Kodi Nkhondo Nzosapeŵeka?

NKHONDO nchochitika chochititsa tondovi cha nkhani. Mosakayikira nkhani za nkhalwezo zimakukwiyitsani. Koma mwina zimakudabwitsaninso kuti nchifukwa ninji zida ziyenera kukhala zothetsera mikangano yambiri chotero. Kodi anthu sadzaphunzira konse kukhala mumtendere?

Mankhwala a mliri wa nkhondo akuoneka kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuposa mankhwala ochiritsa AIDS. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, mitundu yathunthu yasonkhanitsidwa kukonzekera nkhondo, amuna mamiliyoni ambiri atumizidwa kunkhondo, ndipo mizinda mazana ambiri yasandutsidwa mabwinja. Kukuonekera kuti kuphako sikudzatha. Malonda a zida opindulitsa amatsimikiziritsa kuti magulu ankhondo a dziko​—ndi zigawenga​—adzapitirizabe kukhalako mochititsa mantha.

Pamene zida za nkhondo zinakhala zakupha kwambiri, ziŵerengero za ophedwa zinakwera kwambiri. Loposa theka la asilikali mamiliyoni 65 amene anamenya nkhondo mu Nkhondo Yadziko I anaphedwa kapena kuvulazidwa. Pafupifupi zaka 30 pambuyo pake, mabomba a atomu aŵiri okha anapha anthu wamba a ku Japan oposa 150,000. Chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II, nkhondo zachititsidwa kukhala za m’malo amomwemo. Komabe, nzakupha, makamaka kwa anthu wamba, amene tsopano amapanga 80 peresenti ya ophedwa.

Chodabwitsa nchakuti, kupha kosasankha kumeneku kwachitika mkati mwa nyengo imene yaona zoyesayesa zosayerekezeredwa ndi zina za kuthetsa nkhondo kuti isakhale njira yothetsera mikangano pakati pa mitundu. Ndi kutha kwa posachedwapa kwa Nkhondo ya Mawu, panali chiyembekezo chachikulu chakuti dongosolo la dziko latsopano, lamtendere likayamba. Komabe, mtendere wadziko udakali wonyenga monga kale. Chifukwa ninji?

Kodi Njofunika ku Kakhalidwe ka Zamoyo?

Olemba mbiri ndi akatswiri ena a kakhalidwe ka anthu amanena kuti nkhondo nzosapeŵeka​—ngakhale zofunika​—kokha chifukwa chakuti zili mbali ya kuyesayesa kukhalapobe kwa chisinthiko. Posonkhezeredwa ndi kulingalira kotero, wopenda zankhondo Friedrich von Bernhardi anafotokoza mu 1914 kuti nkhondo imamenyedwa “kaamba ka phindu la kakhalidwe ka zamoyo, kupita patsogolo kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi makhalidwe.” Nthanthi yake inali yakuti nkhondo ndiyo njira yochotsera anthu ofooka kapena mitundu, ndi kusiya olimba kopambana.

Mafotokozedwe otero sangatonthoze konse mamiliyoni a akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye ochititsidwa ndi nkhondo. Kuwonjezera pa kukhala koipa mwamakhalidwe, kulingalira kumeneku kumanyalanyaza zoipa zenizeni za nkhondo yamakono. Mfuti yachiwaya simapatula konse olimba kopambana, ndipo bomba limapululutsa amphamvu ndi ofooka omwe.

Akumanyalanyaza maphunziro ochititsa kakasi a nkhondo yadziko yoyamba, Adolf Hitler analingalira zopanga fuko lalikulu mwa kugonjetsa m’nkhondo. M’buku lake lakuti Mein Kampf, analemba kuti: “Mtundu wa anthu wakula m’kulimbana kosatha, ndipo umatha kokha ngati pali mtendere wosatha. . . . Amphamvupo ayenera kulamulira ndipo sayenera kusakanizana ndi ofooka.” Komabe, mmalo mwa kuwongolera mtundu wa anthu, Hitler anapha mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo anasakaza dziko lonse.

Komabe, ngati nkhondo sili yofunika ku kakhalidwe ka zamoyo, kodi nchiyani chimene chimasonkhezera mtundu wa anthu kulinga kukudziwononga? Kodi ndizisonkhezero zotani zimene zimachititsa mitundu kuloŵa mu “ntchito za mbuli”?a Yotsatirayi ili ndandanda ya zinthu zina zazikulu zimene zimapinga zoyesayesa zabwino koposa za opanga mtendere.

Zochititsa Nkhondo

Utundu. Wochititsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi andale zadziko ndi akazembe ankhondo, utundu uli chimodzi cha zisonkhezero zamphamvu koposa m’kuchirikiza nkhondo. Nkhondo zambiri zayambitsidwa ndi cholinga chotetezera “zolinga za mtundu” kapena kuchinjiriza “ulemu wa mtundu.” Pamene maganizo akuti dziko langa nlangabe kaya likhale labwino kapena loipa akula, ngakhale kuukira kopanda manyazi kungalungamitsidwe kukhala njira yolefulira adani.

Kudana kwa mafuko. Nkhondo zambiri za m’zigawo zimayambitsidwa ndi kusonkhezeredwa ndi udani wanthaŵi yaitali pakati pa mitundu kapena mafuko. Nkhondo zachiweniweni zochititsa chisoni za kudziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia, ku Liberia, ndi ku Somalia zili zitsanzo zamakono.

Mkangano wazachuma ndi wazankhondo. M’nyengo imene inaoneka ngati yamtendere Nkhondo Yadziko I isanayambe, maiko a ku Ulaya anapanga magulu ankhondo aakulu. Germany ndi Great Britain analoŵa mu mpikisano wopanga masitima ankhondo. Popeza kuti dziko lalikulu lililonse limene pomalizira pake linaloŵetsedwa m’kuphako linakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ikawonjezera mphamvu yake ndi kubweretsa mapindu aakulu azachuma, mikhalidwe inayenerera nkhondo.

Udani wachipembedzo. Makamaka pamene ulimbitsidwa ndi kugaŵanikana kwa mafuko, kusiyana kwazipembedzo kungakhale kowopsa kwambiri. Mikangano ya ku Lebanon ndi Northern Ireland, limodzinso ndi nkhondo pakati pa India ndi Pakistan, zazikika muudani wachipembedzo.

Wosonkhezera nkhondo wosaoneka. Baibulo limavumbula kuti “mulungu wa dongosolo lino la zinthu,” Satana Mdyerekezi, ali wokangalika tsopano kuposa ndi kalelonse. (2 Akorinto 4:4, NW) Pokhala ndi mkwiyo waukulu ndi “kanthaŵi” kochepa kokha, iye akusonkhezera mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo nkhondo, imene ikuchititsa mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wa dziko lapansi kukhala woipa kwambiri.​—Chivumbulutso 12:12.

Zochititsa nkhondo zazikulu zimenezi sizokhweka kuzichotsa. Zaka zoposa 2,000 zapitazo, Plato anati “akufa okha ndiwo aona kutha kwa nkhondo.” Kodi kupenda kwake kopanda chiyembekezoko nchowonadi chenicheni chimene tiyenera kuvomereza? Kapena kodi tili ndi chifukwa cha kukhalira ndi chiyembekezo kuti tsiku lina padzakhala dziko lopanda nkhondo?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 2]

Chikuto: Chithunzi cha John Singer Sargent cha Gassed (mbali ya chithunzithunzi), Imperial War Museum, London

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Instituto Municipal de Historia, Barcelona