“Muzikhala Oyera Mtima . . . ”

“Komatu monga Iye wakuitana inu ali woyera mtima, khalani inunso oyera mtima m’makhalidwe anu onse popeza kwalembedwa: ‘Muzikhala oyera mtima, pakuti Ine ndine woyera mtima.’”​—1 PETRO 1:15, 16.

1, 2. (a) Ndi chokumbutsa chotani chimene chinasonyezedwa pamwamba pa nduwira ya wansembe wamkulu, ndipo ndi chifuno chanji chimene icho chinatumikira? (b) Nchifukwa ninji chikumbutso cha kupatulika kwa Yehova chiri choyenerera lerolino? (c) Ndi uphungu wotani umene Petro akupereka m’chigwirizano ndi kupatulika?

“KUPATULIKA nkwa Yehova.” Mawu osangalatsa amenewa anasonyezedwa kaamba ka onse kuti awone, olochedwa pa golidi waphanthiphanthi wowona, ndi kumangiriridwa pa nduwira yovalidwa ndi mkulu wansembe wa Israyeli. (Eksodo 28:36-38, NW) Iwo anatumikira monga chokumbutsa chowala kuti mosiyana ndi mitundu yakunja yomwe inapereka ulemu kwa milungu yodetsedwa, Israyeli analambira Mulungu wosadetsedwa woyera mtima.

² Ngati inu muli kale mmodzi wa Mboni za Yehova, kodi mumayamikira mmene aliri wowona, wosadetsedwa, woyera mtima, ndi wolungama Mulungu amene m’malambira? Kukumbutsidwa kwa chowonadi choyambirira chotero kungawoneke kukhala kosayenerera. Chikhalirechobe, monga anthu a Yehova, tadalitsidwa ndi kuzindikira “zinthu zozama za Mulungu”​—ulosi wocholowanacholowana wa Baibulo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito maprinsipulo a Baibulo, ndi ziphunzitso za Baibulo. (1 Akorinto 2:10; yerekezani ndi Danieli 12:4.) Komabe, chiri chodziŵikiratu kuti chiyamikiro chochokera mu mtima cha kuyera mtima kwa Yehova chikusoweka ku mbali ya ena. Nchifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti zikwi chaka chirichonse zimagwera mu mtundu wa makhalidwe oipa. Zikwi zochulukira zimaitana tsoka mwakudzilowetsa m’machitidwe amene ali operewera pang’ono pa kukhala onyalanyaza lamulo la Baibulo. Mwachiwonekere, ena samagwiritsitsa kuwopsya kwa mawu a pa 1 Petro 1:15, 16: “Komatu monga Iye wakuitana inu ali Woyera Mtima, khalani inunso oyera mtima m’makhalidwe anu onse; popeza kwalembedwa ‘Muzikhala oyera mtima, pakuti Ine ndine woyera mtima.’”

Mulungu Woyera Mtima, Alambiri Oyera Mtima

3. Nchiyani chimene nyimbo ya Mose ikusonyeza ponena za Yehova?

³ ‘Munthu wopanda ungwiro​—woyera mtima? Nchosatheka!’ Inu mungatero. Komabe, lingalirani chiyambi cha uphungu wa Petro. Mtumwiyo pano anagwira mawu amene poyamba anaperekedwa kwa Israyeli mwamsanga pambuyo pa Kutuluka mu Aigupto. Kupyolera mu kupulumutsidwa kozizwitsa kumeneku, Yehova anakhala atavumbulidwa monga Mpulumutsi, Mkwaniritsi wa malonjezo, “munthu wamphamvu wa nkhondo.” (Eksodo 3:14-17; 15:3, NW) Mu nyimbo yokondwerera kumasulidwa kwa kuchoka ku Aigupto pa Nyanja Yofiira, Mose tsopano anavumbulutsa mbali ina ya Yehova: “Afanana ndi Inu ndani mwa milungu, Yehova? Afanana ndi Inu ndani, [wodzitsimikizira wolimba mkuyera? NW]” (Eksodo 15:11) Ichi ndi chochitika choyamba cholembedwa pa chimene kuyera kunaperekedwa kwa Yehova.

4. (a) Ndi mwanjira yotani mmene Yehova aliri wamphamvu m’kuyera? (b) Ndimotani mmene Yehova chotero anasiyanirana ndi milungu ya Kanani?

⁴ Mawu a Chihebri ndi Chigriki otanthauzidwa “kuyera” mu Baibulo amapereka lingaliro la kukhala ‘chowala, chatsopano, chachiŵisi, chosathimbirira, ndi chosadetsedwa.’ Mose chotero anali kusonyeza Yehova monga wosadetsedwa m’mkhalidwe wapamwamba koposa, wopanda choipa, wosakhoza kuwonongeka, moyenera wosalekerera kudetsedwa. (Habakuku 1:13) Yehova anaimirira m’malo osiyana kotheratu ndi milungu ya dziko limene Aisrayeli anayenera kukhalamo​—Kanani. Zolembedwa zofukulidwa pa Ras Shamra, mzinda wa ku gombe la kumpoto kwa Syria, zimapereka kuwunikira kochepa, koma mosasamala kanthu za chimenecho, kwa chidziŵitso kwa kachisi ya milungu ya Chikanani. Malemba amenewa amalongosola milungu imene, molingana ndi bukhu la John Gray The Canaanites, inali “yodukidwa, ya nsanje, yolipsyira, yadyera.”

5, 6. (a) Kodi ndimotani mmene kulambira kwa milungu yonyenga kunayambukirira Akanani? (b) Kodi ndimotani mmene kulambira kwa Mulungu woyera kunayambukirira a Israyeli?

⁵ Monenedweratu, mwambo wa Chikanani unawunikira milungu ya makhalidwe oipa imene anailambira. Ikulongosola The Religion of the People of Israel: “Zochita mu kutsanzira milungu zinali kuwonedwa monga mautumiki kwa mulungu. . . . [Mulungu wamkazi wa kugonana] Ashtart anali ndi unyinji wa atumiki a amuna ndi akazi omwe analongosoledwa kukhala anthu opatulika . . . Iwo anadzipatula iwo eni mu utumiki wa dama kwa iye.” Akuwonjezera wophunzira William F. Albright: “Pa kuipitsitsa kwake kopambanitsa, ngakhale kuli tero, mbali yoipa ya mwambo wawo ingakhale inamira ku mkhalidwe wonyansa kwambiri wa kunyazitsa mayanjano.” Kulambira kwa “nsanamira zopatulika” za chizindikiro cha kumpheto kwa amuna, kupereka ana nsembe, matsenga, kutsirika, kugonana kwa pachibale, kugonana kwa ofanana ziwalo, ndi kugonana ndi zinyama​—zonsezi zinakhala njira ya dziko mu Kanani.​—Eksodo 34:13; Levitiko 18:2-25; Deuteronomo 18:9-12.

⁶ Yehova, kumbali ina, ali wamphamvu m’kuyera mtima. Iye sakanalekerera kutsika kwa mkhalidwe koteroko mwa alambiri ake. (Masalmo 15) Chotero, mosiyana ndi milungu ya Chikanani yolekerera kutsika kwa mkhalidwe, Yehova anakweza anthu ake. Akumalankhula mawu amene Petro pambuyo pake akagwira mawu, Yehova mobwerezabwereza anachenjeza kuti: “Muzikhala oyera, pakuti Ine Yehova Mulungu wanu ndine woyera.”​—Levitiko 11:44; 19:2; 20:26.

‘Chilamulo Chiri Choyera, Cholungama, ndi Chabwino’

7, 8. (a) Kodi ndimotani mmene Aisrayeli ‘akanadzitsimikizira iwo eni kukhala oyera’? (b) Siyanitsani Malamulo a Yehova ndi Lamulo la Chibabulo la Hammurabi.

⁷ ‘Kudzitsimikizira iwo eni kukhala oyera’ kunatanthuza osati ungwiro ndiponso osati mkhalidwe wa kudzipereka konyenga; iko kunatanthauza kumvera ku lamulo lalikulu loperekedwa kwa Israyeli kupyolera mwa Mose. (Eksodo 19:5, 6) Mosiyana ndi lamulo lirilonse la utundu, Lamulo la Mulungu lingalongosoledwe monga “loyera ndi lolungama ndi labwino.”​—Aroma 7:12.

⁸ Zowona, Lamulo la Chibabulo la Hammurabi likunenedwa kukhala tsiku la kumayambiriro kwa Chilamulo cha Mose chisadakhale ndipo linakwaniritsa mbali zofanana za nkhani. Ena a malamulo ake, monga ngati lamulo la ‘diso kulipa diso,’ kapena kubwezera kwa lamulo ali ofanana ndi maprinsipulo a Chilamulo cha Mose. Osuliza chotero amanena kuti Mose anangobwereka chabe malamulo kuchokera ku lamulo la Hammurabi. Lamulo la Hammurabi, ngakhale kuli tero, silinachite zambiri kuposa kungolemekeza Hammurabi ndi kutumikira zikondwerero zake za ndale. Lamulo la Mulungu linaperekedwa kwa Israeli ‘kaamba ka ubwino wawo nthaŵi zonse, kotero kuti akhale ndi moyo.’ (Deuteronomo 6:24) Palinso chitsimikiziro chochepa chakuti lamulo la Hammurabi linali lomangirira mwalamulo ndi kalelonse mu Babulo, kungotumikira zochepa koposa “thandizo la lamulo kaamba ka anthu ofuna uphungu.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica, kulembedwa kwa 1985, Volyumu. 21, tsamba 921) Chilamulo cha Mose, ngakhale kuli tero, chinali chomangirira ndipo chinatenga chilango choyenera kaamba ka kusamvera. Pomalizira, lamulo la Hammurabi linalunjikitsa chidwi pa mmene angachitire ndi olakwa; kokha 5 a malamulo ake 280 ali ziletso zachindunji. Chisonkhezero cha Lamulo la Mulungu, ngakhale kuli tero, chinali kulinga ku kuchinjiriza, osati kulanga, kuchita cholakwa.

9. Ndi chisonkhezero chotani chimene Chilamulo cha Mose chinali nacho pa miyoyo ya Ayuda?

⁹ Chifukwa chakuti chinali ‘choyera, cholungama, ndi chabwino,’ Chilamulo cha Mose chinali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa miyoyo yaumwini ya Ayuda. Icho chinawongolera kulambira kwawo, chinapereka masabata a kupumula kuchokera ku ntchito, kulamulira njira ya chuma ya mtunduwo, kundandalitsa zifuno zina zonena za zovala, ndipo chinapereka chitsogozo chopindulitsa m’nkhani za chakudya, mkhalidwe wa kugonana, ndi zizoloŵezi za ukhondo. Ngakhale kugwira ntchito kwachibadwa kwa thupi kunakhala pansi pa chisonkhezero cha Chilamulo cha Mose.

“Chilamulo cha Yehova Chiri Chosadetsedwa”

10. (a) Ndi chifukwa ninji Chilamulo chinadzidetsa nkhaŵa icho chokha ndi mbali zambiri zamoyo? (b) Kodi ndimotani mmene Chilamulo chinapititsira patsogolo kuyera kwakuthupi ndi umoyo wabwino? (Phatikizanimo mawu a m’munsi.)

¹⁰ Malamulo atsatanetsatane oterowo okwaniritsa kukhala kwa tsiku ndi tsiku anali ndi cholinga chapamwamba: Kuwapanga Aisrayeli kukhala oyera​—mwakuthupi, mwauzimu, mwamaganizo, ndi mwamakhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo anafuna kuti azisambitse iwo eni kufotsera zonyansa zawo, kubindikiritsa odwala nthenda yopatsirana, ndi kupewa zakudya zina zonsezi zinapititsa patsogolo umoyo ndi kusadetsedwa kwakuthupi.a​—Eksodo 30:18-20; Levitiko mutu 11; 13:4, 5, 21, 26; 15:16-18, 21-23; Deuteronomo 23:12-14.

11. Nchiyani chimene chinatanthauza kukhala odetsedwa mwa mwambo?

¹¹ Komabe, umoyo wabwino ndi ukhondo zinali ndithudi zachiŵiri ku kusadzidetsa kwauzimu. Chimenecho ndicho chifukwa chake mmodzi amene mwinamwake anadya chakudya choletsedwa, anadzilowetsa m’mkhalidwe wa kugonana, kapena anakhudza thupi la munthu wakufa anali kulengezedwa kukhala wodetsedwa m’njira ya mwambo. (Levitiko, mitu 11, 15; Numeri, mutu 19) Wodetsedwa woteroyo anali kuletsedwa kutenga mbali mu kulambira​—mu zochitika zina pansi pa zowawa za imfa! (Levitiko 15:31; 22:3-8) Koma kodi nchiyani chimene kuletsa koteroko kunayenera kuchita ndi kusadzidetsa kwauzimu?

12. Kodi ndimotani mmene malamulo a kusadetsedwa kwa mwambo anapititsira patsogolo kusadetsedwa kwauzimu?

¹² Kulambira kwachikunja kunazindikiridwa ndi dama, kulambira kwa akufa, ndi mapwando achikunja. Komabe The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia imaloza kuti: “Palibe m’chitidwe wa kugonana womwe unavomerezedwa monga njira ya kulambirira Yahweh. Machitachita otero onsewo m’njira iyi, chotero, anapangitsa munthu kukhala wodetsedwa. . . . Mu Israyeli akufa analandira ulemu wawo woyenera, koma palibe m’njira iriyonse pamene iwo anapatsidwa ulemu wosayenera ndiponso iwo sanakhale zinthu za kulambira . . . Kuwonjezera ku mayanjano awo pa mapwando a anansi awo achikunja, omwe anaphatikiza madyerero, chinali chosatheka kwa m’Israyeli, chifukwa chakudya chawo chinali chodetsedwa.” Zitsogozo za Chilamulocho chotero zinapanga “khoma” lolekanitsa kuchokera ku mbali zodetsedwa za chipembedzo.​—Aefeso 2:14.

13. Kodi ndimotani mmene Chilamulo chinapititsira patsogolo kusadetsedwa kwa maganizo?

¹³ Chilamulocho chinagwiranso ntchito kaamba ka kuyera kwa maganizo kwa Aisrayeli. Malamulo ake onena za kugwirizana kwa m’banja, mwachitsanzo, anatumikira kuwunikira kulingalira kwa anthu. (Levitiko 15:16-33) Aisrayeli anaphunzira kudziletsa kwaumwini m’nkhani za kugonana, kusagonjera ku chilakolako cha kugonana chosaletseka monga Akanani. Chilamulocho chinawaphunzitsa awo omamatira ku icho kulamulira malingaliro awo ndi zikhumbo, kuletsa kulingalira kwawo kwadyera.​—Eksodo 20:17.

14. Kodi ndimotani mmene Lamulo la Mulungu linaliri lapadera ponena za kupititsa patsogolo kuyera kwa makhalidwe abwino?

¹⁴ Chodziŵika koposa zonse, ngakhale kuli tero, chinali chigogomezero cha Chilamulocho pa kusadetsedwa kwa makhalidwe abwino. Zowona, lamulo la Hammurabi linaletsa zoipa zotero zonga ngati chigololo. Ngakhale kuli tero, nkhani ya mu The Biblical Archaeologist inawona kuti: “Mosiyana ndi Ababulo ndi Asuri omwe anawona chigololo kokha monga upandu wotsutsana ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa mwamuna, lamulo la m’Chipangano Chakale limawona chigololo monganso cholakwa chachikulu motsutsana ndi mkhalidwe wabwino.”

15. (a) Chitirani chitsanzo mmene m’Israyeli akanakhalira akupanga kuyesayesa kokulira kukhalabe wosadetsedwa. (b) Ndimotani mmene Aisrayeli anapindulira kuchokera ku zoyesayesa zoterozo?

¹⁵ Ndimowona chotani, nanga, mmene aliri mawu a wamasalmo: “Malamulo a Yehova ali oyera, akupenyetsa maso.” (Masalmo 19:8) Chitapatsidwa, nthaŵi zina kukhalabe woyera kunafunikira kuyesayesa kokulira. Amayi atsopano, kokha milungu yochepa pambuyo pa kubala ana awo, anayenera kupita ku Yerusalemu kotero kuti akadzilowetse m’mkhalidwe wa kuyeretsedwa. (Levitiko 12:1-8; Luka 2:22-24) Ponse paŵiri amuna ndi akazi anafunikira kudziyeretsa iwo eni mwamwambo pambuyo pa kugonana kwa mu ukwati, limodzinso ndi m’mikhalidwe ina yofananayo. (Levitiko 15:16, 18; Deuteronomo 23:9-14; 2 Samueli 11:11-13) Ngati iwo mosamalitsa anatsatira Chilamulo ndi kukhalabe oyera, iwo ‘akanadzipindulira iwo eni’​—mwa kuthupi, mwa maganizo, mwa makhalidwe, ndi mwauzimu. (Yesaya 48:17) M’kuwonjezerapo, kufunika ndi kuwopsya kwa kukhalabe woyera kungakhale kunasindikizidwa mwa iwo. Chabwino koposa zonse, kuyesayesa kowona mtima kumeneko kwa kukhalabe oyera kunawapezera iwo chiyanjo cha Mulungu.

Osadetsedwa m’Dziko Lodetsedwa

16, 17. (a) Ndi kuutali wotani kumene Akristu lerolino akufunikira kukhala oyera? (b) Nchifukwa ninji kukhalabe oyera kuli kovuta lerolino? (c) Kodi ndimotani mmene anthu otchuka alepherera kukhala zitsanzo zotsanzira?

¹⁶ Tsopano tingayamikire bwino mawu a Petro kwa Akristu: “Monga ana omvera osadzifanizitsanso ndi zilakolako zakale, pokhala osadziŵa inu; komatu monga Iye wakuitana inu ali woyera mtima, khalani inunso oyera mtima m’makhalidwe anu onse, popeza kwalembedwa: ‘Muzikhala oyera mtima pakuti Ine ndine woyera mtima.’”​—1 Petro 1:14-16.

¹⁷ Movomerezeka, chimenechi sichiri chopepuka. Kulikonse kumene tiyang’ana, timawona anthu akunyenga, osawona mtima, amkhalidwe woipa wa chisembwere. The New York Times inasimba kuti: “Anthu a ku America mowonjezereka akusankha kukhala pamodzi asanakwatirane.” Ngakhale anthu otchuka amapereka zitsanzo zoipa. Ena a anthu otchuka koposa m’dziko lerolino m’mbali za maseŵera, ndale zadziko, ndi zosangulutsa mwapoyera amachita mtundu wa kudetsedwa. “Chiri chokhumudwitsa koposa,” anamvera chisoni tero wopenyerera maseŵera wina, “kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro mwa winawake monga chitsanzo chabwino ndipo kenaka kukhala nawo ataipitsidwa.” Vuto lake? Odziŵa kuthamanga otchuka ambiri avomereza kugwiritsira ntchito anamgoneka molakwika. Ndi kaŵirikaŵiri chotani nanga kuti anthu owonedwa monga mafano amatsogoza miyoyo yodetsedwa, inde, ngakhale miyoyo yonyansa, monga achigololo, adama, ogonana ndi ofanana ziwalo, akazi ogonana okhaokha, mbala, olanda, ndi omwerekera ndi anamgoneka! Iwo angawoneke oyera mwa kuthupi, koma pakamwa pawo padzazidwa ndi chinenero choipa chonunkha. Iwo angatenge ngakhale chisangalalo m’kunyazitsa kudekha kwa unyinji, kumadzitamandira ponena za njira zawo zopulumukira ku mkhalidwe wawo woipa.

18. Kodi ndimotani mmene ambiri amene amatsogoza miyoyo yodetsedwa ‘akututira zimene anafesa’?

¹⁸ Komabe, mawu a Baibulo samaikidwa pambali mopepuka: “Musanyengedwe, Mulungu sanyozeka. [“Palibe kutseka mphuno zanu kwa Mulungu.”​—Byington] Pakuti chimene munthu achifesa, chimenenso adzachituta; Pakuti wakufesera kwa thupi la iye yekha, chochokera m’thupi adzatuta chivundi.” (Agalatiya 6:7, 8) Mkhalidwe woipa wa kugonana kaŵirikaŵiri umatulukapo m’matenda, kapena ngakhale imfa ya mwadzidzidzi, kuchokera ku matenda onga ngati chindoko, chinzonono, ndi AIDS, kungotchula otchuka okha. Kusalinganizika kwa maganizo ndi malingaliro, kupsyinjika, ndipo ngakhale kudzipha nthaŵi zina zimakhala zotulukapo za njira ya moyo ya mkhalidwe woipa wa chisembwere. Chotero pamene awo ogawana m’machitachita a makhalidwe oipa angaseke m’kutonza awo akuyesera kudzisunga iwo eni oyera, kusekaku kumatha pamene osekawo ayamba ‘kututa zomwe anafesa.’​—Yerekezani ndi Aroma 1:24-27.

19, 20. Kodi ndimotani mmene atsogoleri a chipembedzo a dziko la chipembedzo atsimikizirira iwo eni mwa chipembedzo ndi mwamakhalidwe oipa kukhala odetsedwa?

¹⁹ Tikukhalanso m’dziko loipitsidwa mwa chipembedzo. Atsogoleri achipembedzo angavale zovala zokongola, zoyera, koma iwo amaphunzitsa machitachita oyipa ndi nthanthi zoipa za Chibabulo, monga ngati kulambira mafano, Utatu, moto wa helo, kusafa kwa moyo wa munthu, ndi purigatoriyo. Iwo ali ofanana ndi atsogoleri a chipembedzo za amene Yesu ananena kuti: “Tsoka inu, alembi ndi Afarisi, onyenga! chifukwa mufanafana ndi manda opaka njereza, amene awonekera okoma kunja kwake, koma adzala m’katimo ndi mafupa a anthu akufa ndi zonyansa zonse. Chomwecho inunso muwonekera olungama pamaso pa anthu, koma m’kati muli odzala ndi chinyengo ndi kusayeruzika.”​—Mateyu 23:27, 28.

²⁰ Atsogoleri a chipembedzo amalekerera ngakhale mkhalidwe woipa mu nkhosa zawo. Anthu amene ali odziŵika bwino monga amakhalidwe oipa ndi onyansa​—adama, a chigololo, ogonana ofanana ziwalo​—amaloledwa kukhala m’kaimidwe kabwino. Pa nsonga imeneyi, Newsweek inasimba kuti: “Katswiri wa za malingaliro wa ku Maryland Richard Sipe, yemwe anali wansembe, akumaliza kuti chifupifupi 20 peresenti ya ansembe a Chikatolika a ku U.S. 57,000 ali ogonana ofanana ziwalo . . . Odziŵa kuchiritsa ena akuganiza kuti chiŵerengero chowona lerolino chingakhale chifupifupi 40 peresenti.” Wophunzira maphunziro a chipembedzo wa Chikatolika John J. McNeill (wogonana wofanana ziwalo wovomereza) mwapoyera akulungamitsa kugonana kwa ofanana ziwalo: “Chikondi pakati pa akazi ogonana okhaokha aŵiri kapena aŵiri ogonana ofanana ziwalo, kuyerekezera kuti chiri chikondi chomangirira chaumunthu, sikuli kolakwa ndiponso sikumachotsa okondanawo ku makonzedwe a Mulungu, koma chingakhale chikondi choyera.”​—The Christian Century.

21. Kodi ndimotani mmene chokumbutsa chakuti “Kupatulika kuli kwa Yehova” chiriri choyenerera kwa ife lerolino?

²¹ Chokumbutsa chosonyezedwa pamwamba pa nduwira ya wansembe wamkulu chiri chotero choyenera koposa kalelonse: “Kupatulika kuli kwa Yehova.” (Eksodo 28:36, NW) Yehova amafunikira, inde, amalamulira, kuti tikhale oyera m’mbali zonse! Koma kodi ndimotani mmene wina angachitire tero? Ndi mbali ziti zimene zingafunikire chisamaliro chapadera? Nkhani yotsatira idzalongosola mafunso amenewa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Mafunso Akubwereramo

◻ Kodi ndimotani mmene Yehova aliri wamphamvu m’kuyera, ndipo kodi ichi chimatanthauzanji kwa alambiri ake?

◻ Kodi ndimotani mmene Chilamulo cha Mose chinasiyanirana ndi malamulo a mitundu ina yonse?

◻ Kodi ndimotani mmene Chilamulo cha Mose chinapititsira patsogolo kuyera kwakuthupi, kwauzimu, kwa maganizo, ndi kwa makhalidwe abwino?

◻ Kodi ndimotani mmene ambiri amene amatsogoza miyoyo yodetsedwa ‘akututira zimene iwo anafesa’?

[Chithunzi patsamba 11]

Kulambira kwa milungu yodetsedwa kunatsogolera ku kutsika kwa makhalidwe kwa Akanani

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of the British Museum, London

[Chithunzi patsamba 12]

Lamulo la Hammurabi linabweretsa bata ku ulamulirowo ndi kulemekeza mfumu, koma ilo silinabweretse kupatulika kwa Ababulo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Louvre Museum, Paris