Buku Limene “Limalankhula” Zinenero Zomwe Zilipo

Ngati chinenero chimene buku linalembedwamo chifa, kwenikweni buku limenelo limafanso. Lerolino ndi anthu oŵerengeka okha amene angaŵerenge zinenero zakale zimene Baibulo linalembedwamo. Komabe, ilo nlamoyo. Lapulumuka chifukwa “laphunzira kulankhula” zinenero zomwe zilipo. Otembenuza omwe “analiphunzitsa” kulankhula zinenero zinazo anakumana ndi zopinga zimene zinaoneka ngati zosagonjetseka.

KUTEMBENUZA Baibulo​—ndi machaputala ake oposa 1,100 ndi mavesi 31,000—​si ntchito yamaseŵera ayi. Komabe, pazaka mazana ambiri, otembenuza ake odzipereka anaichita ntchito yovutayo ndi chidwi chachikulu. Ambiri anali okonzeka kuvutikira ntchito yawoyo ngakhale kuifera. Mbiri ya mmene anatembenuzira Baibulo m’zinenero za anthu ili nkhani yochititsa chidwi yosonyeza kupirira ndi luso. Tiyeni tipende kachigawo kochepa chabe ka mbiri yochititsa chidwi imeneyo.

Zovuta Zomwe Otembenuza Anakumana Nazo

Kodi mungalitembenuze bwanji buku m’chinenero chopanda alufabeti? Ili ndilo vuto limene otembenuza Baibulo ambiri anakumana nalo. Mwachitsanzo, Ulfilas, wa m’zaka za zana lachinayi C.E., anayamba kutembenuza Baibulo m’chinenero chimene panthaŵiyo chinali chamakono koma chosalembedwa​—Chigotiki. Ulfilas anagonjetsa vutolo mwa kupeka alufabeti yachigotiki ya zilembo 27, imene mbali yake yaikulu anatengera ku alufabeti yachigiriki ndi yachilatini. Ntchito yake yotembenuza Baibulo pafupifupi lonse m’Chigotiki inatha chisanakwane chaka cha 381 C.E.

M’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, Agiriki aŵiri paubale wawo, Cyril (amene poyamba ankatchedwa Constantine) ndi Methodius, akatswiri a maphunziro ndi zinenero onse aŵiri, anafuna kutembenuza Baibulo kaamba ka anthu olankhula Chisilavo. Komabe Chisilavano​—kumene kunachokera zinenero zamakono zachisilavo—​chinalibe alufabeti. Choncho aŵiriwo paubale wawo anapeka alufabeti kuti atembenuze Baibulo. Chotero Baibulo tsopano linatha “kulankhula” kwa anthu ambiri, okhala m’maiko achisilavo.

M’zaka za zana la 16, William Tyndale anayamba kutembenuza Baibulo kulichotsa m’zinenero zoyambirira kuliika m’Chingelezi, koma a Tchalitchi ndi a Boma anamtsutsa kwambiri. Tyndale, amene anaphunzira ku Oxford, anafuna kutembenuza Baibulo limene ngakhale “mnyamata wolima ndi pulawo” akanatha kumva.¹ Koma kuti achite zimenezo, anathaŵira ku Germany, kumene anasindikiza Baibulo lake lachingelezi la “Chipangano Chatsopano” m’chaka cha 1526. Pamene makope ake anawaloŵetsa m’England chozembetsa, akuluakulu a boma anakwiya kwambiri moti anayamba kuwatentha poyera. Pambuyo pake Tyndale anampereka. Ali pafupi kumnyonga ndi kutentha mtembo wake, iye ananena mawu awa mofuula: “Ambuye, mutsegule maso a Mfumu ya England!”²

Ntchito yotembenuza Baibulo inapitiriza; otembenuza sanathe kuwaletsa. Podzafika chaka cha 1800, zigawo zina za Baibulo zinali “zitaphunzira kulankhula” zinenero 68. Ndiyeno, mabungwe a Bible Society atapangidwa​—makamaka la British and Foreign Bible Society, limene linapangidwa m’chaka cha 1804—​Baibulo “linaphunzira” mwamsanga zinenero zina zambiri. Anyamata mazanamazana anadzipereka kupita kumaiko akunja monga amishonale, ambiri cholinga chawo chachikulu chinali chokatembenuza Baibulo.

Liphunzira Zinenero za mu Afirika

M’chaka cha 1800, mu Afirika munali zinenero zolembedwa pafupifupi khumi ndi ziŵiri zokha. Zinenero zina mazanamazana zongolankhula zinafunikira kuyembekeza kufikira wina atapeka malembedwe ake. Amishonale anabwera naphunzira zinenerozo, popanda mabuku ophunzitsa chinenero kapena madikishonale. Kenako anachita khama kupeka malembedwe ake, ndipo pambuyo pake anaphunzitsa anthu kuŵerenga maalufabetiwo. Anachita zimenezo kuti tsiku lina anthu akaŵerenge Baibulo m’chinenero chawo.³

Mmishonale wina amene anachita zimenezo ndi Robert Moffat, wa ku Scotland. M’chaka cha 1821, ali ndi zaka 25, Moffat anakhazikitsa mishoni pakati pa anthu olankhula Chitswana kummwera kwa Afirika. Kuti aphunzire chinenero chawo chimene chinali chosalembedwa, anayanjana ndi anthuwo, nthaŵi zina akumapita m’midzi kutali kukakhala nawo komweko. “Anthu akewo anali okoma mtima,” analemba tero pambuyo pake, “ndipo nditaphonya polankhula chinenero chawo, iwo amaseka pwipwiti. Sizinachitikepo kuti munthu nkundiwongolera pa liwu kapena chiganizo, koma choyamba atchule molakwa mmene ndatchuliramo kuti aseketse ena.”⁴ Moffat analimbikira ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anachidziŵa bwino chinenerocho, napanga malembedwe ake.

M’chaka cha 1829, atagwira ntchito pakati pa Atswana zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, Moffat anamaliza kutembenuza Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka. Kuti ausindikize, anayenda ulendo wa makilomita 960 pangolo ya ng’ombe kupita kugombe, kenako anakwera chombo kupita ku Cape Town. Kumeneko bwanamkubwa anamlola kugwiritsira ntchito makina osindikiza a boma, koma Moffat anadziikira yekha zilembo ndi kusindikiza yekha, ndipo pomaliza pake anafalitsa Uthenga Wabwinowo m’chaka cha 1830. Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, Atswana anatha kuŵerenga chigawo cha Baibulo m’chinenero chawo. M’chaka cha 1857, Moffat anamaliza kutembenuza Baibulo lonse m’Chitswana.

Pambuyo pake Moffat anafotokoza mmene Atswana anachitira pamene nthaŵi yoyamba analandira Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka. Iye anati: “Ndaona anthu amene ayenda makilomita mazana ambiri kuti adzapeze makope a Luka Woyera. . . . Ndawaona akulandira makope a Luka Woyera, nawalirira, ndi kuwafumbata mwamphamvu pazifuŵa zawo, ndi kugwetsa misozi yachiyamiko, mpaka ambiri a iwo ndawauza kuti, ‘Muwonongatu mabuku anuwa ndi misozi yanuyo.’”⁵

Motero otembenuza Baibulo odzipereka monga Moffat anatsegulira Aafirika ambiri​—amene ena poyamba ankaganiza kuti sanafunikire chinenero cholembedwa—​mwaŵi woyamba wa kulankhulana mwa kulemba. Komabe, otembenuzawo anakhulupirira kuti anali kupatsa anthu a mu Afirikawo mphatso yamtengo wapatali koposa​—Baibulo m’chinenero chawo. Lerolino Baibulo, lathunthu kapena chigawo chake, “limalankhula” zinenero za mu Afirika zoposa 600.

Liphunzira Zinenero za ku Asia

Pamene kuli kwakuti otembenuza mu Afirika anali kumenyera nkhondo kuti apange malembedwe a zinenero zolankhulidwa chabe, kumadera ena a dziko, otembenuza ena anakumana ndi chopinga chosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene iwo anakumana nazo​—kutembenuza Baibulo m’zinenero zimene zinali kale ndi maalufabeti ocholoŵana kwambiri. Ndilo vuto lomwe anakumana nalo otembenuza Baibulo m’zinenero za ku Asia.

Kumayambiriro a zaka za zana la 19, William Carey ndi Joshua Marshman anapita ku India nakaphunzira zinenero zambiri zolembedwa mpaka kuzidziŵa bwino. Anatembenuza zigawo za Baibulo m’zinenero pafupifupi 40 mothandizana ndi William Ward, wosindikiza.⁶ Ponena za William Carey, wolemba J. Herbert Kane akufotokoza kuti: “Iye anapeka malembedwe abwino ndi oŵerengeka bwino [a chinenero cha Chibengali] monga ngati kuti munthu akungolankhula amene analoŵa malo malembedwe akale a akatswiri, motero akumapangitsa chinenerocho kukhala cholongosoka kwambiri ndi chokopa oŵerenga amakono.”⁷

Adoniram Judson, amene anabadwira ku United States ndi kukulira komweko, anapita ku Burma, ndipo m’chaka cha 1817 anayamba kutembenuza Baibulo m’Chibama. Pofotokoza kuvuta kwa kuphunzira chinenero cha Kummaŵa kufika pochidziŵa bwino moti nkutembenuza Baibulo, analemba kuti: ‘Pamene tiphunzira chinenero chimene anthu akumadera ena a dziko lapansi amalankhula, amene kalingaliridwe kawo kamasiyana kutali ndi kathu, amenenso kalankhulidwe kawo nkachilendo kwambiri, ndipo zilembo zake ndi mawu zosafanana mpang’ono pomwe ndi zinenero zomwe tazimvapo; pamene tilibe dikishonale kapena womasulira ndipo tiyenera kuchidziŵa pang’ono chinenerocho tisanapemphe thandizo kwa mphunzitsi mwini chinenerocho​—imakhalatu ntchito imeneyo!’⁸

Kwa iye Judson, zimenezo zinatanthauza kuchita ntchito yovutayo zaka ngati 18. Chigawo chomaliza cha Baibulo lachibama chinasindikizidwa m’chaka cha 1835. Komabe, kukhala kwake ku Burma kunamtayitsa zambiri. Pamene anali mkati mwa kutembenuza, anamzenga mlandu wozonda dzikolo choncho anatha pafupifupi zaka ziŵiri m’ndende yodzala udzudzu. Sipanapite nthaŵi yaitali atammasula pamene mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi wamng’ono anamwalira ndi malungo.

Pamene Robert Morrison wazaka 25 anafika ku China m’chaka cha 1807, anayamba ntchito yovuta zedi yotembenuza Baibulo m’Chitchaina, chimodzi cha zinenero zolembedwa zocholoŵana koposa. Iye anali kuchidziŵa pang’ono Chitchaina, chimene anali atayamba kuphunzira zaka ziŵiri kumbuyoko. Morrison analimbananso ndi lamulo lachitchaina, limene linafuna kuti China akhale kwayekha. Atchaina analetsedwa kuphunzitsa wakunja chinenero chawo, ndipo ngati anatero anayenera kunyongedwa. Wakunja aliyense amene anatembenuza Baibulo m’Chitchaina anayenera kufa.

Popanda kugonja komanso mochenjera, Morrison anapitiriza kuphunzira chinenerocho, akumachidziŵa mofulumira. Pazaka ziŵiri zokha anapeza ntchito yotembenuza kwa a East India Company. Masana, ankagwira ntchito kukampaniyo, koma mtseri analimbikira kutembenuza Baibulo uku akudziŵa kuti angamgwire. M’chaka cha 1814, patapita zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri kuchokera pamene anafika ku China, anali atakonza kale Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu kuti awasindikize.⁹ Patapita zaka zisanu, anamaliza Malemba Achihebri mothandizana ndi William Milne.

Anachita ntchito yaikulu​—Baibulo tsopano linatha “kulankhula” chinenero cholankhulidwa ndi anthu ambiri kuposa china chilichonse m’dziko. Chifukwa cha otembenuza aluso, panatsatira mabaibulo m’zinenero zina za ku Asia. Lerolino, pali zigawo za Baibulo m’zinenero zoposa 500 za ku Asia.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji amuna ngati Tyndale, Moffat, Judson, ndi Morrison anachita khama zaka zambiri​—ena ngakhale kuika moyo wawo pangozi—​kuti atembenuze buku la anthu omwe sanali kuwadziŵa ndipo, nthaŵi zina, anthu amene chinenero chawo chinali chosalembedwa? Sichinali chifukwa chofuna thamo kapena chuma ayi. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti Baibulo ndi Mawu a Mulungu ndi kuti liyenera “kulankhula” kwa anthu​—anthu onse—​m’zinenero zawo.

Kaya muganiza kuti Baibulo ndi Mawu a Mulungu kapena simuganiza zimenezo, mwina mukuvomereza kuti mzimu wodzimana umene otembenuza odziperekawo anasonyeza sumapezekapezeka m’dziko lamakonoli. Kodi buku limene limasonkhezera mzimu wopanda dyera umenewo siliyenera kulipenda?

[Tchati patsamba 12]

(Onani m’kabuku kenikeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chiŵerengero cha zinenero zimene zigawo za Baibulo zasindikizidwamo kuyambira 1800

68 107 171 269 367 522 729 971 1,199 1,762 2,123

1800 1900 1995

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Tyndale akutembenuza Baibulo

[Chithunzi patsamba 11]

Robert Moffat

[Chithunzi patsamba 12]

Adoniram Judson

[Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Robert Morrison