Dzina la Mulungu Mkati mwa Nyengo

YEHOVA Mulungu amafuna anthu kudziwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito dzina lake. Izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi chenicheni chakuti Iye anaululira dzina Lake kwa anthu oyambirira enieni awiriwo padziko lapansi. Timadziwa kuti Adamu ndi Hava anali ozolowerana ndi dzina la Mulungu chifukwa chakuti pambuyo poti Hava wabala Kaini, mogwirizana ndi malemba Achihebri, mkaziyo anati: “Ndalandira munthu kwa Yehova.”—Genesis 4:1.

Pambuyo pake timawerenga kuti anthu okhulupirika onga Enoke ndi Nowa “anayenda ndi Mulungu.” (Genesis 5:24; 6:9) Chotero, iwonso ayenera kukhala atadziwa dzina la Mulungu. Dzinalo linapulumuka Chigumula chachikulu ndi mwamuna wokhulupirika Nowa ndi banja lake. Mosasamala kanthu za chipanduka chachikulu chimene chinadza nthawi ina pambuyo pake pa Babele, atumiki owona a Mulungu anapitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito dzina lake. Iro limawonekera nthawi mazana ambiri m’malamulo amene Mulungu anapereka kwa Israyeli. M’bukhu la Deuteronomo lokha, iro limawonekera nthawi 551.

M’masiku a oweruza, mwachiwonekere Aisrayeli sanaleke kugwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu. Iwo analigwiritsira ntchito ngakhale polonjerana. Timawerenga (m’Chihebri choyambirira) za Boazi akulonjera otuta ake kuti: “Yehova akhale nanu.” Iwo anabwezera malonjewo mwakumati: “Yehova akudalitseni.”—Rute 2:4.

M’mbiri yonse ya Aisrayeli kufikira panthawi imene anabwerera ku Yuda pambuyo pa ukapolo wawo m’Babulo, dzina la Yehova linapitirizabe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala. Mfumu Davide, munthu wapamtima pa Mulungu penipenipo, anagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri dzina la Mulungu-limawonekera nthawi mazana ambiri m’salmo limene analemba. (Machitidwe 13:22) Dzina la Mulungu linaphatikizidwa m’maina ambiri a anthu Achiisrayeli. Chotero timawerenga ponena za Adoniya (“Mbuyanga Ndiye Ya”—“Ya” ndilo chidule cha Yehova), Yesaya (“Chipulumutso cha Yehova”), Jonatani (“Yehova Wapereka”), Mika (“Kodi Ndani Wofanana ndi Ya?” ndi Yoswa (“Yehova Ndiye Chipulumutso”).

Kunja kwa Baibulo

Pali umboni wochokera kumagwero a kunja kwa Baibulo wa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri kwa dzina la Mulungu m’nthawi zakale. Mu 1961 phanga loikako anthu lakale linapezedwa pa mtunda waufupi kumwera cha kumadzulo kwa Yerusalemu, mogwirizana ndi lipoti la mu Israel Exploration Journal (Voliyamu 13, No. 2). Pamakoma ake panali zilembo Zachihebri zimene zimawonekera kubwerera m’mbuyo ku chaka chatheka lachiwiri lazaka zazana lachisanu ndi chitatu B.C.E. Zolembedwazo ziri ndi mawu akuti “Yehova ndiye Mulungu wa dziko lonse lapansi.”

Mu 1966 lipoti lofalitsidwa mu Israel Exploration Journal (Voliyamu 16, No. 1) lokhala ndi zidutswa za mapale zolembedwa zilembo Zachihebri zimene zinapezedwa mu Arad, kumwera kwa Israyeli. Zimenezi zinalembedwa m’theka lachiwiri la zaka zazana lachisanu ndi chiwiri B.C.E. Imodzi ya zimenezi inali kalata yaumwini kwa munthu wotchedwa Eliashib. Kalatayo imayamba kuti: “Kwa mbuyanga Eliashib: Yehova akufunireni mtendere.” Ndipo imawonjezera kuti: “Iye amakhala m’nyumba ya Yehova.”

Mu 1975 ndi 1976, ofukula mabwinja ogwira ntchito m’Negeb anafukula mpambo wa zilembo Zachihebri ndi Zachifoenike pamakoma apulasitala, mtsuko yotengerayaikulu ndi zotengera zamiyala. Zilembozo zikuphatikizapo mawu Achihebri a Mulungu, kudzanso dzina la Mulungu YHWH, m’zilembo Zachihebri. M’Yerusalemu mwenimwenimo, posachedwapa munapezeka muyalo waung’ono wopindidwa wasiliva, mwachiwonekere ukumakhala ndi deti loyambira m’nyengo ya undende wa Kubabulo usanachitike. Ofufuzawo akunena kuti pamene unafunyululidwa, dzina la Yehova m’chihebri linapezedwa kukhala litalembedwapo.—Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 1983, tsamba 18.

Chitsanzo china cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dzina la Mulungu chikupezeka m’zimene zimatchedwa kuti Makalata a ku Lachish. Makalata amenewa, olembedwa pamapale, anapezedwa pakati zaka za 1935 ndi 1938 m’mabwinja a Lachish, mzinda wangaka umene unali wotchuka m’mbiri ya Israyeli. Amawonekera kukhala atalembedwa ndi ofesala wa kumalire a Yudeya kwa bwana wake wotchedwa kuti Yaosh, mwachiwonekere m’nthawi ya nkhondo pakati pa Israyeli ndi Babulo chakumapeto kwazaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri B.C.E.

Pazibenthu zisanu ndi zitatu za malemba owerengedwa bwino, zisanu ndi ziwiri zimayamba uthenga wawo ndi mawu olonjera akuti: “Yehova achititse mbuyanga kuwona nyengoyi ndi thanzi labwino!” Zonse pamodzi, dzina la Mulungu limawonekera nthawi 11 m’makalata asanu ndi awiri, kumasonyeza bwino lomwe kuti dzina la Yehova linagwiritsiridwa ntchito mwachisangalalo tsiku ndi tsiku chakumapeto kwa zaka zazana lachisanu ndi chiwiri B.C.E.

Ngakhale olamulira achikunja anadziwa ndipo anagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu pamene analankhula za Mulungu wa Aisrayeli. Chotero, pa Mwala Wachimoabu, Mfumu Mesha wa Moabu anadzitukumula ndi zipambano zake zankondo motsutsana ndi Israyeli ndipo, pakati pa zinthu zina anati: “Chemosh anandiuza kuti, ‘Pita, katenge Nebo kwa Israyeli!’ Chotero ndinapita usiku ndi kulimbana naye kuyambira mbandakucha kufikira masana, ndinaulanda ndi kuwapha onse. . . ndipo ndinatengamo [ziwiya] za Yehova, ndi kumazipereka kwa Chemosh.”

Posonya ku kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dzina la Mulungu kosakhala kwa m’Baibulo kumeneku, Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament (Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament), m’Voliyamu 3, danga 538, limati: “Chotero umboni wa zikalata zokwanira 19 wa Tetragrammaton mumpangidwe wa jhwh umatsimikizira pamfundoyi kudalirika kwa M[alemba] A[masoretic]; zoonjezereka zingayembekezeredwe, pamwamba pa zonse kuchokera mu Mbiri Yonse ya Arad.”—Lotembenuzidwa kuchokera m’Chijeremani.

Dzina la Mulungu Silinaiwalidwe

Kuzolowerana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu kumeneko kunapitirizabe mpaka m’masiku a Malaki, amene anakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 400 nyengo ya Yesu isanafike. M’bukhu la Baibuilo lokhala ndi dzina lake, Malaki akupereka chichirikizo chachikulu kudzina la Mulungu, akumaligwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse pamodzi zokwanira 48.

Pamene nthawi inalinkupita, Ayuda ochuluka anakhala kutali ndi dziko la Israyeli, ndipo ena sanali okhozanso kuwerenga Baibulo m’chinenero Chachihebri. Chotero, m’zaka zazana lachitatu B.C.E., panayambidwa matembenuzidwe a mbali ya Baibulo imene inalipo panthawiyo (“Chipangano Chakale”) kuika m’Chigiriki, chinenero chatsopano cha m’mitundu yonse. Koma dzina la Mulungu silinanyalanyazidwe. Otembenuza analisunga, akumalilemba mumpangidwe wake Wachihebri. Makope akale a Septuagint Yachigiriki amene asungidwa kufikira lerolino akutsimikizira mfundoyi.

Komabe, kodi nchiyani, chimene chinali mkhalidwewo pamene Yesu anayenda padziko lapansi? Kodi tingadziwe bwanji kuti kaya iye ndi atumwi ake anagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu?

[Chithunzi patsamba 12]

M’kalatayi, yolembedwa paphale m’theka lachiwiri la zaka zazana lachisanu ndi chiwiri B.C.E., dzina la Mulungu limawonekera kawiri.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

(Chithunzi mwa chilolezo cha Dipatimenti ya Israyeli ya Zinthu Zakale ndi Myuziyamu mu Israyeli)

[Zithunzi patsamba 13]

Dzina la Mulungu likupezekanso m’Makalata a ku Lachish ndi pa Mwala Wachimoabu