Zowonjezeredwa

Mwazi: Chosankha cha Yani ndi Chikumbumtima cha Yani?

Zolembedwa ndi J. Lowell Dixon, M.D.

Kusindikizidwanso kololezedwa ndi New York State Journal of Medicine, 1988; 88:463-464, chilolezo cha kulembedwanso ndi Medical Society of the State of New York.

MADOKOTALA ngodzipereka kukugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chawo, maluso, ndi kudziŵa m’kulimbana ndi nthenda ndi imfa. Komabe, bwanji ngati wodwala akana chisamaliro chamankhwala chonenedwa kukhala chabwino? Kwenikweni kumeneku kudzachitika ngati wodwalayo ali Mboni ya Yehova ndipo mankhwalawo ndiwo mwazi wathunthu, maselo ofiira a mwazi, madzi a m’mwazi kapena zinthu zokhala m’mwazi.

Pamene tifika pakugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mwazi, dokotala angalingalire kuti chosankha cha wodwalayo cha chisamaliro cha mankhwala chopanda mwazi chidzamanga manja ogwira ntchito zamankhwala odzipereka. Komabe, munthu sayenera kuiŵala kuti odwala ena osakhala Mboni za Yehova kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha kusatsatira zonena za dokotala wawo. Malinga nkunena kwa Appelbaum ndi Roth,⁠¹ 19% ya odwala pazipatala zophunzitsira anakana pafupifupi chisamaliro cha mankhwala kapena njira imodzi, ngakhale kuli kwakuti 15% ya kukana kotero “inali yoika moyo paupandu kwenikweni.”

Lingaliro lofala lakuti “dokotala amadziŵa bwino kwambiri” limachititsa odwala ambiri kugonjera kuluso ndi chidziŵitso cha dokotala wawo. Koma nkwaupandu mobisika chotani nanga mmene kumeneku kukakhalira kwa dokotala kupitirizabe monga ngati kuti mawu amenewo anali zenizeni zasayansi ndi kusamalira odwala mogwirizana nako. Zowona, maphunziro athu azamankhwala, kupatsidwa chiphaso, ndi chidziŵitso zimatipatsa mwaŵi wapadera m’bwalo la zamankhwala. Komabe, odwala athu, ali ndi zoyenera. Ndipo, monga momwe tiliri ozindikira mwinamwake, lamulo (ngakhale Konsichushoni) imapereka mphamvu yokulirapo ku zoyenera.

Pazipupa za zipatala zambiri, munthu amawona “Chipepala cha Kuyenera kwa Wodwala” chosonyezedwa. Kumodzi kwa kuyenera kumeneku ndiko kuvomereza kodziŵa, kumene molondola kwambiri kungatchedwe chosankha chodziŵa. Wodwala atauzidwa zotulukapo zothekera za mankhwala osiyanasiyana (kapena za kusapatsidwa mankhwala), chiri chosankha chake chimene adzachita. Pa Albert Einstein Hospital mu Bronx, New York, lamulo loloŵetsedwamo lonena za kuthiridwa mwazi ndi Mboni za Yehova linati: “Munthu wachikulire aliyense amene sali wopunduka ali ndi kuyenera kwa kukana mankhwala mosasamala kanthu zakuti kukana kotero kungakhale kwaupandu motani kuthanzi lake.”⁠²

Pamene kuli kwakuti madokotala angasonyeza nkhaŵa ponena za makhalidwe kapena liwongo, mabwalo amilandu agogomezera kupambana kwa chosankha cha wodwala.⁠³ Bwalo Lamilandu la Apilo la New York linati “kuyenera kwa wodwala kwa kusankha njira ya kusamaliridwa kwake [ndiko] kwakukulu . . . [D]okotala sangayesedwe kukhala atanyalanyaza mathayo ake alamulo kapena aukatswiri wantchito pamene alemekeza kuyenera kwa wodwala wachikulire mokwanira kukana chisamaliro chamankhwala.”⁠⁴ Bwalo lamilandu lawonanso kuti “kukhulupirika kumakhalidwe m’ntchito ya zamankhwala, pamenenso kuli kofunika, sikungapambane kuyenera kwapadera kwa munthu kumene kwakhazikitsidwa pano. Ndizo zofunika ndi zikhumbo za munthu, osati zofunikira za chipatala, zimene ziri zazikulu”⁠⁵

Pamene Mboni ikana mwazi, madokotala angavutitsidwe ndi chikumbumtima poyembekezera kuchita zimene zikuwonekera kukhala zochepekera koposa zambiri. Komabe, chimene Mboni imapempha madokotala odera nkhawa kuchita, ndicho kupereka chisamaliro choloŵa mmalo chabwino koposa chothekera pansi pa mikhalidweyo. Ife kaŵirikaŵiri tiyenera kusintha njira yathu kuloleza mikhalidwe yonga, kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mwazi, kusagwirizana kwakukulu ndi kumankhwala opha tizirombo, kapena kusapezeka kwa chiŵaya china chokwera mtengo. Ponena za Mboni yodwala, madokotala akupemphedwa kusamalira vuto la zamankhwala kapena la opaleshoni mogwirizana ndi chosankha ndi chikumbumtima cha wodwala, chosankha chake chabwino cha chipembedzo cha kusala mwazi.

Malipoti osaŵerengeka onena za opaleshoni yaikulu pa Mboni zodwala amasonyeza kuti madokotala ambiri angathe, mwa chikumbumtima chabwino ndi chipambano, kulandira pempho la kusagwiritsira ntchito mwazi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1981, Cooley anapenda maopaleshoni a mtima 1,026, 22% pa ana. Iye anatsimikizira “kuti upandu wa opaleshoniyo mwa odwala a kagulu ka Mboni za Yehova sunakhale waukulu kwambiri koposa mwa ena.⁠⁶ Kambouris⁠⁷ anasimba maopaleshoni aakulu pa Mboni, ena a amene anali “atakanidwa kusamaliridwa kofunikira mwamsanga kwa opaleshoni chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kulandira mwazi.” Iye anati: “Odwala onse analonjezedwa pasadakhale kuti zikhulupiliro za zipembedzo zawo zikachitiridwa ulemu, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe ya m’chipinda cha opaleshoni. Panalibe ziyambukiro zovuta ponena za lamulo limeneli.”

Pamene wodwalayo ali Mboni ya Yehova, kutseri kwa nkhani ya kusankha, kuli nkhani ya chikumbumtima. Munthu sangangoganizira chabe za chikumbumtima cha dokotala. Bwanji ponena za cha wodwalayo? Mboni za Yehova zimalingalira moyo monga mphatso ya Mulungu yoimiridwa ndi mwazi. Izo zimakhulupilira lamulo la Baibulo lakuti Akristu ayenera “kusala mwazi” (Machitidwe 15:28, 29).⁠⁸ Chifukwa cha chimenecho, ngati molamulira dokotala aswa zikhulupiliro zachipembedzo zozikidwa mwamphamvu kale za wodwala zotero, chotulukapo chake chikakhala chomvetsa chisoni. Papa Yohane Paulo II wanena kuti kuumiriza munthu kuti aswe chikumbumtima chake ”ndiko nkhonya yaululu koposa yoperekedwa kwa munthu M’lingaliro lina, nkoipa kwambiri koposa imfa yakuthupi, kapena kupha.”⁠⁹

Pamene kuli kwakuti Mboni za Yehova zimakana mwazi kaamba ka zifukwa zachipembedzo, odwala owonjezerekawonjezereka osakhala Mboni akusankha kupeŵa mwazi chifukwa cha maupandu ake onga AIDS, kutupa chiwindi kosakhala A ndi B, ndi mchitidwe wa kulephera kudzitetezera. Tingawafotokozere malingaliro athu ponena zakuti kaya maupandu oterowo akuwonekera kukhala ochepa poyerekezera ndi mapindu ake. Koma, monga mmene American Medical Association imasonyezera, wodwalayo ndiye “wokhala ndi ulamuliro wotsiriza wakuti kaya adzavomereza chisamaliro chamankhwalacho kapena kuchitidwa opaleshoni zolingaliridwa ndi dokotala kapena kulola kukhala ndi moyo popanda izo. Kumeneko ndiko kuyenera kwa munthu, kumene lamulo limavomereza.”⁠¹⁰

Mogwirizana ndi zimenezi, Macklin⁠¹¹ anatulutsa nkhani ya upandu/phindu ponena za Mboni “zimene zinalola kuchucha mwazi kufikira imfa popanda kuthiririwa mwazi.” Wophunzira udokotala wina anati: “Kugwira ntchito kwa malingaliro ake kunali kwabwino. Kodi mumachitanji pamene zikhulupiliro zachipembedzo ziri zotsutsa magwero amodzi okha a chisamaliro?” Macklin analingalira kuti.” Ife tingakhulupilire mwamphamvu kuti mwamuna ameneyu akulakwa. Koma Mboni za Yehova zimakhulupilira kuti kuthiriridwa mwazi . . . [kunga]chititse kuwonongeka kwamkati. Timaphunzitsidwa kupenda upandu ndi mapindu m’mankhwala koma pamene mupenda kuvulazika kwamkati pamoyo wotsala padziko lapansi, kupendako kumapereka lingaliro losiyana⁠¹¹

Vercillo ndi Duprey⁠¹² m’nkhani imeneyi ya Journal amatchula za In re Osborne kugogomezera chikondwerero m’kutsimikizira chisungiko cha ana, koma kodi nkhaniyo inathetsedwa motani? Inakhudza atate wina wovulazidwa kwambiri wa ana aang’ono aŵiri. Bwalo la milandu linalamula kuti ngati iye atafa, achibale ake akasamalira ana ake mwakuthupi ndi mwauzimu. Chotero, mofanana ndi m’milandu ina yaposachedwapa,⁠¹³ bwalo la milandulo silinapeze chikondwerero cha boma choumiriza kulungamitsa kuponderezedwa kwa chosankha cha chisamaliro cha mankhwala cha wodwalayo; kuloŵera kwa oweruza kupereka lamulo la chisamaliro cha mankhwala chokanidwa kotheratu ndi iye kunali kosaloledwa. ⁠¹⁴ Atapatsidwa chisamaliro cha mankhwala choloŵa m’malo wodwalayo anachira ndi kupitiriza kusamalira banja lake.

Kodi sikowona kuti unyinji waukulu wa matenda umene madokotala alimbana nawo, kapena adzalimbana nawo, ungachitidwe popanda mwazi? Zimene apenda ndi kudziŵa bwino koposa ziri ndi chochita ndi mavuto a zamankhwala, komabe odwala ndiwo anthu amene miyezo yawo ndi zonulirapo sizinganyalanyazidwe. Iwo amadziŵa bwino koposa ponena za zoyambilira zawo, makhalidwe a iwo eni ndi chikumbumtima, zimene zimapereka tanthauzo la moyo kwa iwo.

Kulemekeza zikumbumtima zachipembezo za Mboni zodwala kungatokose maluso athu. Koma pamene tikumana ndi chitokoso chimenechi, timagogomezera maufulu amtengo wapatali amene tonsefe timasamalira. Monga momwe John Stuart Mill molondola analembera kuti: “Palibe chitaganya m’chimene maufulu ameneŵa sali, onse amene, olemekezedwa, omasuka, mulimonse mmene ungakhalire mpangidwe wake wa boma . . . Aliyense ndiye woyang’anira woyenera wa thanzi la iye mwini, kaya mwakuthupi, kapena mwamaganizo ndi mwauzimu. Mtundu wa anthu ndiwo wopindula koposerapo mwa kutumikirana kuti ukhala kwabwino kwa iwo eni, koposa kusonkhezerana kukhala ndi moyo monga mmene kukuwonekera kukhala kwabwino kwa onse.”⁠¹⁵

[MALIFALENSI]

1. Appelbaum PS, Roth LH: Odwala amene amakana chisamaliro cha mankhwala m’zipatala. JAMA 1983; 250:1296-1301.

2. Macklin R: Ntchito zamkati za komiti ya makhalidwe: Kulimbana ndi Mboni za Yehova kwaposachedwapa Hastings Cent Rep 1988; 18(1):15-20.

3. Bouvia v Superior Court, 179 Cal App 3d 1127, 225 Cal Rptr 297 (1986); In re Brown, 478 So 2d 1033 (Miss 1985).

4. In re Storar, 438 NYS 2d 266, 273, 420 NE 2d 64, 71 (NY 1981).

5. Rivers v Katz, 504 NYS 2d 74, 80 n 6, 495 NE 2d 337, 343 n 6 (NY 1986).

6. Dixon JL, Smalley MG: Mboni za Yehova. Chitokoso cha opaleshoni/makhalidwe. JAMA 1981; 246:2471-2472.

7. Kambouris AA: Maopaleshoni a m’mimba aakulu ochitidwa pa Mboni za Yehova. Amosi Surg 1987; 53:350-356.

8. Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Question of Blood. Brooklyn, NY, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1977, tsamba 1-64.

9. Papa atsutsa lamulo lankhanza la Polanda NY Times, January 11, 1982, p A9.

10. Ofesi ya Msonkhano wa Onse: Medicolegal Forms with Legal Analysis. Chicago, American Medical Association, 1973, p 24.

11. Kleiman D: Nthanthi ya chipatala itsutsana ndi zosankha za moyo. NY Times, January 23, 1984, pp B1, B3.

12. Vercillo AP, Duprey SV: Mboni za Yehova ndi zinthu zothirira mwazi. NY State J Med 1988; 88:493-494.

13. Wons v Public Health Trust, 500 So 2d 679 (Fla Dist Ct App) (1987); Randolph v City of New York, 117 AD 2d 44, 501 NYS 2d 837 (1986); Taft v Taft, 383 Mass 331, 446 NE 2d 395 (1983).

14. In re Osborne, 294 A 2d 372 (DC Ct App 1972).

15. Mill JS: Ponena za chimasuko, mu Adler MJ (ed): Great Books of the Western World. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc, 1952, vol 43, tsamba 273.