Moyo (Soul)

Tanthauzo: M’Baibulo, “moyo” watembenuzidwa kuchokera ku liwu Lachihebri neʹphesh ndi Lachigiriki psy·kheʹ. Baibulo limasonyeza moyo kukhala munthu kapena nyama kapena moyo umene munthu kapena nyama iri nawo. Komabe, kwa anthu ambiri “moyo” umatanthauza kanthu kena kolekana ndi thupi kapena mbali yauzimu ya munthu imene imapulumuka pa imfa ya thupi la munthu. Ena amauzindikira kukhala magwero a moyo. Koma malingaliro otsirizira ameneŵa saali ziphunzitso za Baibulo.

Kodi Baibulo limanenanji chimene za chimatithandiza kuzindikira chimene chiri moyo?

Gen. 2:7: “Yehova Mulungu anaumba munthu ndi dothi lapansi, nauzira mpweya wa moyo m’mphuno mwake; munthuyo nakhala wamoyo.” (Wonani kuti panopa sipamanena kuti munthu anapatsidwa moyo koma kuti anakhala moyo, munthu wamoyo.) (Mbali ya liwu Lachihebri lomasuliridwa panopa kuti “moyo” ndiro neʹphesh. KJ, AS, ndi Dy amavomerezana ndi kumasulira kumeneku. RS, JB, NAB amati “chamoyo.” NE imati “cholengedwa.” Kx imati “munthu.”)

1 Akor. 15:45: “Koteronso kwalembedwa, Munthu woyamba, Adamu, anakhala mzimu wamoyo. Adamu wotsirizayo anakhala mzimu wakulenga moyo.” (Chotero Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu amavomerezana ndi Malemba Achihebri ponena za chimene chiri moyo.) (Liwu Lachigiriki lotembenuzidwa panopa kuti “moyo” ndiro mpangidwe wa gramala wa liwu lakuti psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, Dy, JB, NAB, ndi Kx nawonso amati “moyo.” RS, NE, ndipo TEV imati “chamoyo.”)

1 Pet. 3:20: “M’masiku a Nowa . . . pokhala m’kukonzeka chingalaŵa, mmenemo oŵerengeka, ndiwo amoyo asanu ndi atatu, anapulumutsidwa mwa madzi.” (Liwu Lachigiriki limene panopa latembenuzidwa “amoyo” ndiro psy·khaiʹ, mpangidwe wa zochuluka wa psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, Dy, ndipo Kx amatinso “miyoyo.” JB ndi TEV amati “anthu”; RS, NE, ndi NAB amagwiritsira ntchito “anthu.”)

Gen 9:5: “Zowonatu mwazi wanu wa miyoyo yanu [Chihebri, neʹphesh] ndidzafuna.” (Panopa moyo ukunenedwa kukhala ndi mwazi.)

Yoswa 11:11: “Ndipo anakantha amoyo [Chihebri, neʹphesh] onse anali m’mwemo, ndi lupanga lakuthwa.” (Panopa moyo ukusonyezedwa kukhala kanthu kena kamene kangakhudzidwe ndi lupanga, chotero miyoyo imeneyi sikanakhala mizimu.)

Kodi nkuti kumene Baibulo limanena kuti zinyama ndizo miyoyo?

Gen. 1:20, 21, 24, 25: “Ndipo anati Mulungu, Madzi abale zochuluka zamoyo* . . . Mulungu ndipo adalenga zinsomba zazikulu ndi zoyendayenda zamoyo zakuchuluka m’madzi mwa mitundu yawo, ndi mbalame zamapiko, zonse monga mwa mtundu wake. . . . Ndipo adati Mulungu, Dziko lapansi libale zamoyo monga mwa mitundu yawo . . . Ndipo Mulungu anapanga zinyama za dziko lapansi monga mwa mitundu yawo; ndi ng’ombe monga mwa mtundu wake, ndi zonse zakukwaŵa pansi monga mwa mitundu yawo.” (*M’Chihebri panopa liwulo ndiro neʹphesh. Ro imati “moyo.” Matembenuzidwe ena amagwiritsira ntchito “cho[zo]lengedwa.”)

Lev. 24:17, 18: “Munthu akakantha munthu [Chihebri, neʹphesh] mnzake aliyense kuti afe, amuphe ndithu. Munthu akakantha nyama [Chihebri, neʹphesh] kuti ife, ambwezere ina; moyo kulipa moyo.” (Tawonani kuti liwu limodzimodzilo Lachihebri la moyo lagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku ponse paŵiri anthu ndi zinyama.)

Chiv. 16:3: “Ndipo kunakhala mwazi ngati wa munthu wakufa; ndipo zamoyo* zonse za m’nyanja zidafa.” (Motero Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu amasonyeza zinyama kukhalanso miyoyo.) (*M’Chigiriki panopa liwulo ndiro psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, ndi Dy amalitembenuza “moyo.” Otembenuza ena amagwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti “cholengedwa” kapena “chinthu.”)

Kodi ophunzira ena amene saali Mboni za Yehova amavomereza kuti zimenezi ndizo zimene Baibulo limanena kuti ndicho chimene moyo uli?

“Palibe kusiyanitsidwa kwa thupi ndi moyo m’Chi[pangano] Cha[kale]. Mwisrayeli anawona zinthu monga momwe zinaliri, zamphumphu, ndipo motero analingalira amuna kukhala anthu ndipo osati nsanganizo. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti liwu lakuti nepeš [neʹphesh], likumasuliridwa kukhala moyo, silimatanthauza konse kuti moyo ngwosiyana ndi thupi kapena ndi munthu aliyense payekha. . . . Liwu lakuti [psy·kheʹ] m’Chi[pangano] Cha[tsopano] ndiro liwu lofanana ndi lakuti nepeš. Lingatanthauze magwero a moyo, moyo weniweniwo, kapena chamoyo.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Vol. XIII, pp. 449, 450.

“Liwu Lachihebri lakuti ‘moyo’ (nefesh, chinthu chopuma) linagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Mose . . . , kutanthauza ‘chamoyo chokhala ndi moyo’ ndipo limagwira ntchito mofananamo ku zamoyo zosakhala anthu. . . . Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa liwu lakuti psychē (‘moyo’) kwa Chipangano Chatsopano kunali kofanana ndi nefesh.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1976), Macropædia, Vol. 15, p. 152.

“Chikhulupiriro chakuti moyo umapitirizabe kukhalako pambuyo pa kuvunda kwa nthupi iri nkhani yanthanthi kapena kuyerekezeredwa kwanthanthi yopekayo mmalo mwa chikhulupiriro chenicheni, ndipo chifukwa chake siikuwonekera kukhala ikuphunzitsidwa kulikonse m’Malemba Opatulika.”—The Jewish Encyclopedia (1910), Vol. VI, p. 564.

Kodi moyo wa munthu ungafe?

Ezek. 18:4: “Tawonani, miyoyo yonse ndiyanga, monga moyo wa atate momwemonso moyo wa mwana, ndiyo yanga; moyo* wochimwawo udzafa.” (*Chihebri chimati “neʹphesh.” KJ, AS, RS, NE, ndi Dy amalimasulira kuti “moyo.” Matembenuzidwe ena amati “mwamuna” kapena “munthu.”)

Mat. 10:28: “Musamawopa amene akupha thupi, koma moyo [kapena, “moyo”] sangathe kuupha; koma makamaka muwope iye, wokhoza kuwononga moyo* ndi thupi lomwe m’gehena.” (*Chigiriki chiri ndi mpangidwe wa gramala wakuti psy·kheʹ. KJ, AS, RS, NE, TEV, Dy, JB, ndi NAB onsewo amalimasulira kukhala “moyo.”)

Mac. 3:23: “Ndipo kudzali, kuti wamoyo [Chigiriki, psy·kheʹ] aliyense samvera mneneri ameneyu, adzasakazidwa konse mwa anthu.”

Kodi kuli kotheka kuti miyoyo yaumunthu (anthu) ikhaleko kosatha?

Wonani tsamba 289-293, pamutu wakuti “Moyo (Life).”

Kodi moyo ngwofanana ndi mzimu?

Mlal. 12:7: “Fumbi ndi kubwerera pansi pomwe linali kale, mzimu [kapena, mphamvu ya moyo; Chihebri, ruʹach] ndi kubwerera kwa Mulungu amene anaupereka.” (Wonani kuti liwu Lachihebri lamzimu ndiro ruʹach; koma liwu lotembenuzidwa kukhala moyo ndiro neʹphesh. Lembalo silimatanthauza kuti pa imfa mzimu umayenda ulendo wonsewo kukaimirira pamaso pa Mulungu; mmalo mwake, chiyembekezo chiri chonse cha munthuyo cha kukhalanso ndi moyo chimakhala ndi Mulungu. Mofananamo, tinganene kuti, ngati malipiro ofunika sapangidwa ndi wogula chinthu, chinthucho “chimabwerera” kwa mwini wake.) (KJ, AS, RS, NE, ndi Dy onsewo amatembenuza ruʹach kukhala “mzimu.” NAB imati “mpweya wa moyo.”)

Mlal. 3:19: “Chomwe chigwera ana a anthu chigweranso nyamazo; ngakhale chowagwera nchimodzimodzi; monga winayo angofa momwemo zinazo zifanso; inde onsewo ali ndi mpweya [Chihebri, ruʹach] umodzi.” (Motero zonse ziŵiri anthu ndi zinyama asonyezedwa kukhala ndi ruʹach yofanana, kapena mzimu. Kaamba ka ndemanga pa vesi 20, 21, wonani tsamba 322.)

Aheb. 4:12, NW: “Mawu a Mulungu ngamoyo ndipo amapereka mphamvu ndipo ali akuthwa koposa lupanga lirilonse lakuthwa konsekonse ndipo amapyoza ngakhale ku kugaŵidwa kwa moyo [Chigiriki, psy·khesʹ; “moyo,” NE] ndi mzimu [Chigiriki, pneuʹma·tos], ndi kwa mfundo ndi mafuta awo a m’mafupa, ndipo ali okhoza kuzindikira malingaliro ndi zolinga za mtima.” (Wonani kuti liwu Lachigiriki la “mzimu” siliri lofanana ndi liwu la “moyo.”)

Kodi moyo wozindikira umapitirizabe kwa munthu pambuyo pa kuchoka kwa mzimu m’thupi?

Sal. 146:4: “Mpweya [Chihebri, kuchokera ku ruʹach] wake uchoka, abwerera kumka ku nthaka yake; tsiku lomwelo zotsimikiza mtima zake zitaika.” (NAB, Ro, Yg, ndi Dy [145:4] panopa amatembunuza ruʹach kukhala “mzimu.” Matembenuzidwe ena amati “mpweya.”) (Ndiponso Salmo 104:29)

Kodi ndiati amene ali magwero a chikhulupiriro cha Dziko Lachikristu a kukhalapo kwa moyo wosiyana ndi thupi, wosakhoza kufa?

“Lingaliro Lachikristu la moyo wauzimu wolengedwa ndi Mulungu ndi kuikidwa m’thupi panthaŵi yakutenga mimba kupangitsa munthu kukhala chinthu chamoyo lachokera m’kukula kwa nthanthi ya nthaŵi yaitali Yachikristu. Kufikira kwa Origen [amene anafa c. 254 C.E.] Kummaŵa ndi St. Augustine [amene anafa 430 C.E.] Kumadzulo pamene kunatsimikiziridwa kuti moyo unali chinthu chauzimu limodzi ndi filosofe ya nthanthi ya mpangidwe wodziŵika. . . . Chiphunzitso chake [cha Augustine] . . . chinapeza magwero aakulu (kuphatikizapo zophophonya zake) ku chiphunzitso cha Plato.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia, (1967), Vol. XIII, pp. 452, 454.

“Lingaliro la kusakhoza kufa lachokera m’kulingalira kwa Agiriki pamene kuli kwakuti chiyembekezo cha chiukiriro ndicho lingaliro la Ayuda. . . . Pambuyo pakugonjetsa kwa Alexander pang’ono ndi pang’ono Chiyuda chinavomereza malingaliro Achigiriki.”—Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible (Valence, France; 1935), lolembedwa ndi Alexandre Westphal, Vol. 2, p. 557.

“Kusakhoza kufa kwa moyo ndiko lingaliro la Agiriki lopangidwa m’madzoma achinsinsi akalekale ndipo linapititsidwa patsogolo ndi katswiri wa nthanthi Plato.”—Presbyterian Life, May 1, 1970, p. 35.

“Kodi timakhulupirira kuti kuli chinthu choterocho chotchedwa imfa? . . . Kodi sindiko kulekana kwa moyo ndi thupi? Ndipo imfa ndiyo kukwaniritsidwa kwa chimenechi; pamene moyo ukhalako mwa uwo wokha, ndipo umasulidwa m’thupi ndipo thupi limasuka kumoyo, kodi chimenecho chingakhale chiyani ngati sindicho imfa? . . . Ndipo kodi moyo umavomera kuti umafa? Ayi. Pamenepo kodi moyo uli wosakhoza kufa? Inde.”—“Phaedo,” ya Plato, Zigawo 64, 105, monga momwe yafalitsidwira mu Great Books of the Western World (1952), lolembedwa ndi R. M. Hutchins, Vol. 7, pp. 223, 245, 246.

“Monga momwe tawonera, vuto la kusakhoza kufa kwa moyo, linachititsa chisamaliro chachikulu cha akatswiri anthanthi Achibabulo. . . . Anthu kapena atsogoleri achipembedzo sanavomereze kuti kuwonongedwa kotheratu kwa chinthu chimene chinayamba kukhalako ndi moyo nkotheka. Imfa inali njira yopitira kumtundu wina wa moyo.”—The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), M. Jastrow, Jr., p. 556.

Wonaninso tsamba 153-155, pamutu wakuti “Imfa.”