Dzina la Mulungu—Tanthauzo ndi Matchulidwe Ake

MMODZI wa olemba Baibulo anafunsa kuti: “Ndani wakundika nafumbata mphepo? Ndani wamanga madzi m’malaya ake? Ndani wakhazikitsa matsiriziro onse adziko? Dzina lake ndani? Dzina la mwanake ndani? Kapena udziwa.” (Miyambo 30:4) Kodi tingadziwe motani limene liri dzina la Mulungu? Limenelo ndifunso lofunika. Chilengedwe ndiumboni wamphamvu wakuti Mulungu ayenera kukhalako, koma sichimatiuza dzina lake. (Aroma 1:20) Kunena zowona, sitikanadziwa dzina la Mulungu kusiyapo Mlengi mwiniyo atatiuza. Ndipo iye watero m’Bukhu lake, Baibulo Lopatulika.

Pachochitika china chapadera, Mulungu anatchula dzina lake, akumalibwereza Moseyo akumva. Mose analemba cholembedwa cha chochitika chimenecho chimene chasungidwa m’Baibulo kufikira m’nthawi yathu. (Eksodo 34:5) Mulungu analembadi dzina lake ndi “chala” chake chenicheni. Pamene adapatsa Mose chimene ife lerolino tikutcha Malamulo Khumi, Mulungu anawalemba mozizwitsa. Cholembedwacho chimati: “Ndipo atatha [Mulungu] kulankhula ndi Mose, paphiri la Sinai, anampatsa magome awiri amboni, magome amiyala, olembedwa ndi chala cha Mulungu.” (Eksodo 31:18) Dzina la Mulungu limawonekera kasanu ndi katatu m’Malamulo Khumi oyambirira. (Eksodo 20:1-17) Motero Mulungu mwiniyo wavumbula dzina lake kwa munthu ponse pawiri mwa pakamwa ndi molemba. Chotero, kodi dzina limenelo ndani?

M’chinenero Chachihebri limalembedwa motere יהוה. Zilembo zinai zimenezi, zotchedwa Tetragrammaton, zimawerengedwa kuchokera kulamanja m’Chihebri ndipo zingasonyezedwe m’zinenero zambiri zamakono kukhala YHWH kapena JHVH. Dzina la Mulungu, losonyezedwa ndi makonsonanti anai amenewa, limapezeka pafupifupi nthawi 7,000 mu “Chipangano Chakale” choyambirira, kapena Malemba Achihebri.

Dzinalo nlochokera mumneni Wachihebri ha·wahʹ (הוה), wotanthauza “kukhala,” ndipo kwenikweni amatanthauza “Iye Amachititsa kukhala.”a Motero, dzina la Mulungu limamdziwikitsa kukhala Iye amene amakwaniritsa malonjezo ake mopita patsogolo ndipo amapeza zifuno zake mosalephera. Mulungu yekha wowona akatha kukhala ndi dzina la tanthauzo loterolo.

Kodi mukukumbukira njira zosiyanasiyana zimene dzina la Mulungu linawonekerera mu Salmo 83:18, monga momwe kwafotokozedwera m’chigawo chapitacho (tsamba 5)? Awiri a matembenuzidwe amenewo anali kokha ndi maina aulemu (“AMBUYE,” ndi “Wamuyaya”) mongaolowa m’malo mwa dzina la Mulungu. Koma mwa awiri a iwo, Yahweh ndi Yehova, mungawone zilembo zinai za dzina la Mulungu. Komabe, kutchulidwako nkosiyana. Kodi nchifukwa ninji?

Kodi Dzina la Mulungu Limatchulidwa Motani?

Zowona ndizo, palibe aliyense amene akudziwa motsimikizirika mmene dzina la Mulungu linali nkutchulidwira poyamba. Kulekeranji? Eya, chinenero choyamba chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’kulemba Baibulo chinali chihebri. Ndiyeno pamene chinenero Chachihebri chinalembedwa, olembawo analemba makonsonanti okha—osati mavaulo. Chifukwa cha chimenecho, pamene olemba ouziridwawo analemba dzina la Mulungu, iwo mwachibadwa anachita chinthu chimodzimodzicho nalemba makonsonanti okha.

Pamene kuli kwakuti Chihebri chakale chinali chinenero cholankhulidwa tsiku lirilonse, kumeneko sikunapereke vuto lirilonse. Kutchulidwa kwa Dzinalo kunali kodziwika kwa Aisrayeli ndipo pamene iwo analiwona litalembedwa iwo anapereka mavaulo popanda kuganizira (monga momwedi, kwa wowenga wa Chingelezi, chidulecho “Ltd.” chimaimira “Limited”ndi “bldg.” chimaimira “building”).

Zinthu ziwiri zinachitika kusintha mkhalidwe uwu. Choyamba, lingaliro la kukhulupirira malaulo linabuka pakati pa Ayuda lakuti kunali kolakwa kutchula dzina la Mulungu mofuula; chotero pamene anafika pa iro mawerengedwe awo Abaibulo anatchula mawu Achihebri akuti ’Adho·naiʹ (“Ambuye Mfumu”). Ndiponso, pamene nthawi inapita, chinenero Chachihebri chakale chenichenicho chinaleka kulankhulidwa m’makambitsirano atsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi matchulidwe oyambirira Achihebri a dzina la Mulungu potsirizira pake anaiwalika.

Kutsimikizira kuti matchulidwe onse a chinenero Chachihebri asataike, akatswiri Achiyuda a m’theka lachiwiri la zaka za chikwi choyamba C.E. anatulukira dongosolo la mfundo zoimira mavaulo osoweka, ndipo anaika amenewa mozungulira makonsonanti m’Baibulo Lachihebri. Chotero, ponse pawiri mavaulo ndi makonsonanti analembedwa, ndipo matchulidwe monga momwe analiri panthawiyo anasungidwa.

Pamene kunafika ku dzina la Mulungu, mmalo mwa kuika zizindikiro za vaulo loyenerera molizungulira. m’zochitika zambiri anaika zizindikiro za mavaulo ena kukumbutsa wowerengayo kuti ayenera kunena kuti ’Adho·naiʹ. Kuchokera pa mfundo iyi panadza supelo lakuti Iehouah, ndipo, potsirizira pake, Yehova linafikira kukhala matchulidwe ovomerezeka a dzina la Mulungu m’Chichewa. mfundoyi ikusungabe malembo ofunika a dzina la Mulungu ochokera m’Chihebri choyamba.

Kodi Ndimatchulidwe Ati Amene mudzagwiritsira Ntchito?

Komabe, kodi nkuti, kumene matchulidwe akuti Yahweh anachokerako? Imeneyi ndimipangidwe imene yaperekedwa ndi akatswiri amakono oyesayesa kutulukira matchulidwe oyambirira a dzina la Mulungu. Ena—ngakhale kuti sionse—amalingalira kuti Aisrayeli mwinamwake anatchula dzina la Mulungu kuti Yahweh Yesu asanadze. Koma palibe amene angakhale wotsimikizira. Mwinamwake analitchula mwanjira imeneyo, mwinamwake sanatero.

Komabe, ochuluka amakonda matchulidweakuti Yehova. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti nlovomerezeka ndi lozolowereka pamene sikuli choncho ndi Yahweh. Komabe, kodi sikukanakhala bwinopo, kugwiritsira ntchito mpangidwe umene ungakhale chapafupiko ndi matchulidwe oyambirira? Osati kwenikweni, pakuti chimenecho sindicho chizolowezi ndi maina Abaibulo.

Kutenga chitsanzo chotchuka koposa, lingalirani dzina la Yesu. Kodi inu mumadziwa mmene banja la Yesu ndi mabwenzi anamtchulira m’makambitsirano atsiku ndi tsiku pamene anali kusinkhuka m’Nazarete? Chowonadi nchakuti, palibe munthu amene amadziwa motsimikiza, ngakhale kuli kwakuti lingakhale longa lakuti Yeshua (kapena mwinamwake Yehoshua). Iro ndithudi silinali Yesu.

Komabe, pamene mbiri ya moyo wake inali kulembedwa m’chinenero Chachigiriki, olemba ouziridwawo sanayese kusunga matchulidwe amenewo a Chihebri choyamba. M’malo mwake, iwo anatembenuza dzinalo m’Chigiriki, I·e·sousʹ. Lerolino, latembenuzidwa mosiyana mogwirizana ndi chinenero cha wowerenga Baibulo. Owerenga Baibulo Lachispanya amapeza Jesùs (akumatchulidwa Hes·soosʹ). A ku Italiya analilemba kuti Gesù (limatchulidwakuti Djay·zooʹ). Ndipo Ajeremani amalilemba kuti Jesus (lotchulidwa kuti Yayʹsoos).

Kodi tiyenera kuleka kugwiritsira ntchiti dzina la Yesu chifukwa chakuti unyinji wa ife, kapena ngakhale ife tonse, sitimadziwadi matchulidwe ake oyambirira? Kufikira lerolino, palibe wotembenuza amene wapereka lingaliro limeneli. Timakonda kugwiritsira ntchito dzinalo, popeza kuti limadziwikitsa Mwana wokondedwa wa Mulungu, Yesu Kristu, amene anapereka mwazi wake wa moyo kaamba ka ife. Kodi kukanakhala kusonyeza ulemu kwa Yesu kusatchula konse dzina lake m’Baibulo ndi kulowetsa dzina lokha laulemu monga lakuti “Mphunzitsi” kapena “Mtetezi” mmalo mwake? Ndithudi ayi! Tingakhoze kusonya kwa Yesu pamene tigwiritsira ntchito dzina lake mwanjira imene likutchulidwira mofala m’chinenero chathu.

Ndemanga zofananazo zinganenedwe ponena za maina onse amene timawerenga m’Baibulo. Timawatchula m’chinenero chathu ndipo sitimayesa kutsanzira matchulidwe oyambirira. Chotero timati “Yeremiya,” osati Yir·meyaʹhu. Mofananamo timati Yesaya, ngakhale kuti m’tsiku lake mneneriyo anali kudziwika monga Yeshaʽ·yaʹhu. Ngakhale akatswiri amene akuzindikira za matchulidwe oyambirira a mainawa amagwiritsira ntchito matchulidwe amakono, osati akale, polankhula za iwo.

Ndipo zofananazo nzowona ndi dzina la Yehova. Ngakhale kuti matchulidwe amakono akuti Yehova sangakhale njira yeniyeniyo imene linatchulidwira pachiyambi, kutero mwanjira iriyonse sikumaluluza kufunika kwa dzinalo. Limadziwikitsa Mlengi, Mulungu wamoyo, Wammwambamwamba kwa amene Yesu anati: “Atate wathu wakumwamba, dzina lanu liyeretsedwe.”—Mateyu 6:9.

‘Silingakhoze Kuchotsedwa’

Pamene kuli kwakuti otembenuza ochuluka amakonda matchulidwe akuti Yahweh, New World Translation ndiponso ziwerengero zingapo za matembenuzidwe ena zimapitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito mpangidwe wakuti Yehova chifukwacha kuzolowerana nalo kwa anthu kwazaka mazana ambiri. Ndiponso, mofananamo liri ndi mipangidwe ina, zilembo zinai za Tetragrammaton,YHWH kapena JHVH.b

Kalelo, profesala Wachijeremani Gustav Friedrich Oehler anapanga chosankha chofanana kwakukulukulu kaamba ka chifukwa chimodzimodzicho. Iye anapenda matchulidwe osiyanasiyana ndipo anagamula kuti: “Kuyambira pamfundo ino kumkabe mtsogolo ndikugwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti Yehova, chifukwa chakuti, m’chenicheni, dzinali tsopano lafikira kukhala lozolowereka kuposerapo mu mpambo wathu wa mawu, ndipo silingathe kulowedwa m’malo.”—Theologie des Alten Testaments (Theology of the Old Testament), chotuluka chachiwiri, chofalitsidwa mu 1882, tsamba 143.

Mofananamo mu Grammaire de l’hébreu biblique (Giramala la Chihebri cha Baibulo) chotukuka cha 1932, m’mawu amtsinde patsamba 49, katswiri Wachijesuit Paul Joüon akuti: “M’matembenuzidwe athu, tagwiritsira ntchito mpangidwe wakuti Jehovah, m’malo mwa mpangidwe wakuti Yahweh (wosatsimikizirika) . . . limene liri mpangidwe wozolowereka m’mabukhu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’Chifrenchi.” M’zinenero zina zambiri otembenuza Baibulo agwiritsira ntchito mpangidwe wofananawo, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera m’bokosi patsamba 8.

Pamenepa, kodi nkulakwa kugwiritsira ntchito mpangidwe wonga wakuti Yahweh? kutalitali. Kuli kokha kuti matchulidwe akuti Yehova mwachiwonekere adzadziwika mofulumirirapo kwa wowerenga chifukwa chakuti ndimatchulidwe “ozolowereka” m’zinenero zochulukitsitsa. Chinthu chofunika nchakuti tigwiritsire ntchito dzina ndi kulilengeza kwa ena. “Muyamikire Yehova, bukitsani dzina lake. Mulalikire machitidwe ake mwa mitundu ya anthu, munene kuti dzina lake lakwezedwa.”—Yesaya 12:4.

Tiyeni tiwone mmene atumiki a Mulungu achitira mogwirizana ndi lamulo limenelo m’zaka mazana ambiri zapita.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Ophunzira Osiyanasiyana ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana ponena za mmene dzina lakuti YHWH linatchulidwira poyamba.

Mu The Mysterious Name of Y.H.W.H., tsamba 74, Dr. M. Reisel ananena kuti “poyambirira matchulidwe a Tetragrammaton ayenera kukhala anali Y^eHūàH kapena YaHūàH.”

Canon D. D. Williams wa ku Cambridge ananena kuti “umboni ukusonyeza kuti, kapena pafupifupi kutsimikizira, kuti Jāhwéh sikanali katchulidwe kowona ka Tetragrammaton . . . Mwinamwake dzinalo linali JĀHÔH.”—Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (Magazini a Chidziwitso cha Chipangano Chakale), 1936, Voliyamu 54, tsamba 269.

M’bukhu lotanthauzira mawu Lachifrenchi, lotchedwa Revised Segond Version, tsamba 9, ndemanga yotsatirayi yanenedwa: “Matchulidwe akuti Yahvé ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’matembenuzidwe ena amakono azikidwa pa mboni zakale zochepazo, koma sali otsimikizirika. Ngati wina apenda maina aumwini amene amaphatikizapo dzina la Mulungu, monga dzina Lachihebri la mneneri Eliya (Eliyahou) matchulidwewo angangokhala Yaho kapena Yahou.”

Mu 1749 katswiri wa Baibulo Wachijeremani Teller anasimba za matchulidwe ena osiyanasiyana a dzina la Mulungu amene anali atawerenga: “Diodorus wa ku Sicily, Macrobius, Clemens Alexandrinus, Saint Jerome ndi Origenes analemba kuti Jao; Asamariya, Epiphanius, Theodoretus, Jahe, kapena Jave, Ludwig Cappel imati Javoh; Drusius, Jahve; Hottinger, Jehva; Mercerus, Jehovah; Castellio, Jovah; ndi le Clerc, Jawoh, kapena Javoh.”

Chotero nkwachiwonekere kuti matchulidwe oyambirira a dzina la Mulungu sali odziwika konse. Ndiponso iwo salidi ofunika. Ngati anali otero, pamenepa Mulungu iye mwiniyo akanatsimikizira kuti asungidwe kuti ife tiwagwiritsire ntchito. Chinthu chofunika ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu mogwirizana ndi mmene limatchulidwira movomerezedwa m’chinenero chathu.

[Bokosi patsamba 8]

Mipangidwe ya dzina la Mulungu m’zinenero zosiyanasiyana, ikumasonyeza kuvomerezedwa kwa mitundu yonse kwa mpangidwe wakuti Yehova

Awabakal - Yehóa

Bugotu - Jihova

Chichewa - Yehova

Danish - Jehova

Dutch - Jehovah

Efik - Jehovah

English - Jehovah

Fijian - Jiova

Finnish - Jehova

French - Jéhovah

Futuna - Ihova

German - Jehova

Hungarian - Jehova

Igbo - Jehova

Italian - Geova

Japanese - Ehoba

Maori - Ihowa

Motu - Iehova

Mwala-Malu - Jihova

Narinyei - Jehovah

Nembe - Jihova

Petats - Jihouva

Polish - Jehowa

Portuguese - Jeová

Romanian - Iehova

Shona - Jehovha

Sotho - Jehova

Spanish - Jehová

Swahili - Yehova

Swedish - Jehova

Tahitian - Iehova

Tagalog - Jehova

Tongan - Jihova

Venda - Yehova

Xhosa - uYehova

Yoruba - Jehofah

Zulu - uJehova

[Bokosi patsamba 11]

“Yehova lafikira kukhala lofala monga dzina la Mulungu ngakhale m’nkhani zosakhala Zabaibulo.

Franz Schubert anapanga nyimbo yamawu yamutu wakuti “Wamphamvuyonseyo,” yolembedwa ndi Johann Ladislav Pyrker, mu imene dzina la Yehova limawonekera kawiri. Lagwiritsiridwanso ntchito chakumapeto kwa chisonyezero chotsirizira cha sewero la Verdi lotchedwa “Nabucco.”

Mowonjezera, mang’ombe a wopanga nyimbo wina Wachifrenchi Arthur Honegger otchedwa “Mfumu Davide” akupereka ulemerero ku dzina la Yehova, ndipo wolemba mabukhu wodziwika Wachifrechi Victor Hugo analigwiritsira ntchito nthawi zoposa 30 m’mabukhu ake. Onse awiri iye ndi Lamartine analemba ndakatulo zokhala ndi maina akuti “Yehova.”

M’bukhu lotchedwa Deutsche Taler (Wolemba Nthano Wachijeremani), lofalitsidwa mu 1967 ndi Federal Bank ya Jeremani, liri ndi chithunzi cha imene iri imodzi ya ndalama zachitsulo zakalekale zokhala ndi dzina lakuti “Yehova.” Reichstaler ya 1634 yochokera ku Duchy wa Silesia. Ponena za chithunzi cha kumbuyo kwa ndalamayo, imati: “M’dzina laulemerero la YEHOVA, chotumphuka kuchokera mkati mwa mitambo, ndicho chishyango chonga korona chokhala ndi zida Zachisilesia.”

Mu myuziyamu ya mu Rudolstadt, East Germany, mungawone pa kolala ya chovala chankhondo chimene kalelo chinavalidwa ndi Gustavus II Adolph, mfumu ya m’zaka za zana la-17 ya Sweden, dzina lakuti YEHOVA m’zilemba zazikulu.

Chotero, kwazaka mazana ambiri matchulidwe akuti Yehova akhala njira yovomerezeka pakati pa mitundu yonse yotchulira dzina la Mulungu, ndipo anthu amene amalimva amazindikira mofulumira amene akunenedwa. Monga momwe Profesala Oehler adanenera, “Dzinali tsopano lafikira kukhala lozolowereka koposerapo mumpambo wathu wa mawu, ndipo silingathe kulowedwa m’malo.”—Theologie des Alten Testaments (Theology of the Old Testament).

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Fano la mngelo wokhala ndi dzina la Mulungu, lopezedwa pa manda a Papa Clement XIII mu St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Ndalama zambiri zinapangidwa zokhala ndi dzina la Mulungu. Inoyi, ya mu 1661, nja ku Nuremberg, Germany. Malemba Achilatiniwo akuti: “Pansi pa mthunzi wa mapiko anu”

[Zithunzi patsamba 9]

M’nthawi zakale, dzina la Mulungu mumpangidwe wa Tetragrammaton linapangidwa kukhala mbali ya zokometsera za m’nyumba zachipembedzo zambiri

Fourvière Catholic Basilica, Lyons, Faransa

Bourges Cathedral, Faransa

Tchalitchi mu La Celle Dunoise, Faransa

Tchalitchi mu Digne, kumwera kwa Faransa

Tchalitchi mu São Paulo, Brazil

Strasbourg Cathedral, Faransa

Saint Mark’s Cathedral, Venice, Italiya

[Zithunzi patsamba 10]

Dzina la Yehova monga momwe likuwonekerera m’chipinda cha ansembe kapena avirigo m’Bordesholm, Jeremani

pandalama Yachijeremani ya chaka cha 1635;

pachitseko chatchalitchi mu Fehmarn, Jeremani;

ndi pamwala wapamanda wa 1845 mu Harmannschlag, Lower Austria