Masada—Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Inachitika?
“CHIYAMBIRE pamenepo, ine ndi mabwenzi anga olimba mtima, tinatsimikiza mtima kusatumikira Aroma kapena munthu wina aliyense koma Mulungu yekha . . . Bwerani, manja athu adakali omasuka kugwira lupanga . . . Tiyeni tife tisanakhale akapolo pansi pa adani athu, ndipo tiusiire pamodzi moyo uno monga anthu aufulu limodzi ndi ana athu ndi akazi athu!”
Kwasimbidwa kuti kuchonderera kothedwa nzeru kumeneku kunaperekedwa ndi Eleazara, mwana wa Jair (kapena Ben Yaʼir), kwa achilikizi a Masada. Mbiriyo poyamba inalembedwa ndi Josephus katswiri wa mbiri yakale wa m’zaka za zana loyamba m’bukhu lake lakuti The Jewish War. Kodi nchifukwa ninji mtsogoleri Wachiyudayo anafulumiza mabwenzi ake kuchita mbanda ndi kudzipha, mosemphana ndi lamulo la Mulungu? (Eksodo 20:13) Chofunika koposa, kodi ndimotani mmene kudziŵa mikhalidweyo kungakuthandizireni kupulumuka m’dziko lachiwawa la lerolino?
Ambanda a ku Masada
Kupanduka Kwachiyuda kwa mu 66 C.E. kusanachitike, gulu lankhondo Lachiroma linaikidwa pa Masada, pamwamba pa phiri lochinjirizidwa pafupi ndi Nyanja Yakufa. Ngakhale kuti Masada inali pa malo apaokha, Herode Wamkulu anamangitsa nyumba yachifumu ya m’nyengo yachisanu yokongola kwambiri kumeneko. Iye anamangitsako dongosolo lopereka madzi kwakuti akanatha kusamba madzi otentha. Komabe, choipitsitsa nchakuti, pansi pa ulamuliro Wachiroma m’lingalo munasungidwira unyinji waukulu wa zida zobisidwa. Pamene panabuka malingaliro otsutsana ndi kulamulira kwa Aroma mu Palestina, zidazo zinali pangozi yofunkhidwa ndi Ayuda ogalukirawo. Limodzi la maguluwa linali la Sicarii, kutanthauza “ambanda,” otchulidwa m’Baibulo kukhala amene analoŵetsedwa m’kugalukirako.—Machitidwe 21:38.
Mu 66 C.E. ambandawo analanda Masada. Ndi zida zawo zopezedwa chatsopanozo, iwo anagubira ku Yerusalemu mochilikiza kupandukira kulamulira kwa Roma. Kuphedwa kwa asilikali Achiroma kochitidwa ndi Ayuda ogalukirawo ponse paŵiri pa Masada ndi Yerusalemu kunabweretsera nzika zinzawo mkwiyo wa Ufumu wa Roma. Chaka cha 66 C.E. chisanathe, Gulu Lankhondo Lachiroma la Khumi ndi Chiŵiri pansi pa ulamuliro wa Cestius Gallus linagubira mu Yudeya ndi kumanga msasa kunja kwa Yerusalemu. Aromawo anawukira mzindawo m’mbali zonse nafikira pa kupeputsa maziko akumpoto a kachisi. Mwadzidzidzi Gallus anabweza magulu ake ankhondo ndipo anachoka m’Yudeya popanda chifukwa chomvekera. “Ngati iye akanangolimbikira kulalira kwakeko kwa nthaŵi yaitaliko akanaulanda Mzindawo pompaja,” analemba motero Josephus mboni yowona ndi maso.
Koma Aromawo sanagomere pamenepa. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake Tito, kazembe Wachiroma anagubira ku Yerusalemu ndi magulu ankhondo anayi.a Panthaŵiyi mzinda wonsewo unawonongedwa, ndipo Yudeya anakhalanso pansi pa ulamuliro wolimba wa Roma. Kupatulapo Masada.
Pokhala ogamulapo kuchotseratu kuwukira komaliziraku, Aroma anazinga lingalo ndi khoma lamiyala yaikulu ndi misasa yokhala ndi malinga asanu ndi atatu amiyala. Iwo pomalizira pake anaumba chokwerera kunka pamwamba—choyedzamitsa chopangidwa ndi anthu chautali wa mamita 197 ndipo chamsinkhu wa mamita 55! Pamwamba pake anamangapo nsanja ndikuikapo chiwiya chogumulira khoma la Masada. Padangotsala kanthaŵi kakang’ono kuti gulu lankhondo la Roma liloŵe ndi kulanda linga lomalizira limeneli la Yudeya!
Lerolino kundandama kowonekera kwa misasa ya Roma, khoma lozinga lolaliriralo, ndi chokwerera chachikulucho zimatsimikizira mmene kupanduka Kwachiyudako kunathera. Kufukula kwadzawoneni kochitidwa ndi akatswiri ofukula za m’mabwinja kwa Masada kunamalizidwa mu 1965. Pothirira ndemanga pa zopezedwazo, The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1987) ikulongosola kuti: “Kufotokoza kwa katswiri wa mbiri yakale Wachiroma ndi Chiyuda, Josephus, komwe kufikira panthaŵiyo kunali magwero okha atsatanetsatane a mbiri ya Masada, kunapezedwa kukhala kolongosoka kwenikweni.”
Koma pamene Aromawo anali pafupi kugumula makomawo, kodi ambandawo anachita motani mogwirizana ndi nkhani ya kudzipha ya Eleazara, mwana wa Jair? Josephus akusimba motere: “Iwo onse panthaŵi imodzi anapha mabanja awo; . . . kenaka, pambuyo posankha amuna khumi mwakuchita maere kuti akhale akupha otsala onsewo, aliyense anagona pambali pa mkazi wake ndi ana, ndipo, akumawakupatira, naika makosi awo poyera kwa anthu amene akachita ntchito yopwetekayo.b Omalizirawo anawapha iwo onse mosazengereza, kenaka anatsatira dongosolo limodzimodzilo kwa wina ndi mnzake, . . . koma mkazi wina wokalamba, limodzi ndi wina . . . anathaŵa . . . Minkholeyo yonse pamodzi inafika mazana asanu ndi anayi ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi ana.”
Kodi nchifukwa ninji kupanduka Kwachiyudako kunatha mwatsoka chotero? Kodi kunali kogwirizana ndi moyo ndi imfa ya Yesu wa ku Nazarete?
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a Pa Masada, akatswiri ofukula zofotseredwa m’mabwinja anapeza ndalama mazanamazana zokhala ndi malembo ozokotedwa Achihebri okondwerera kupandukako, monga ngati “Za Ufulu wa Ziyoni” ndi “Yerusalemu Woyera.” Dr. Yigael Yadin m’bukhu lake lakuti Masada akulongosola motere: “Masekeli amene tinawapeza onse amasonyeza kupanduka kwa zaka zonsezo, kuyambira chaka choyamba mpaka chaka chosadziŵika kwambiri chachisanu, chaka chomalizira chimene sekeliyo inasulidwa, chimagwirizana ndi chaka cha 70 AD pamene Kachisi wa Yerusalemu anawonongedwa.” Onani ndalama ili pamwambayo.
b Pamalo omwe zinthuzi zinachitikira pafupi ndi chimodzi cha zipata za Masada, zidutswa za mapale 11 zinapezedwa, zokhala ndi dzina losemerera lalifupi Lachihebri lolembedwa pa chirichonse. Akatswiri ambiri akulingalira kuti awa angakhale maere amene alozeredwako ndi Josephus. Paphale lina panazokotedwa kuti “Ben Yaʼir,” kutanthauza kuti “mwana wa Jairus.” “Kutumbidwa kwa maere kochitidwa ndi Yadin, kuphatikizapo ena okhala ndi dzina lakuti Ben Jair pa ilo, kuli chitsimikizo chosakaikirika cha mbiri ya Josephus,” watero Louis Feldman mu Josephus and Modern Scholarship.
[Chithunzi pachikuto]
Masada—Proof That Messiah Had Come?
[Chithunzi patsamba 4]
Ndalama Yachiyuda ya mu 67 C.E., yotchula “Chaka cha 2” cha nkhondo yolimbana ndi Roma
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.