Nkhondo Yomwe Baibulo Lachispanya Linamenya Kuti Likhalepobe

TSIKU lina mu October chaka cha 1559, Akatolika Achispanya okwanira pafupifupi 200,000 anapita muunyinji wawo kumzinda wakumpoto wa Valladolid. Dzoma lakupereka chiweruzo ndilo linawakopa, kumene “anthu aŵiri aliwongo anatenthedwa amoyo, ndi ena khumi ananyongedwa.” Onsewo anali “opanduka.”

Mfumu yachichepere yotchuka Philipi II inayang’anira chochitikacho. Pamene mwamuna wina woweruzidwa anapempha kuchitiridwa chifundo, mfumuyo inakana niiti: “Ngati mwana wanga weniweniyo anali wosamvera monga momwe iwe uliri, ineyo ndikananyamula nkhuni zokamtenthera.” Kodi mwamuna wochita tsokayo analakwanji? Anali kuŵerenga Baibulo basi.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza Lachikatolika linali lowopsa mumzinda wa Seville ku Andalusia. Kumeneko, agulupa panyumba yawo ya San Isidro del Campo, anali atangolandira mwakabisira mtokoma wa Baibulo Lachispanya. Kodi azondi akawaulula? Ena amene anazindikira kuti moyo wawo unali paupandu anathaŵa m’dzikolo. Koma 40 mwa amene anatsala anachita tsoka natenthedwa pamtengo, pamodzi ndi mwamuna yemwe mwachizembera analoŵetsa Mabaibulowo m’dzikomo. Spanya wa m’zaka za zana lachikhumi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi anali malo owopsa kukhalamo kwa oŵerenga Baibulo​—oŵerengeka okha ndiwo anazemba Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza.

Mmodzi wa oŵerengeka othaŵawo anali yemwe kale anali gulupa, Casiodoro de Reina (pafupifupi 1520-94). Anathaŵira ku London, koma ngakhale kumeneko sanapeze chisungiko. Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza linalonjeza mfupo kwa aliyense amene akamgwira, ndipo kazembe wa Spanya wa khoti la Mangalande analinganiza chiwembu chakumpangitsa kubwerera kudera lolamulidwa ndi Spanya mwa njira iriyonse. Posapita nthaŵi, zinenezo zonama zakuti anachita chigololo ndi kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo zinamkakamiza kuchoka ku Mangalande.

Pokhala ndi ndalama zochepa ndi banja lomakulakulabe lofunika kulidyetsa, choyamba anakabisala ku Frankfurt. Pambuyo pake, kufunafuna kwake kutetezeredwa ku chipembedzo kunamfikitsa ku Falansa, Holland, ndipo potsirizira pake ku Switzerland. Komabe, m’nthaŵi yonseyo, anakhalabe wotanganitsidwa. ‘Kusiyapo panthaŵi yomwe ndinali kudwala kapena paulendo, . . . sindinaleke kulemba,’ anafotokoza tero. Anatha zaka zambiri akutembenuza Baibulo m’Chispanya. Kusindikizidwa kwa makope 2,600 a Baibulo la Reina kunayamba potsirizira pake mu 1568 ku Switzerland ndi kumalizidwa mu 1569. Mbali yapadera ya Baibulo la Reina inali kugwiritsira ntchito kwake Iehoua (Jehová) mmalo mwa Señor mmene munali Tetragramatoni, zilembo zinayi Zachihebri za dzina laumwini la Mulungu.

Kupangidwa kwa Baibulo Lachispanya

Modabwitsa, pamene Mabaibulo anali kufalikira kwambiri ku Ulaya chifukwa cha makina osindikizira otumbidwa, mpamenenso anali kuzimiririka ku Spanya. Koma simmene zinaliri kale. Zimenezo zisanachitike, Baibulo ndilo linali lofalitsidwa koposa mabuku onse m’Spanya kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Makope olembedwa pamanja analipo m’Chilatini ndipo, ngakhale m’chinenero cha Gothic kwa zaka mazana angapo. Wolemba mbiri wina anafotokoza kuti m’Nyengo Zapakati, “Baibulo​—pokhala magwero a chisonkhezero ndi ukumu, pokhala muyezo wa chikhulupiriro ndi makhalidwe abwino​—linali lotchuka kwambiri m’Spanya koposa m’Jeremani kapena Mangalande.” Mbiri zosiyanasiyana za Baibulo, Psalters (kapena, Masalmo), zolembedwa, nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino, ndi mabuku ena ofanana anakhala ogulitsidwa koposa panthaŵiyo.

Ojambula ophunzitsidwa anajambulanso mosamalitsa zilembo zapamanja za Baibulo zabwino koposa. Ngakhale kuti kunatengera alembi 20 chaka chonse kutulutsa cholembedwa chimodzi chokha chapamanja chabwino koposa, Mabaibulo ambiri Achilatini ndi mabuku zikwi zambiri othirira ndemanga pa Baibulo Lachilatini anafalitsidwa m’Spanya pofika zaka za zana la 15.

Ndiponso, pamene Chispanya chinayamba kukula, panakhala kufunika kwa kukhala ndi Baibulo m’chinenero chofalacho. Kalelo m’zaka za zana la 12, Baibulo linatembenuzidwa m’Chiromance, kapena Chispanya choyambirira, chinenero cholankhulidwa ndi anthu wamba.

Ntchito Yoyambiranso Koma Yakanthaŵi

Koma ntchito yoyambiranso sinakhalitse. Pamene Awaldense, Alollard, ndi Ahuss anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito Malemba kuchirikiza zikhulupiriro zawo, anatsutsidwa mwamsanga ndi mwachiwawa. Akuluakulu Achikatolika anakaikira omwe anali kuŵerenga Baibulo, ndipo matembenuzidwe atsopano m’zinenero zofala analetsedwa panthaŵi yomweyo.

Bungwe Lachikatolika la ku Toulouse (Falansa), limene linakumana mu 1229, linalengeza kuti: “Tikulamula kuti munthu wamba sayenera kukhala ndi mabuku a Chipangano Chakale kapena Chatsopano otembenuzidwa m’chinenero chofala. Ngati munthu wodzipereka afuna, angakhale ndi bukhu la Masalmo kapena Breviary [bukhu la nyimbo ndi mapemphero] . . . koma sayenera konse kukhala ndi mabukuwo otembenuzidwa m’Chiromance.” Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, James I wa Aragon (mfumu yolamulira chigawo chachikulu) anapatsa onse amene anali ndi Mabaibulo m’chinenero chofala masiku asanu ndi atatu okha akuwapereka kwa bishopu wakwawoko kuti akawatenthe. Aliyense wokana, kaya ndimtsogoleri wachipembedzo kapena munthu wamba, akayesedwa wopanduka.

Mosasamala kanthu ndi ziletsozo​—zimene sizinatengedwe mwamphamvu nthaŵi zonse​—Aspanya ena chakumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati ankadzitama pokhala ndi Baibulo Lachiromance. Zimenezo zinatha mwadzidzidzi pamene Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza Lachispanya linakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfumukazi Isabella ndi Mfumu Ferdinand mu 1478. Mu 1492, mumzinda wa Salamanca mokha, makope a Baibulo olembedwa pamanja amtengo wapatali okwanira 20 anatenthedwa. Zilembo zokha zapamanja zabaibulo Zachiromance zomwe zinapulumuka zinali zija zosungidwa mulaibulale yaumwini ya mfumu kapena nduna zingapo zaboma zamphamvu zosakaikiridwa.

Kwa zaka mazana aŵiri otsatira, Baibulo lokha Lachikatolika lovomerezedwa kufalitsidwa mu Spanya​—kupatulapo Vulgate Yachilatini​—linali Complutensian Polyglott, Baibulo loyamba la zinenero zambiri, lolipiliridwa ndi Kadinala Cisneros. Linali bukhu lachinenero chaukatswiri ndithu, ndipotu losalembedwera anthu wamba. Makope 600 okha ndiwo anapangidwa, ndipo oŵerengeka okha ndiwo anakhoza kulimvetsetsa chifukwa linali Baibulo la zilembo Zachihebri, Chiaramaiki, Chigiriki, ndi Chilatini​—osati Chispanya. Ndiponso, linali lokwera mtengo kwambiri. Linali kugulidwa ndi makobiri agolidi atatu (ofanana ndi malipiro a miyezi isanu ndi umodzi a wogwira ntchito yaulebala.)

Baibulo Lachispanya Likhala Lakabisira

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 16, panakhala Mspanya wotchedwa Francisco de Enzinas wofanana ndi Tyndale. Pokhala mwana wa mwini kadziko wokhupuka Wachispanya, anayamba kutembenuza Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki m’Chispanya adakali mwana wa sukulu wachichepere. Pambuyo pake matembenuzidwe ake anasindikizidwa ku Netherlands, ndipo mu 1544 anayesayesa mwamphamvu kupeza chilolezo cha mfumu chakuwafalitsa m’Spanya. Mfumu ya Spanya, Charles I, anali mu Brussels panthaŵiyo, ndipo Enzinas anagwiritsira ntchito mwaŵiwo kupempha mfumu kuvomereza ntchito yake.

Kukambitsirana kwapaderako kwa amuna aŵiriwo kunali kotere: “Kodi limeneli ndibukhu lanji?” mfumuyo inafunsa motero. Enzinas anayankha naati: “Ndimbali ya Malemba Opatulika yotchedwa Chipangano Chatsopano.” “Kodi analilemba ndani?” anafunsidwanso motero. Kuyankha kwake anati: “Mzimu woyera.”

Mfumuyo inavomereza kufalitsidwa kwake koma pamfundo imodzi​—kuti phungu wake, gulupa Wachispanya, nayenso akaikepo saini yake yachivomerezo. Mwatsoka, chivomerezocho sichinaperekedwe, mmalomwake, Enzinas anaponyedwa m’ndende ndi Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza. Pambuyo pa zaka ziŵiri, iye anathaŵa.

Patapita zaka zingapo, kope lokonzedwanso la matembenuzidwe ameneŵa linasindikizidwa ku Venice, Italiya, ndipo ndilo kope la Malemba limene Julián Hernández analoŵetsa mwachizembera mu Seville, Spanya. Koma anagwidwa, ndipo pambuyo pa zaka ziŵiri za kuzunzidwa m’ndende, ananyongedwa pamodzi ndi anzake ena ophunzira Baibulo.a

Pa Msonkhano wa ku Trent (1545-63), Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinabwerezanso kutsutsa kwake matembenuzidwe a Mabaibulo a zinenero zofala. Chinafalitsa ndandanda ya mabuku oletsedwa, yophatikizapo matembenuzidwe onse a Baibulo omwe anatulutsidwa popanda chilolezo cha tchalitchi. Kwenikweni zimenezo zinatanthauza kuti Mabaibulo onse a zinenero zofala za ku Spanya analetsedwa ndi kuti aliyense wopezedwa nalo akaphedwa.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa matembenuzidwe a Reina, Cipriano de Valera, yemwe kale analinso gulupa wothaŵa mkwiyo wa Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza ku Seville, anawakonzanso. Matembenuzidwewo anasindikizidwa ku Amsterdam mu 1602 C.E., ndipo makope ena analoŵetsedwa mu Spanya. Matembenuzidwe ake oyambirira ndi okonzedwanso a Baibulo la Reina-Valera ndiwo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa Aprotesitanti olankhula Chispanya.

Khomo Litseguka

Potsirizira pake, mu 1782 bwalo la Bungwe Lamilandu ndi Chilango Chankhanza linalamula kuti Baibulo liyenera kufalitsidwa malinga ngati likaphatikizapo ndemanga zonena za mbiri ndi chiphunzitso. Mu 1790 bishopu Wachikatolika wa ku Segovia, Felipe Scio de San Miguel, anagwiritsira ntchito Vulgate Yachilatini kutembenuza Baibulo m’Chispanya. Choipapo nchakuti, linali lokwera mtengo kwambiri​—1,300 reals, mtengo wosatheka panthaŵiyo​—ndipo mawu ake anali osamveka bwino, kotero kuti wolemba mbiri wina Wachispanya analitcha kukhala “losayenera.”

Pambuyo pa zaka zingapo, mfumu ya Spanya Fernando VII analamula bishopu wa Astorga, Félix Torres Amat kupanga matembenuzidwe abwinopo, ozikidwanso pa Vulgate Yachilatini. Matembenuzidwe ameneŵa anatuluka mu 1823 ndipo anafalitsidwa kwakukulu koposa matembenuzidwe a Scio. Komabe, popeza kuti sanazikidwe pa Chihebri ndi Chigiriki choyambirira, anali ndi zophophonya zanthaŵi zonse zomwe matembenuzidwe ozikidwa pa matembenuzidwe ena amakhala nazo.

Mosasamala kanthu ndi kupita patsogoloko, tchalitchi ndi olamulira anali osakhutiritsidwabe kuti Malemba ayenera kuŵerengedwa ndi anthu wamba. Pamene George Borrow, woimira wa British and Foreign Bible Society, anapempha chilolezo m’ma 1830 chakusindikiza Mabaibulo m’Spanya, anauzidwa ndi nduna ya boma yotchedwa Mendizábal kuti: “Bwanawe, si Mabaibulo amene timafuna ayi, timafuna mfuti ndi wonga wake, zogonjetsera zigaŵenga, ndipo kwenikweni, timafuna ndalama, zoti tilipirire asirikali.” Borrow anapitirizabe kutembenuza Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka m’chinenero cha Agypsy Achispanya, ndipo mu 1837 anaponyedwa m’ndende chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake!

Potsirizira pake, khomo linatseguka. Mu 1944 tchalitchi cha ku Spanya chinasindikiza matembenuzidwe oyamba a Malemba Oyera ozikidwa pa zinenero zoyambirira​—pafupifupi zaka 375 pambuyo pa matembenuzidwe a Casiodoro de Reina. Ameneŵo anali matembenuzidwe a Nácar ndi Colunga, akatswiri Achikatolika. Anatsatiridwa ndi matembenuzidwe a Bover ndi Cantera mu 1947. Kuyambira nthaŵiyo pakhala matembenuzidwe ambirimbiri a Mabaibulo Achispanya.

Chilakiko Chitsimikiziridwa

Ngakhale kuti Baibulo Lachispanya linamenya nkhondo kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti likhalepobe, linapambana nkhondoyo potsirizira pake. Kudzimana kwakukulu kwa otembenuza olimba mtima onga Reina kunalidi kophula kanthu. Kodi ndiangati lerolino mwa anthu amene amagula Baibulo amene amalingalira konse za nthaŵi pamene kukhala ndi Baibulo kunali koletsedwa?

Lerolino, Baibulo ndibukhu logulitsidwa koposa m’Spanya ndi m’maiko ena olankhula Chispanya, ndipo pali matembenuzidwe ambiri. Amaphatikizapo Versión Moderna (Modern Version, 1893), imene mosasintha imagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu, Jehová; Pauline Edition of the Bible (1964), limene limagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Yavé m’Malemba Achihebri; Nueva Biblia Española (New Spanish Bible, 1975), limene kuipa kwake nkwakuti silimagwiritsira ntchito Jehová kapena Yavé; ndi Traducción del Nuevo Mundo (New World Translation, 1967), lofalitsidwa ndi Watch Tower Society, limene limagwiritsira ntchito Jehová.

Mlungu uliwonse Mboni za Yehova zimachezera nyumba za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri olankhula Chispanya kotero kuti ziwathandize kuzindikira phindu la Baibulo Lopatulika​—bukhu loyenera kulifera, bukhu loyenera kulikhalira moyo. Kunena zowona, nkhani yonena za nkhondo yomwe Baibulo Lachispanya linamenya kuti likhalepobe ili umboni wina wakuti “mawu a Mulungu wathu adzakhala nthaŵi zachikhalire.”​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Complutensian Polyglott yakonzedwanso ndipo ingapendedwe mosavuta. (Onani patsamba 8)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwachilolezo cha Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spanya