Chisinthiko Chizengedwa Mlandu

Tsopano ochirikiza chisinthiko odzipereka akuumirira kuti magwero a zamoyo apendedwenso mwakuya

TAYEREKEZERANI kuti ndinu woweruza pamlandu waupandu. Wamaliwongoyo akukana motsimikiza kuti alibe liwongo, ndipo mboni zikudza kudzapereka umboni womchirikiza. Komabe, pamene mukumvetsera umboni wawo, mukuona kuti mboni iliyonse ikutsutsa zinazo. Ndiyeno, pamene mboni za wamaliwongoyo zipemphedwanso kukaima m’bokosi la mboni, malongosoledwe awo akusintha. Inuyo pokhala woweruza, kodi mudzakhulupirira umboni wawo? Kodi mudzafuna kumchotsera mlandu woimbidwa mlanduyo? Mwachionekere simudzatero, popeza kuti kusagwirizana kulikonse kwa umboni kumafooketsa kukhulupirika kwa wamaliwongoyo.

Ndi mmene mkhalidwe ulili ponena za nthanthi ya chisinthiko. Mboni zambirimbiri zabwera kudzapereka malongosoledwe osiyanasiyana ponena za magwero a moyo, kuchirikiza nthanthi ya chisinthiko. Koma kodi umboni wawo ukhoza kukhulupiriridwa m’bwalo la milandu? Kodi awo amene amachirikiza nthanthiyo amagwirizana?

Umboni Woombana

Kodi moyo unayamba motani? Mwinamwake palibe funso lina lililonse limene lasonkhezera ziyembekezo zambiri zosadalirika ndi kubutsa mikangano yambiri mofanana ndi limeneli. Komabe, mkanganowo suli chabe pakati pa chisinthiko ndi chilengedwe; kulimbana kwakukulu kuli pakati pa ochirikiza chisinthiko eniwo. Pafupifupi umboni uliwonse wa chisinthiko​—mmene chinachitikira, kumene chinayambira, amene kapena chimene chinachiyambitsa, ndi utali wa nthaŵi imene mchitidwewo unatenga​—umatsutsidwa mwamphamvu.

Kwa zaka zambiri ochirikiza chisinthiko ananena kuti moyo unayambira m’dziŵe lofunda la “madzi” achilengedwe. Tsopano ena amakhulupirira kuti moyo uyenera kukhala utayambitsidwa ndi thovu m’nyanja yaikulu yamchere. Malo ena amene amakhulupiriridwa kukhala magwero a moyo ndiwo akasupe otentha apansi pa nyanja zamchere. Ena amanena kuti zinthu zamoyo zinabwera ndi nyenyezi zamchira zimene zinagwera padziko lapansi. Kapena mwinamwake, ena amatero, ma asteroid anagunda dziko lapansi nasintha mpweya, akumasonkhezera kuyambika kwa moyo. “Ngati asteroid yaikulu yachitsulo ingagunde dziko lapansi,” wofufuza wina akutero, “mukhoza kuona zochitika zodabwitsa.”

Mkhalidwe wa chiyambi cha moyo ukupendedwanso. “Moyo sunayambire m’mikhalidwe yabata, yabwino, monga mmene kunalingaliridwirapo kale,” akutero magazini a Time, “koma pansi pa thambo longa helo la pulaneti yodzala ndi mapiri ophulika ndi yokanthidwa ndi ma comet ndi ma asteroid.” Tsopano asayansi ena amati, kuti moyo uyambike pakati pa chipwirikiti chotero, mchitidwe wonsewo uyenera kukhala utachitika m’nthaŵi yofupikirapo kusiyana ndi zimene ankakhulupirira.

Ndiponso asayansi amasiyana malingaliro ponena za mmene Mulungu​—“ngati aliko”​—amaloŵera m’nkhaniyi. Ena amanena kuti moyo unayamba popanda kuloŵerera kwa Mlengi, pamene ena amanena kuti Mulungu anayambitsa moyowo nalola chisinthiko kutsiriza ntchitoyo.

Moyo utayamba, kodi chisinthiko chinachitika motani? Ngakhale pamenepa, malongosoledwe amaombana. Mu 1958, zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa The Origin of Species, wochirikiza chisinthiko Bwana Julian Huxley ananena kuti: “Chinthu chachikulu chimene Darwin anatumba, chiphunzitso chofala cha kusankha zamoyo zoyenera, tsopano chatsimikiziridwa zolimba ndipo kotheratu monga njira yokha ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa chisinthiko.” Komabe, zaka 24 pambuyo pake, wochirikiza chisinthiko Michael Ruse analemba kuti: “Akatswiri a biology omawonjezereka . . . amatsutsa kuti nthanthi iliyonse ya chisinthiko yozikidwa pa ziphunzitso za Darwin​—makamaka nthanthi iliyonse imene imaona kusankha zamoyo zoyenera monga njira yotsimikizira ya kusintha kwa chisinthiko​—njopereŵera mosokeretsa.”

Ngakhale kuti magazini a Time akunena kuti pali “maumboni amphamvu ochuluka” ochirikiza nthanthi ya chisinthiko, iwo akuvomerezabe kuti chisinthiko chili nthano yocholoŵana yokhala ndi “zolakwa zambiri ndi nthanthi zambiri zoombana zoperekera maumboni osoŵa.” Mmalo mongonena kuti mlanduwo watha, ena tsopano mwa ochirikiza chisinthiko odzipereka akuumirira kuti magwero a zamoyo apendedwenso mwakuya.

Motero, nkhani ya chisinthiko imeneyi​—makamaka ponena za chiyambi cha moyo malinga ndi chisinthiko​—ili yosazikidwa pa umboni wogwirizana. Wasayansi T. H. Janabi akunena kuti awo amene amachirikiza chisinthiko “ayambitsa ndi kusiyanso nthanthi zolakwika zambiri mkati mwa zaka zambiri ndipo asayansi sanakhozebe kumvana pa nthanthi imodzi iliyonse.”

Chokondweretsa nchakuti, Charles Darwin anayembekezera mkangano wotero. M’mawu oyamba a The Origin of Species, iye analemba kuti: “Ndikudziŵa bwino lomwe kuti pali mfundo zambiri zofotokozedwa m’bukuli zimene umboni wake sungatsimikiziridwe, mwachionekere zikumachititsa kaŵirikaŵiri zotulukapo zosiyana kotheratu ndi zimene ndapeza.”

Ndithudi, umboni woombana wotero umabutsa zikayikiro ponena za kukhulupirika kwa nthanthi ya chisinthiko.

Kodi Chisinthiko ndi Chosankha cha Anthu Ophunzira?

Kuyambira pachiyambi chake, likutero buku lakuti Milestones of History, nthanthi ya chisinthiko “inakopa anthu ambiri chifukwa chakuti inaoneka kukhala sayansi yeniyeni kuposa nthanthi ya kulengedwa kwa zamoyo monga mwa mitundu yawo.”

Ndiponso, ndemanga zamphamvu za ochirikiza chisinthiko ena zingakhale zosuliza. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi H. S. Shelton akunenetsa kuti lingaliro la kulengedwa kwa zamoyo monga mwa mitundu yawo lili “lopusa kwambiri moti silifunikira kupenda kosamalitsa.” Katswiri wa biology Richard Dawkins mosapita m’mbali akunena kuti: “Ngati mukumana ndi munthu wina amene anena kuti sakhulupirira chisinthiko, munthu ameneyo ndi mbuli, wopusa kapena wopenga.” Mofananamo, Profesa René Dubos akunena kuti: “Tsopano anthu achidziŵitso ochuluka amavomereza kuti nzoona kuti zonse zimene zili m’chilengedwe​—kuyambira zinthu zakuthambo ndi anthu omwe​—zinakhalako ndipo zikupitiriza kukhalako mwanjira ya chisinthiko.”

Malinga ndi ndemanga zimenezi, kungaoneke ngati kuti aliyense amene ali ndi nzeru ndithu angavomereze chisinthiko mosavuta. Ndi iko komwe, kuchita zimenezo kungatanthauze kuti munthuyo ali “wachidziŵitso” osati “wopusa.” Komabe, pali amuna ndi akazi ophunzira kwambiri amene samachirikiza nthanthi ya chisinthiko. “Ndinapeza asayansi ambiri amene ali ndi zikayikiro zawo,” analemba motero Francis Hitching m’buku lake lakuti The Neck of the Giraffe, “ndi angapo amene anafikira pa kunena kuti nthanthi ya chisinthiko ya Darwin sinakhale nkomwe nthanthi ya sayansi.”

Chandra Wickramasinghe, wasayansi womveka kwambiri wa ku Britain, ali ndi lingaliro lofananalo. “Palibe umboni wa zikhulupiriro zilizonse zoyambirira za chisinthiko cha Darwin,” iye akutero. “Chinali mphamvu ya kakhalidwe imene inayamba kulamulira dziko mu 1860, ndipo ndiganiza kuti chadzetsa tsoka pa sayansi chiyambire pamenepo.”

T. H. Janabi anafufuza zifukwa zoperekedwa ndi ochirikiza chisinthiko. “Ndinapeza kuti mkhalidwe uli wosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene timasonkhezeredwa kukhulupirira,” iye anatero. “Umboniwo uli wochepa ndi wosagwirizana kwambiri moti sukhoza kuchirikiza nthanthi yocholoŵana motero monga magwero a moyo.”

Chotero, awo amene amakana nthanthi ya chisinthiko sayenera kungonyalanyazidwa monga ‘mbuli, opusa kapena openga.’ Ponena za malingaliro otsutsa chisinthiko, ngakhale wochirikiza chisinthiko mwamphamvu George Gaylord Simpson anakakamizika kuvomereza kuti: “Kunena zoona kungoona malingaliro ameneŵa monga osafunikira kapena kuwasuliza kungakhale kulakwa. Ochirikiza malingalirowo anali (ndipo ali) ophunzira anzeru ndi aluntha.”

Nkhani ya Chikhulupiriro

Ena amaganiza kuti kukhulupirira chisinthiko nkozikidwa pa maumboni, pamene kukhulupirira chilengedwe kuli kozikidwa pa chikhulupiriro. Ndi zoona kuti palibe munthu anaona Mulungu. (Yohane 1:18; yerekezerani ndi 2 Akorinto 5:7.) Komabe, nthanthi ya chisinthiko singapulumuke pamenepa, popeza kuti ili yozikidwa pa zochitika zimene sizinaonedwepo kapena kuyesedwapo ndi anthu.

Mwachitsanzo, asayansi sanaonepo kusintha kwa majini kwa mwadzidzidzi​—ngakhale kopindulitsa​—kumene kumatulutsa mitundu yatsopano ya moyo; komabe iwo ali otsimikiza kuti ndi mmenedi mtundu wa zolengedwa zatsopano unakhalirako. Iwo sanaonepo kuyambika kwa moyo kuchokera ku zinthu zosakhala zamoyo; komabe amaumirira kunena kuti ndi mmene moyo unayambira.

Kusoŵa umboni kotero kukuchititsa T. H. Janabi kutcha nthanthi ya chisinthiko “‘chikhulupiriro’ wamba.” Katswiri wa physics Fred Hoyle akuitcha “Uthenga wa Darwin.” Ndipo Dr. Evan Shute akunena zoposa pamenepo. “Ndikhulupirira kuti wochirikiza chilengedwe alibe zovuta zambiri zozilungamitsa ngati zimene wochirikiza chisinthiko wodzipereka ali nazo,” iye akutero.

Akatswiri ena amavomereza. “Pamene ndisinkhasinkha za mkhalidwe wa munthu,” akuvomereza motero wopenda zakuthambo Robert Jastrow, “kukhalapo kwa munthu wodabwitsa ameneyu kuchokera m’makemikolo osungunuka m’dziŵe la madzi ofunda kumaoneka monga ngati chozizwitsa chofanana ndi nkhani ya Baibulo yonena za magwero ake.”

Nangano, nchifukwa ninji anthu ambiri amakanabe lingaliro lakuti moyo unalengedwa?

[Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Ndemanga zamphamvu za ena zingakhale zosuliza