwa Mulungu, Mlengi, limodzi ndi chikumbukiro Chake chopanda malekezero, kupanga’nso munthu kuchokera ku pfumbi la pa dziko lapansi, kuika mwa iye mbali iri yonse ya umunthu wake wakale ndi maganizo akale, ndi kubwezeretsa mzimu wake, kapena mphamvu ya moyo, kotero kuti iye akhale’nso ndi moyo. Kwa Mulungu zimene’zi sizidzakhala zobvuta kwambiri koposa kulenga mwamuna woyamba. Ndipo Baibulo limatitsimikizira kuti Muluungu “aukitsa akufa, nawapatsa moyo.”— Yohane 5:21.

17. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene Mulungu ‘amadzutsa’? (b) Chotero, kodi ndi chitsimikiziro champhamvu chotani chimene tingakhale nacho? (Marko 12:26, 27)

¹⁷ Kodi n’chiani chimene Mulungu ‘amaukitsa’? M’zochitika zambiri, palibe chiri chonse chimene chimatsala cha thupi la munthu wakufa’yo. Mtembo’wo mwina mwake ungakhale utaochedwa’di kapena mwina mwake kudyedwa ndi zinyama. Komabe, m’chiukiriro, Mulungu adzalenga thupi latsopano kotheratu kuchokera ku zinthu za m’nthaka, akumaikamo zodziwikitsa munthu za moyo wakale wa munthu’yo, ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu ya moyo kupangitsa chamoyo chimene’cho kukhala’nso moyo. Ngati tikhalabe m’chikondi cha Mlengi wathu, tingathe kukhala ndi chitsimikiziro champhamvu chakuti, ngakhale titafa, Mulungu adzatipatsa’nso moyo m’chiukiriro. Zimene’zi iye adzazichitira anthu atatha kuyeretsa dziko lapansi’li, akumalipangitsa kukhala malo oyenerera kukhalamo kosatha.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi patsamba 85]

Mulungu alinganiza chiyembekezo chachimwemwe kwambiri kaamba ka anthu

[Chithunzi patsamba 86]

M’kati mwa Nkhondo ya Pacific, nzika za ku Okinawa zinapulumuka mwa kukhalira pamodzi ndi akufa m’manda

[Chithunzi patsamba 89]

Thupi + Mphamvu ya Moyo = Wamoyo

[Chithunzi patsamba 91]

Gehena, kunja kwa Yerusalemu, kumene mitembo ya apandu ophedwa inaochedwa