Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye​—Kodi Chiyenera Kuchitidwa Kangati?

MASIKU a Krisimasi, Isitala, “oyera mtima.” Maholide ndi mapwando ambiri amakondwereredwa ndi matchalitchi a Dziko Lachikristu. Koma kodi mumadziŵa kuti ndimapwando angati amene Yesu Kristu analamula otsatira ake kuwachita? Yankho nlakuti, Limodzi lokha! Palibe ndi limodzi lomwe la mapwando enawo limene linalamulidwa ndi Woyambitsa Chikristu.

Mwachionekere, ngati Yesu anayambitsa phwando limodzi lokha, liyenera kukhala lofunika kwambiri. Akristu ayenera kulichita monga momwe Yesu analamulira. Kodi phwando lapadera limeneli linali chiyani?

Phwando Limodzilo

Kuchitidwa kwa phwando limeneli kunayambitsidwa ndi Yesu tsiku limene anafa. Iye anachita chikumbutso cha phwando Lachiyuda la Paskha ndi atumwi ake. Ndiyeno anapereka mkate wina wopanda chotupitsa wa Paskhayo kwa iwo, akumati: “Ichi ndi thupi langa lopatsidwa chifukwa cha inu.” Kenako, Yesu anapereka chikho cha vinyo, nati: “Chikho ichi ndi pangano latsopano m’mwazi wanga wothiridwa chifukwa cha inu.” Iye anatinso: “Chitani ichi chikhale chikumbukiro changa.” (Luka 22:19, 20; 1 Akorinto 11:24-26) Kuchitidwa kwa phwando kumeneko ndiko Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye, kapena Chikumbutso. Ndilophwando lokha limene Yesu analamulira otsatira ake kulisunga.

Matchalitchi ambiri amanena kuti amasunga phwando limeneli pamodzi ndi mapwando awo ena onse, koma ambiri amalikumbukira m’njira yosiyana ndi imene Yesu analamula. Mwinamwake kusiyana kodziŵika kwambiri ndiko nthaŵi zimene phwandolo limachitidwa. Matchalitchi ena amalichita mwezi ndi mwezi, mlungu ndi mlungu, ngakhale tsiku ndi tsiku. Kodi zimenezi nzimene Yesu anafuna pamene anauza otsatira ake kuti: “Chitani ichi chikumbukiro changa”? The New English Bible imati: “Chitani ichi monga chikumbutso changa.” (1 Akorinto 11:24, 25) Kodi chikumbutso kapena chikondwerero chimasungidwa kangati? Kaŵirikaŵiri, kamodzi kokha pachaka.

Kumbukiraninso kuti Yesu anayambitsa phwando limeneli ndiyeno anafa padeti la kalenda Yachiyuda la Nisani 14.a Limenelo linali tsiku la Paskha, phwando lokumbutsa Ayuda za chilanditso chawo chachikulu ku Igupto m’zaka za zana la 16 B.C.E. Pa nthawiyo, nsembe ya mwanawankhosa inachititsa chipulumutso kwa oyamba kubadwa Achiyuda, pamene mngelo wa Yehova anakantha oyamba kubadwa onse a Igupto.​—Eksodo 12:21, 24-27.

Kodi zimenezi zimatithandiza motani kumvetsetsa kwathu? Eya, mtumwi Wachikristu Paulo analemba kuti: “Paskha wathu waphedwa, ndiye Kristu.” (1 Akorinto 5:7) Imfa ya Yesu inali nsembe ya Paskha yaikulu kwambiri, ikumapatsa anthu mwaŵi wa chipulumutso chachikulu koposa. Chotero, kwa Akristu, Chikumbutso cha imfa ya Kristu chinaloŵa mmalo Paskha Wachiyuda.​—Yohane 3:16.

Paskha anali phwando lapachaka. Pamenepo, mwanzeru, Chikumbutsonso chili motero. Paskha​—tsiku limene Yesu anafa​—nthaŵi zonse anali kuchitika pa tsiku la 14 la mwezi Wachiyuda wa Nisani. Chifukwa chake, imfa ya Kristu iyenera kukumbukiridwa kamodzi pachaka patsiku la kalenda limene limagwirizana ndi Nisani 14. Mu 1994 tsiku limenelo ndi Loŵeruka, March 26, dzuŵa litaloŵa. Komabe, kodi nchifukwa ninji matchalitchi a Dziko Lachikristu sanapange tsikuli kukhala lokumbukiridwa mwapadera? Kupenda kwachidule kwa mbiri yake kudzayankha funso limenelo.

Mwambo wa Atumwi Uloŵa Pangozi

Palibe chikayikiro kuti mkati mwa zaka za zana loyamba C.E., awo amene anatsogozedwa ndi atumwi a Yesu anakumbukira Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye monga momwedi anawalamulira. Komabe, m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri, ena anayamba kusintha nthaŵi ya chikumbukiro chake. Anachita Chikumbutsocho patsiku loyamba la mlungu (tsopano lotchedwa Sande), osati patsiku lofanana ndi Nisani 14. Kodi nchifukwa ninji zimenezo zinachitidwa?

Kwa Ayuda, tsiku linayamba pafupifupi 6 koloko madzulo mpaka nthaŵi imodzimodziyo tsiku lotsatira. Yesu anafa pa Nisani 14, 33 C.E., limene linayamba pa Lachinayi madzulo mpaka Lachisanu madzulo. Iye anaukitsidwa patsiku lachitatu, Sande mmaŵa. Ena anafuna kuti kukumbukira imfa ya Yesu kudzichitidwa patsiku loikidwiratu la mlungu chaka chilichonse, mmalo mwa patsiku limene Nisani 14 amafika. Anaonanso tsiku la kuuka kwa Yesu kukhala lofunika kwambiri kuposa la imfa yake. Chifukwa chake, anasankha tsiku la Sande.

Yesu analamula kuti imfa yake idzikumbukiridwa, osati kuuka kwake. Ndipo popeza kuti Paskha Wachiyuda amachitika patsiku losiyana chaka chilichonse malinga ndi kalenda ya Gregory imene timagwiritsira ntchito tsopano, kuli koyenera kuti zikakhalanso choncho ndi Chikumbutso. Motero ambiri anamamatira ku kakonzedwe koyambirira ndi kusunga Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye pa Nisani 14 chaka chilichonse. M’kupita kwanthaŵi anayamba kudziŵika monga Quartodecimans, kutanthauza “Osunga Tsiku Lakhumi ndi Chinayi.”

Akatswiri ena anazindikira kuti “Osunga Tsiku Lakhumi ndi Chinayi” ameneŵa anali kutsatira dongosolo loyambirira la atumwi. Wolemba mbiri wina anati: “Ponena za tsiku lokumbukira Paskha [Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye], lamulo la matchalitchi a Quartodeciman a ku Asia linali logwirizana ndi la tchalitchi cha ku Yerusalemu. M’zaka za zana la 2 matchalitchi ameneŵa pa Paskha wawo wa pa Nisani 14 anakumbukira kuwomboledwa kochititsidwa ndi imfa ya Kristu.”​—Studia Patristica, Voliyumu V, 1962, tsamba 8.

Mkangano Ukula

Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri ku Asia Minor anatsatira kachitidwe ka atumwi, tsiku la Sande linapatulidwa kaamba ka chikumbukirocho ku Roma. Pafupifupi m’chaka cha 155 C.E., Polycarp wa ku Smurna, woimira wa mipingo ya ku Asia, anapita ku Roma kukakambitsirana nkhaniyi ndi mavuto ena. Momvetsa chisoni, sanamvane pankhaniyi.

Irenaeus wa ku Lyons analemba m’kalata kuti: “Anicetus [wa ku Roma] sanaumirize Polycarp kusasunga zimene nthaŵi zonse anakhala akusunga ndi Yohane wophunzira wa Ambuye wathu ndi atumwi ena amene anayanjana nawo; ndiponso Polycarp anali asanaumirize Anicetus kulisunga, popeza kuti iyeyo anati, ayenera kumamatira mwambo wa akulu amene anakhalako asanakhale iye.” (Eusebius, Buku 5, mutu 24) Onani kuti Polycarp akusimbidwa kuti anazika kaimidwe kake pa ukumu wa atumwi, pamene Anicetus anamvera mwambo wa akulu akale a ku Roma.

Mkangano umenewu unakula chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E. Pafupifupi 190 C.E., munthu wina wotchedwa Victor anasankhidwa monga bishopu wa Roma. Iye anakhulupirira kuti Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye chiyenera kukumbukiridwa pa Sande, ndipo anafunafuna chichirikizo cha atsogoleri ena ambiri monga momwe kunathekera. Victor anakakamiza mipingo ya ku Asia kusinthira ku makonzedwe a pa Sande.

Poyankha mmalo mwa anthu a ku Asia Minor, Polycrates wa ku Efeso anakana kugonjera ku chikakamizo chimenechi. Iye anati: “Timasunga tsikulo popanda kulisintha, osawonjezera, kapena kuchotsa.” Ndiyeno anandandalitsa anthu ambiri okhala ndi ukumu, kuphatikizapo mtumwi Yohane. Iye anaumirira kuti: “Onsewa, anasunga tsiku lakhumi ndi chinayi kukhala la Paskha malinga ndi kunena kwa Uthenga Wabwino, ndipo sanapatukepo konse.” Polycrates anawonjezera kuti: “Ine pandekha, abale, . . . sindikuwopsedwa ndi ziwopsezo. Popeza kuti awo oposa ine ananena kuti, Tiyenera kumvera Mulungu koposa anthu.”​—Eusebius, Buku 5, mutu 24.

Victor anakwiya ndi yankho limeneli. Buku lina la mbiri limanena kuti iye “anachotsa mumpingo Matchalitchi onse a ku Asia, ndi kutumiza kalata yake yopita ku Matchalitchi onse amene anagwirizana ndi lingaliro lake, kuti aleke kuyanjana nawo.” Komabe, “kachitidwe kake kansontho ndi kolimba mtima kameneka sikanalandiridwe bwino ndi anthu onse anzeru ndi owona mtima a m’gulu lake, ambiri a iwo anamulembera makalata amphamvu, kumulangiza . . . kusunga chikondi, umodzi, ndi mtendere.”​—Antiquities of the Christian Church ya Bingham, Buku 20, mutu 5.

Mpatuko Uvomerezedwa

Mosasamala kanthu za zitsutso zoterozo, Akristu a ku Asia Minor anakhala opatulidwa mowonjezereka mu nkhani yakuti Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye chidzikumbukiridwa liti. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zinaloŵereramo kwina kulikonse. Ena anachita chochitikacho nyengo yonse kuyambira pa Nisani 14 mpaka Sande lotsatira. Ena anali kuchita chikumbutsocho mobwerezabwereza kwambiri​—mlungu ndi mlungu pa Sande.

Mu 314 C.E. Msonkhano wa ku Arles (France) unayesayesa kukakamiza makonzedwe a ku Romawo ndi kutsekereza njira ina iliyonse. A Quartodecimans otsalira anakana kugonjera. Kuti athetse nkhaniyi ndi nkhani zina zimene zinali kugaŵanitsa odzitcha Akristu muufumu wake, mu 325 C.E. mfumu yachikunja Constantine anaitanitsa msonkhano wa matchalitchi osiyanasiyana, ku Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea. Pamsonkhanopo panaperekedwa lamulo limene linalangiza onse mu Asia Minor kugwirizana ndi lamulo la ku Roma.

Nkosangalatsa kuona chimodzi cha zigomeko zazikulu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchirikiza kuleka kusunga Chikumbutso cha imfa ya Kristu mogwirizana ndi deti la kalenda Yachiyuda. A History of the Christian Councils, lolembedwa ndi K. J. Hefele, limati: “Kunalengezedwa kukhala kosayenerera kwenikweni, kuti phwando lopatulikitsa limeneli, lidzitsatira mwambo (kuŵerengera) wa Ayuda, amene anadziloŵetsa mochititsa manyazi m’maupandu owopsa kwambiri, ndi amene maganizo awo anali akhungu.” (Voliyumu 1, tsamba 322) Kukhala mumkhalidwe wotero kunaonedwa kukhala “‘kugonjera kochititsa manyazi’ ku Sunagoge kumene kunasautsa Tchalitchi,” akutero J. Juster, wogwidwa mawu mu Studia Patristica, Voliyumu IV, 1961, tsamba 412.

Kunali kudana ndi Ayuda! Awo amene anasunga Chikumbutso cha imfa ya Yesu patsiku lofanana ndi limene anafa anaonedwa kukhala Otembenukira ku Chiyuda. Anaiwala kuti Yesu mwiniyo anali Myuda ndi kuti anapatsa tsikulo tanthauzo lake mwakupereka moyo wake panthaŵiyo kaamba ka mtundu wa anthu. Kuyambira pamenepo kumka mtsogolo, a Quartodecimans anatsutsidwa kukhala opatuka pa chikhulupiriro ndi odzetsa magaŵano ndipo anazunzidwa. Msonkhano wa ku Antiyokeya wa mu 341 C.E. unalamula kuti iwo anayenera kuchotsedwa m’tchalitchi. Komabe, panali padakali ambiri a iwo mu 400 C.E., ndipo anapitiriza kukhalapobe m’magulu aang’ono pambuyo pake.

Kuyambira masiku amenewo, Dziko Lachikristu lalephera kubwerera ku kakonzedwe koyambirira ka Yesu. Profesa William Bright anavomereza kuti: “Pamene tsiku lapadera, Good Friday, linapatulidwa kukhala lokumbukira Kuvutika kwa Kristu, kunali kuchedwa kwambiri kugwirizanitsa tsikuli ndi tanthauzo la ‘paskha’ limene Paulo Woyera analigwirizanitsa ndi imfa yansembe: ilo linagwirizanitsidwa mofala ndi phwando la Kuuka lenilenilo, ndipo msokonezo wa malingaliro unakhazikika m’chinenero chamwambo cha Dziko Lachikristu Lachigiriki ndi Chilatini.”​—The Age of the Fathers, Voliyumu 1, tsamba 102.

Bwanji Ponena za Lerolino?

‘Pambuyo pa zaka zonsezi,’ mungafunse motero, ‘kodi zilidi nkanthu kuti Chikumbutso chimachitidwa liti?’ Inde, zili nkanthu. Masinthidwe anapangidwa ndi anthu odzikuza amene anafuna kulamulira. Anthu anatsatira malingaliro awoawo mmalo momvera Yesu Kristu. Chenjezo lokwaniritsidwa bwino lomwe linali la mtumwi Paulo lakuti: “Ndidziŵa ine kuti, nditachoka ine, adzaloŵa mimbulu yosautsa, yosalekerera gululo [Akristu]; ndipo mwa inu nokha adzauka anthu, olankhula zokhotakhota, kupatutsa ophunzira awatsate.”​—Machitidwe 20:29, 30.

Nkhani imene ilipo njakumvera. Yesu anakhazikitsa phwando limodzi lokha kuti Akristu azilichita. Baibulo limalongosola momvekera bwino nthaŵi ndi mmene liyenera kuchitidwira. Pamenepo, kodi ndani amene ali ndi kuyenera kwa kulisintha? A Quartodecimans oyambirira anazunzidwa ndi kuchotsedwa mumpingo mmalo mwa kulolera molakwa pankhaniyi.

Mungasangalatsidwe kudziŵa kuti padakali Akristu padziko lapansi amene amalemekeza zofuna za Yesu ndi kukumbukira Chikumbutso cha imfa yake padeti limene anakhazikitsa. Chaka chino, Mboni za Yehova zidzasonkhana pamodzi m’Nyumba zawo Zaufumu kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi itapita 6:00 p.m. pa Loŵeruka, March 26​—pamene tsiku la 14 la mwezi wa Nisani lidzayamba. Iwo adzachita zenizenizo zimene Yesu ananena kuti ziyenera kuchitidwa panthaŵi yofunika koposa imeneyi. Kodi bwanji osachita nazo phwando la Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye? Mwakukhalapo, nanunso mungasonyeze ulemu wanu kaamba ka zofuna za Yesu Kristu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

“DIPO LAMTENGO WAKE LIMENELO”

Nsembe yadipo ya Yesu Kristu ili yoposa chiphunzitso chabe. Yesu ananena za iyemwini kuti: “Mwana wa munthu sanadza kutumikiridwa, koma kutumikira, ndi kupereka moyo wake dipo la kwa anthu ambiri.” (Marko 10:45) Iye anafotokozanso kuti: “Mulungu anakonda dziko lapansi [la mtundu wa anthu] kotero, kuti anapatsa Mwana wake wobadwa yekha, kuti yense wakukhulupirira iye asatayike, koma akhale nawo moyo wosatha.” (Yohane 3:16) Kwa akufa, dipolo limatsegula njira ya ku chiukiriro ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wamuyaya.​—Yohane 5:28, 29.

Ili imfa yofunika kwambiri ya Yesu Kristu imene imakumbukiridwa pa mapwando a Chakudya Chamadzulo cha Ambuye. Nsembe yake imakwaniritsa zambiridi! Mkazi wina amene anaphunzitsidwa ndi makolo opembedza amene wayenda m’chowonadi cha Mulungu kwa zaka makumi angapo anafotokoza chiyamikiro chake m’mawu awa:

“Timayembekezera nthaŵi ya phwando la Chikumbutso. Imakhala yapadera chaka chilichonse. Ndimakumbukira nditaima panyumba yamaliro zaka 20 zapitazo, ndikuyang’ana mtembo wa atate wanga okondedwa ndi kufika pa kuyamikira dipolo ndi mtima wonse. Zisanachitike zimenezo dipo ndinangolidziŵa mwachisawawa. Ha, ndinadziŵa malemba onse ndi mmene ndingawalongosolere! Koma kokha pamene ndinamva ululu wa imfa mpamene mtima wanga unalumphadi ndi chimwemwe pa zimene zidzakwaniritsidwa kwa ife kudzera mwa dipo lamtengo wake limenelo.”