Buku la Ulosi
Anthu amafuna kudziŵa za mtsogolo. Amafunafuna onenera za mtsogolo odalirika pankhani zambiri, kuyambira pa kuneneratu za nyengo mpaka za mkhalidwe wa zachuma. Komabe, pamene atsatira zonenedweratuzo, iwo nthaŵi zambiri amagwira mwala. Baibulo lili ndi maulosi ambiri. Kodi maulosiwo ali olondola? Kodi ndiwo mbiri yolembedwa pasadakhale? Kapena kodi zinalembedwa pambuyo pa zochitikazo komano nkunamizira kuti ndi ulosi?
MALINGA ndi malipoti, Cato (234-149 B.C.E.), wandale wachiroma, anati: “Ndimadabwa kuti mlauli samakondwa akakumana ndi mlauli mnzake.”1 Inde, mpaka lero anthu ambiri amakayikira owombeza ula, openda nyenyezi, ndi alauli ena. Nthaŵi zambiri amalosera ndi mawu osatsatirika bwino amene kumasulira kwake kungakhale kosiyanasiyana.
Nanga bwanji za maulosi a Baibulo? Kodi pali chifukwa chowakayikira? Kapena kodi alipo maziko akuti nkuwadalira?
Sali Zongoyerekeza Mwaluso
Anthu anzeru amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zimene amaona pofuna kulosera molondola za mtsogolo, ndipo samakhala olondola nthaŵi zonse. Buku lakuti Future Shock limatero kuti: “Anthu kulikonse sakungoyang’anizana ndi zinthu zambiri zooneka kuti zingachitike mtsogolo, komanso zinthu zambiri zooneka kuti zidzachitika mtsogolo, ndipo sakudziŵa zimene angakonde kuti zidzachitike mtsogolo.” Likuwonjeza kuti: “Ndithudi, palibe amene akhoza ‘kudziŵa’ kotheratu za mtsogolo. Timangondandalika zoganiza zathu ndi kuzizamitsa m’maganizo mwathu ndi kuyesa kuyerekeza zimene zingatheke kuchitika.”2
Koma olemba Baibulo ‘sanangoyerekeza’ zimene zingatheke kuchitika’ pa “zoganiza” zawo za mtsogolo. Ndipo sitinganene kuti maulosi awo anali mawu osadziŵika bwino amene aliyense angamasulire mosiyana. M’malo mwake, maulosi awo ambiri anawanena momveka bwino kwambiri ndipo anali olunjika zedi, nthaŵi zambiri anali kulosera zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene anthu anali kuyembekeza. Tatengani chitsanzo cha zimene Baibulo linaneneratu za mzinda wakale wa Babulo.
‘Adzasesedwa ndi Tsache la Chiwonongeko’
Babulo wakale anakhala “ngale ya maufumu.” (Yesaya 13:19, The New American Bible) Mzinda waukulu umenewu unali pamalo abwino panjira ya malonda yochokera ku Persian Gulf kupita ku Mediterranean Sea, ndipo unali pochitira malonda a kumtunda ndi apanyanja pakati pa Kummaŵa ndi Kumadzulo.
Podzafika zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri B.C.E., Babulo anali likulu la Ufumu Wachibabulo ndipo anaoneka ngati wosagonjetseka. Mzindawo unatangadzira mtsinje wa Firate, ndipo madzi a mtsinjewo anawagwiritsira ntchito kupanga chemba lotakata ndi lakuya ndi ngalande zambirimbiri. Ndiponso, mzindawo unali wotetezeka ndi malinga aŵiri aakulu okhala ndi nsanja zambiri zachitetezo. Sitingadabwe kuti anthu ake anadzimva osungika.
Ngakhale zinali tero, m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu B.C.E., Babulo asanafike pachimake cha ulemerero wake, mneneri Yesaya analosera kuti Babulo ‘adzasesedwa ndi tsache la chiwonongeko.’ (Yesaya 13:19; 14:22, 23) Yesaya anafotokozanso njira yeniyeni imene Babulo anali kudzagwera. Adani ‘adzaumitsa’ nyanja zake—zimene zinali magwero a chemba lake lachitetezo—kuchotsa chitetezo pa mzindawo. Yesaya anatchula ndi dzina lomwe la wogonjetsayo—“Koresi,” mfumu yaikulu ya Aperisi, “amene zipata zidzatseguka pamaso pake ndi zitseko sizidzatsekedwa.”—Yesaya 44:27–45:2, The New English Bible.
Kulosera zimenezi kunali kulimba mtima. Koma kodi maulosiwo anachitikadi? Mbiri yakale ikuyankha.
“Popanda Kumenya Nkhondo”
Patapita zaka mazana aŵiri kuchokera pamene Yesaya analemba ulosi wake, usiku wa October 5, 539 B.C.E., magulu a nkhondo a Amedi ndi Aperisi otsogozedwa ndi Koresi Wamkulu anamanga misasa pafupi ndi Babulo. Koma Ababulo anakhulupirira kuti palibe zimene zingachitike. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri wachigiriki Herodotus (zaka za zana lachisanu B.C.E.), iwo anasunga chakudya chochuluka m’nkhokwe zawo chokwana kutha zaka ziŵiri.3 Ndiponso mtsinje wa Firate ndi malinga aakulu a Babulo anali kuwateteza. Ngakhale zinali choncho, usiku umenewo, malinga ndi Mbiri ya Nabonidus, “magulu a nkhondo a Koresi analoŵa m’Babulo popanda kumenya nkhondo.”4 Kodi zimenezo zinatheka bwanji?
Herodotus akufotokoza kuti m’mzindawo, anthu “anali kuvina ndi kusekera paphwando.”5 Komabe, kunja kwake Koresi anali atapatutsa madzi a Firate. Pamene madzi anachepa, asilikali ake anayenda khuvukhuvu kutsata mtsinjewo, madzi ali m’ntchafu. Anadutsa malinga aataliwo naloŵera pa zipata zimene Herodotus anatcha “zipata zotseguka m’mbali mwa mtsinje,” zipata zomwe mosasamala anazisiya zotseguka.6 (Yerekezerani ndi Danieli 5:1-4; Yeremiya 50:24; 51:31, 32.) Olemba mbiri ena, kuphatikizapo Xenophon (ku ma 431 mpaka ku ma 352 B.C.E.), limodzinso ndi mapale ozokota opezedwa ndi akatswiri ofukula m’mabwinja, amatsimikiza kuti Koresi anagwetsa Babulo mwadzidzidzi.7
Motero ulosi wa Yesaya wonena za Babulo unakwaniritsidwa. Kodi unaterodi? Kodi zingachitike kuti mwina zimenezi sizinali ulosi koma kuti zinalembedwa pambuyo pa chochitikacho? Ee, tingafunsenso funso limodzimodzilo za maulosi ena a Baibulo.
Kodi Zinalembedwa Zitachitika Kale Nangozinamiza Kukhala Ulosi?
Ngati aneneri a Baibulo—kuphatikizapo Yesaya—anangosintha mbiri yolembalemba kuti ioneke ngati ulosi, ndiye kuti amuna amenewo anali onyenga amachenjera. Koma kodi iwo akanakhala ndi cholinga chotani pochita machenjero oterowo? Aneneri oona ananeneratu kuti iwo sakalandira chiphuphu. (1 Samueli 12:3; Danieli 5:17) Ndipo tapenda kale umboni wodalirika wakuti olemba Baibulo (amene ambiri anali aneneri) anali amuna odalirika amene anali okonzeka ngakhale kuulula zolakwa zawo zomvetsa manyazi. Zikuoneka kuti nzosatheka kuti amuna ngati ameneŵa angakonde kukhala pansi ndi kuchita chinyengo, kusintha mbiri kuti ioneke ngati ulosi.
Palinso mfundo ina yofunika kuilingalira. Maulosi ambiri a Baibulo anali ndi mauthenga oŵaŵa a aneneriwo kwa anthu awo, amene anaphatikizapo ansembe ndi olamulira. Mwachitsanzo, Yesaya anatsutsa makhalidwe onyansa a Aisrayeli—olamulira ndi anthu omwe—m’tsiku lake. (Yesaya 1:2-10) Aneneri ena anavumbuliratu machimo a ansembe. (Zefaniya 3:4; Malaki 2:1-9) Nzovuta kumvetsa chifukwa chake iwo akanapeka maulosi omwe anali ndi uthenga woŵaŵa kosapiririka wotsutsa anthu awo ndi chifukwa chake ansembe akanagwirizana nawo pa chiwembu ngati chimenecho.
Ndiponso, kodi aneneriwo—ngati anali onyenga—akanakhoza bwanji pachinyengo chawo? Mu Israyeli anali kulimbikitsa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba. Kuyambira paukhanda, ana anali kuwaphunzitsa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba. (Deuteronomo 6:6-9) Anali kulimbikitsa munthu kuŵerenga Malemba payekha. (Salmo 1:2) Malemba anali kuŵerengedwanso poyera m’masunagoge pa Sabata mlungu ndi mlungu. (Machitidwe 15:21) Zikuoneka zosatheka kuti mtundu wonse wodziŵa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba, wodziŵanso bwino Malemba, ukananyengeka ndi zosemerera ngati zimenezo.
Ndiponso, ulosi wa Yesaya wokhudza Babulo uli nzambiri. Umatchula chochitika china chimene sikutheka kuti chikanalembedwa pambuyo pa kuchitika kwake.
“Anthu Sadzakhalamo Konse”
Kodi Babulo anadzakhala chiyani atagwa? Yesaya analosera kuti: “Anthu sadzakhalamo konse, sadzakhalamo mbadwo ndi mbadwo; M[w]arabu sadzamanga hema wake pamenepo; abusa sadzagonetsa makamu awo kumeneko.” (Yesaya 13:20) Kunena zoona, ziyenera kuti zinamveka zachilendo kulosera kuti mzinda wokhala pamalo abwino umenewo simudzakhala anthu konse. Kodi mawu a Yesaya angakhale atalembedwa pambuyo poti waona Babulo ali bwinja?
Pambuyo pakuti Koresi walanda mzindawo, Babulo wokhalamo anthu—ngakhale kuti anali wamng’ono—analikobe zaka mazana ambiri. Kumbukirani kuti Mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa imaphatikizapo kope la buku lonse la Yesaya la m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri B.C.E. Pafupi ndi nthaŵi imene mpukutuwo anali kuukopa, Apatiya analanda Babulo. M’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., ku Babulo kunali mudzi wa Ayuda, ndipo wolemba Baibulo, Petro, anakafikako komweko. (1 Petro 5:13) Panthaŵiyo, Mpukutu wa Yesaya wa ku Nyanja Yakufa unali utakhalako pafupifupi zaka mazana aŵiri. Chotero, m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., Babulo anali asanakhaliretu bwinja, koma buku la Yesaya linali litamalizidwa kalekale.a
Monga mwa ulosiwo, Babulo pomaliza pake anakhala “miunda” wamba. (Yeremiya 51:37) Malinga ndi katswiri wa maphunziro a Chihebri Jerome (zaka za zana lachinayi C.E.), masiku akewo Babulo anali malo okasakako nyama kumene kunali kupezeka “nyama zamtundu uliwonse.”9 Babulo adakali bwinja mpaka lero.
Yesaya sanakhale ndi moyo moti nkudzaona Babulo akusandulika kukhala wosakhalamo anthu. Koma mabwinja a mzindawo umene nthaŵi ina unali wamphamvu, wokhala pamtunda wa makilomita ngati 80 kuchokera ku Baghdad, ku Iraq wamakono, amapereka umboni wosalankhula wakuti mawu ake anakwaniritsidwa akuti: “Anthu sadzakhalamo konse.” Ngakhale ngati Babulo angakonzedwenso m’njira iliyonse monga malo okopa alendo, “mwana wamwamuna, ndi chidzukulu chachimuna” cha Babulo sadzakhalamonso.—Yesaya 13:20; 14:22, 23.
Chotero mneneri Yesaya sanalosere zinthu zosatsatirika bwino zimene zikanakwaniritsika pa zochitika zilizonse za mtsogolo. Ndiponso sanasinthe mbiri yolembalemba kuipanga kuoneka ngati ulosi. Tangoganizirani: Kodi wonyenga akanayeseranji “kulosera” zinthu zimene sakanatha kuzilamulira konse—kuti Babulo wamphamvu sadzakhalamo anthu konse?
Ulosi umenewu wa kugwa kwa Babulo wangokhala chitsanzo chimodzi chabe cha m’Baibulo.b Anthu ambiri amaona kuti kukwaniritsika kwa maulosi ake kumasonyeza kuti Baibulo liyenera kuti linachokera kwa wina wake wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa anthu. Mwina mukuvomereza kuti, kunenadi zoona, buku limeneli la ulosi liyenera kulipenda. Chodziŵika nchakuti: Pali kusiyana kwambiri pakati pa maulosi osadziŵika bwino ndi otenga mtima a alauli amakono ndi maulosi omveka, otsatirika, ndi olunjika a Baibulo.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Pali umboni wodalirika wakuti mabuku a m’Malemba Achihebri—kuphatikizapo la Yesaya—analembedwa kale kwambiri zisanayambe zaka za zana loyamba C.E. Wolemba mbiri Josephus (m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E.) anatero kuti mpambo wa mabuku ovomerezedwa a m’Malemba Achihebri unali utakhazikitsidwa kalekale masiku ake asanafike.8 Ndiponso, Baibulo lachigiriki la Septuagint, matembenuzidwe a Malemba Achihebri m’Chigiriki, linayambidwa m’zaka za zana lachitatu B.C.E. ndipo linamalizidwa podzafika zaka za zana lachiŵiri B.C.E.
b Ngati mukufuna malongosoledwe ena a maulosi a Baibulo ndi umboni wake wa m’mbiri yakale wakuti anakwaniritsidwa, chonde onani buku lakuti Baibulo—Kodi Ndilo Mawu a Mulungu Kapena a Munthu?, lofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., masamba 117-33.
[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 28]
Kodi olemba Baibulo anali aneneri oona kapena onyenga amachenjera?
[Chithunzi patsamba 29]
Mabwinja a Babulo wakale