Kugwirizana kwa “Kachisi wa Mulungu” ndi Mafano m’Greece?

PATSIKULI lotentha kwambiri m’chilimwe, dzuŵa likuomba pamiyala yong’anima. Komabe, kutentha kwakukuluko kuchita ngati sikukuchepetsa changu ndi kulimba mtima kodabwitsa kwa khamu la aulendo wachipembedzo odzipereka a Greek Orthodox amene akupita kukachisi pamwamba pa phiri.

Mukuona nkhalamba yaikazi yotoperatu, imene yachokera kumalekezero ake ena a dzikoli, ikudzilimbikitsa kuti ipitirize ndi ulendowo. Pamwamba pang’ono, mwamuna wina wokangalika akuchita thukuta lochuluka pamene akuyesa kudzipanikiza kuti adutse pakati pa khamu lomakankhanalo. Ndipo mtsikana wina, amene mwachionekere akumva kupweteka ndipo nkhope yake ikuonetsa kuvutika, akukwaŵa pamaondo ake omakha mwazi wambiri. Cholinga chawo? Kuti afike msanga, napemphere pamaso pa fano la “woyera mtima” wodziŵika ndipo, ngati kutheka, alikhudze ndi kulipsompsona.

Zinthu ngati zimenezi zimachitika kaŵirikaŵiri padziko lonse kumalo opatulika olambirirako “oyera mtima.” Aulendo wachipembedzo ameneŵa akuoneka kuti ngotsimikiza kuti mwa kuchita zimenezo akutsata njira ya Mulungu yomfikira, motero kusonyeza kudzipereka kwawo ndi chikhulupiriro. Buku lakuti Our Orthodox Christian Faith likuti: “Timakumbukira [“oyera mtima”], ndi kupereka ulemerero ndi ulemu ku umunthu wawo woyera . . . , ndipo timawapempha kuti atipempherere kwa Mulungu ndi kutichonderera ndi kutithandiza pazosoŵa zathu zambiri m’moyo. . . . Timapita kwa Oyera Mtima ochita zozizwitsa . . . kuti atithandize pazosoŵa zathu zauzimu ndi zakuthupi.” Ndiponso, malinga ndi malamulo a Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, “oyera mtima” ayenera kuwapembedza monga ankhoswe athu kwa Mulungu, ndipo zotsala zawo ndi mafano a “oyera mtima” ziyenera kuzilambira.

Chimene Mkristu weniweni amafuna kwambiri ndicho kulambira Mulungu “mumzimu ndi m’choonadi.” (Yohane 4:24) Pachifukwa chimenechi tiyeni tipende mfundo zina zonena za njira imene kulambira “oyera mtima” kunayambira kukhala mbali ya kapembedzedwe ka Dziko Lachikristu. Kufufuza kumeneku kuyenera kutsegula mutu aliyense wofuna kupita kwa Mulungu mwanjira imene Iye amalola.

Mmene “Oyera Mtima” Anakhalirako

Omwe Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu amatcha “oyera mtima,” kapena “oyera,” ndi Akristu onse oyambirira amene anayeretsedwa ndi mwazi wa Kristu amenenso anapatulidwa kaamba ka utumiki wa Mulungu monga oloŵa nyumba anzake a Kristu. (Machitidwe 9:32; 2 Akorinto 1:1; 13:13)a Amuna ndi akazi, apamwamba ndi apansi mumpingo, onsewo anatchedwa “oyera mtima” pamene anali amoyo padziko lapansi. Mwachionekere, iwo malinga ndi Malemba, anatchedwa “oyera mtima” ngakhale asanamwalire.

Komabe, zitapita zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E., pamene Chikristu champatuko chinali kuyamba, panali chizoloŵezi chofuna kuti Chikristu chimveke, chikhale chipembedzo chokopa anthu akunja ndi kuti iwo azichilandira mosavuta. Akunja ameneŵa analambira milungu yambirimbiri, ndipo chipembedzo chatsopano chinali kukhulupirira mulungu mmodzi yekha basi. Chotero panafunikira kulolerana mwa kulandira “oyera mtima,” amene anayenera kutenga malo a milungu yakale, mizimu, ndi ngwazi za m’nthanthi. Pothirira ndemanga zimenezi, buku lakuti Ekklisiastiki Istoria (Mbiri ya Mpingo) likuti: “Kwa aja otembenuka kusiya chikunja ndi kutenga Chikristu, kunali kwapafupi kuona mwa anthu ofera chikhulupiriro ngwazi zawo zomwe anasiya nayamba kuwapatsa ulemu umene kale anapatsa ngwazizo. . . . Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri kupereka ulemuwo kwa oyera mtima sikunali china koma kupembedza mafano basi.”

Buku lina la maumboni likufotokoza mmene “oyera mtima” analoŵera m’Dziko Lachikristu kuti: “M’kaperekedwe ka ulemu kwa oyera mtima m’Tchalitchi cha Greek Orthodox, timapezamo umboni woonekeratu wakuti chipembedzo chachikunja chinali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu. Mikhalidwe yomwe kale anali kuti inali mwa milungu ya chipembedzo cha Olympia [anthu] asanatembenuke kukhala Akristu tsopano anali kuti inali mwa oyera mtima. . . . Kuyambira chiyambi chake cha chipembedzo chatsopano, tikuona okhulupirira ake akuchotsa mulungu dzuŵa (Phoebus Apollo) naikapo Mneneri Eliya, namanga matchalitchi pamabwinja a akachisi akale kapena pamalo opatulika a mulungu ameneyu kapena pambali pake, makamaka pamwamba pa zitunda ndi mapiri, pamalo alionse amene Agiriki akale analemekezerapo Phoebus Apollo wopereka kuunika. . . . Iwo ananenanso kuti mulungu wamkazi Namwali Athena ndiye Namwali Mariya yemwe. Chotero, kutaya mtima kumene wopembedza mafano wotembenuka anakhala nako fano la Athena ataligwetsa kunatha.”​—Neoteron Enkyklopaidikon Lexikon (New Encyclopedic Dictionary), Voliyumu 1, masamba 270-1.

Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za mkhalidwe umene unali mu Atene chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachinayi C.E. Ambiri okhala mumzindawo anali akali akunja. Limodzi la madzoma awo opatulika koposa linali la Eleusinia, lokhala ndi mbali ziŵiri,b lochitika pachaka m’February m’tauni ya Eleusis, makilomita 23 kumpoto koma kumadzulo kwa Atene. Kuti apezeke pamadzoma ameneŵa, Aatene akunja anali kutsata Njira Yopatulika (Hi·e·raʹ Ho·dosʹ). Poyesa kukonza malo ena olambiriramo, atsogoleri a mzindawo anachita mochenjera. Mumsewu umodzimodzi, makilomita ngati khumi kuchokera ku Atene, anamangamo nyumba ya amonke ya Daphni kuti akope akunja ndi kuwaletsa kupita kumadzomawo. Tchalitchi cha nyumba ya amonkeyo anachimanga pamaziko a kachisi wakale wopatulidwa kwa mulungu wa Agiriki Daphnaios, kapena Pythios Apollo.

Umboni wakuti milungu yakunja anaisanganiza ndi kupembedza “oyera mtima” ungapezekenso pachisumbu cha Kithira, ku Greece. Palimodzi la mapiri a chisumbucho, pali akachisi aang’ono aŵiri akamangidwe ka ku Byzantium​—wina wopatulidwa kwa George “Woyera Mtima,” wina kwa Namwali Mariya. Zofukula zinasonyeza kuti ameneŵa anali malo opatulika a kachisi wa paphiri wachiminoa amene anali malo olambiriramo zaka zoposa 3,500 zapitazo. M’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi kapena lachisanu ndi chiŵiri C.E., “Akristu” anamangira George “Woyera Mtima” kachisi wawo pamalo amodzimodzi a kachisi wa paphiriyo. Zimenezo zinali ndi tanthauzo kwambiri; malo otukuka amenewo a chipembedzo chachiminoa anayang’anira njira zapanyanja za nyanja ya Aegean. Matchalitchi aŵiriwo anamangidwa kuti adzetse chiyanjo cha Mayi Wathu ndi George “Woyera Mtima,” womalizirayu amamkumbukira patsiku limodzimodzi ndi “mtetezi wa amalinyero,” Nicholas “Woyera Mtima.” Nyuzipepala yosimba zopezeka zimenezi inati: “Lerolino wansembe [wa Greek Orthodox] amakwera paphiripo, monga momwedi ankachitira kale wansembe wachiminoa,” pokapereka nsembe!

Pofotokoza mwachidule kukula kwake kwa chisonkhezero cha chipembedzo chachikunja cha Agiriki pa Chikristu champatuko, wofufuza mbiri yakale, akuti: “Maziko achikunja a chipembedzo chachikristu nthaŵi zambiri amakhalapobe kosasintha m’zikhulupiriro za ambiri, motero kutsimikiza kuti mwambo ngwachikhalire.”

‘Kulambira Chimene Tichidziŵa’

Yesu anati kwa Msamariya wamkazi: “Ife tilambira chimene tichidziŵa. . . . Olambira oona adzalambira Atate mumzimu ndi m’choonadi; pakuti Atate afuna otere akhale olambira ake.” (Yohane 4:22, 23) Onani kuti kulambira m’choonadi nkofunika koposa! Chifukwa chake nkosatheka kulambira Mulungu movomerezeka popanda chidziŵitso cholongosoka cha choonadi ndi kuchikonda kwambiri. Chipembedzo choona chachikristu chiyenera kukhala ndi choonadi monga maziko ake, osati miyambo kapena machitachita otengedwa ku chikunja. Tikudziŵa mmene Yehova amamvera pamene anthu ayesa kumlambira mwanjira yolakwa. Mtumwi Paulo analembera Akristu mumzinda wakale wa ku Greece wa Korinto kuti: “Kristu avomerezana bwanji ndi Beliyali? . . . Ndipo chiphatikizo chake nchanji ndi kachisi wa Mulungu ndi wa mafano?” (2 Akorinto 6:15, 16) Kuyesa kugwirizanitsa kachisi wa Mulungu ndi mafano kumamnyansa iye.

Ndiponso, momveka bwino, Malemba salola kupemphera kwa “oyera mtima” kuti iwo akhale ankhoswe athu kwa Mulungu. M’pemphero lake lachitsanzo, Yesu anaphunzitsa kuti mapemphero ayenera kupita kwa Atate yekha, pakuti analangiza ophunzira ake kuti: “Chifukwa chake pempherani inu chomwechi: Atate wathu wa Kumwamba, Dzina lanu liyeretsedwe.” (Mateyu 6:9) Yesu ananenanso kuti: “Ine ndine njira, ndi choonadi, ndi moyo. Palibe munthu adza kwa Atate, koma mwa Ine. Ngati mudzapempha kanthu m’dzina langa, ndidzachita.” Ndipo mtumwi Paulo anati: “Pali Mulungu mmodzi, ndi Mtetezi mmodzi pakati pa Mulungu ndi anthu, ndiye munthu, Kristu Yesu.”​—Yohane 14:6, 14; 1 Timoteo 2:5.

Ngati tifunadi kuti Mulungu amve mapemphero athu, tifunikira kupita kwa iye mwanjira imene Mawu ake amanena. Pogogomezera njira yokha yoyenera kupitira kwa Yehova, Paulo analembanso kuti: “Kristu Yesu ndiye amene adafera, inde makamaka, ndiye amene adauka kwa akufa, amene akhalanso pa dzanja lamanja la Mulungu, amenenso atipempherera ife.” “Akhoza kupulumutsa konsekonse iwo akuyandikira kwa Mulungu mwa Iye, popeza ali nawo moyo wake chikhalire wa kuwapembedzera iwo.”​—Aroma 8:34; Ahebri 7:25.

‘Kulambira Mumzimu ndi m’Choonadi’

Chikristu champatuko chinalibe nyonga yauzimu kapena chichirikizo cha mzimu woyera wa Mulungu zosonkhezera nazo akunja kuti asiye kulambira kwawo konyenga ndi kutsata ziphunzitso zoona za Yesu Kristu. Chinalandira zikhulupiriro zakunja ndi miyambo yake pofuna kutembenuza anthu, kulamulira, ndi kumveka. Nchifukwa chake chinatulutsa okhulupirira onyenga, “namsongole” wosayenera Ufumu, osati Akristu abwino, ovomerezeka kwa Mulungu ndi Kristu ayi.​—Mateyu 13:24-30.

Komabe, m’nthaŵi ino ya mapeto, pali ntchito yaikulu yotsogozedwa ndi Yehova yobwezeretsa kulambira koona. Anthu a Yehova padziko lonse, kaya chikhalidwe chawo, malo, kapena zipembedzo zomwe analiko zikhale zotani, amayesa kugwirizanitsa moyo wawo ndi zikhulupiriro ndi miyezo ya Baibulo. Ngati mukufuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za mmene mungalambirire Mulungu “mumzimu ndi m’choonadi,” chonde onanani ndi Mboni za Yehova kumene mukukhalako. Iwo adzakonda kwambiri kukuthandizani kuti mupembedze Mulungu m’njira yovomerezeka kwa iye, yozikidwa pa mphamvu zanu zakulingalira ndi pa chidziŵitso cholongosoka cha Mawu ake. Paulo analemba kuti: “Ndikupemphani inu, abale, mwa zifundo za Mulungu, kuti mupereke matupi anu nsembe yamoyo, yopatulika, yokondweretsa Mulungu, ndiko kupembedza kwanu koyenera [ndi mphamvu yanu ya kulingalira, NW]. Ndipo musafanizidwe ndi makhalidwe a pansi pano: koma mukhale osandulika, mwa kukonzanso kwa mtima wanu, kuti mukazindikire chimene chili chifuno cha Mulungu, chabwino, ndi chokondweretsa, ndi changwiro.” Ndipo kwa Akolose anati: “Kuyambira tsiku limene tidamva, sitileka kupembedzera ndi kupempherera inu, kuti mukadzazidwe ndi chizindikiritso cha chifuniro chake mu nzeru zonse ndi chidziŵitso cha mzimu, kuti mukayende koyenera Ambuye kukamkondweretsa monsemo, ndi kubala zipatso mu ntchito yonse yabwino, ndi kukula m’chizindikiritso cha Mulungu.”​—Aroma 12:1, 2; Akolose 1:9, 10.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/​Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Ntchito Yosatsimikizika ya Kachisi wa Parthenon

Mfumu Theodosius II “yachikristu,” mwa chilengezo chapoyera mumzinda wa Atene (438 C.E.), inaletsa miyambo yachikunja ndi madzoma ake, kutseka akachisi achikunja. Chotero zinali zotheka kuwasandutsa matchalitchi achikristu pambuyo pake. Zokha zomwe zinafunika kuti asandulize kachisi ndizo kumuyeretsa mwa kuikapo mtanda basi!

Wina wa akachisi oyamba kuwasanduliza anali wa Parthenon. Panali ntchito yaikulu yokonza kachisi wa Parthenon kuti ayenerere ntchito ya kachisi “wachikristu.” Kuyambira mu 869 C.E., anagwira ntchito ngati tchalitchi cha Atene. Poyamba anapatsidwa dzina laulemu lakuti tchalitchi cha “Nzeru Yoyera.” Mwina zimenezi zinawakumbutsa kuti “mwini” kachisiyo woyamba, Athena, anali mulungu wamkazi wa nzeru. Pambuyo pake, anapatulidwa kwa “Mayi Wathu Mwatene.” Atamgwiritsira ntchito a Orthodox zaka mazana asanu ndi atatu, kachisiyo anasandulizidwa kukhala tchalitchi cha Katolika cha St. Mary of Athens. “Kusinthasintha” kachisi wa Parthenon kwachipembedzo kumeneko kunapitirizabe pamene, m’zaka za zana la 15, Aturki achiotomani anamsandutsa msikiti.

Lero Parthenon ameneyo, kachisi wakale wachidoriya wa Athena Parthenos (“Namwali”), mulungu wamkazi wa nzeru wa Agiriki, amamchezera alendo oona malo zikwizikwi monga ntchito yaukatswiri ya kamangidwe ka Agiriki basi.

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Nyumba ya amonke ya Daphni​—Malo ena olambiriramo akunja a ku Atene wakale