Kodi Mukudziwa?
Mu nthawi ya Yesu, kodi atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda ankawaona bwanji anthu wamba?
▪ M’nthawi ya atumwi, anthu omwe anali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo, ankanyoza anthu amene anali osaphunzira. Komanso Baibulo limati pa nthawi ina Afarisi ananena kuti: “Khamu lonseli la anthu osadziwa Chilamulo ndi lotembereredwa.”—Yohane 7:49.
Palinso mabuku ena amene amasonyeza kuti anthu amaudindo ankanyoza anthu osaphunzira pomawatchula kuti ʽam ha·ʼaʹrets, [amuharetsi] mawu omwe amatanthauza “eni dziko.” Poyamba, mawu amenewa anali aulemu ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za nzika za dera linalake. Komanso sankawagwiritsa ntchito ponena za anthu osauka kapena onyozeka okha ayi, koma ankawagwiritsanso ntchito ponena za anthu olemera.—Genesis 23:7; 2 Mafumu 23:35; Ezekieli 22:29.
Koma pofika m’nthawi ya Yesu, mawu amenewa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu onyoza akafuna kunena za anthu omwe ankawaona kuti sankadziwa Chilamulo cha Mose. Ankawagwiritsanso ntchito ponena za anthu amene ankalephera kutsatira miyambo ya arabi yomwe inkakhala ndi malamulo ambirimbiri. Buku la Mishnah linkachenjeza anthu kuti asamakhale m’nyumba za ʽam ha·ʼaʹrets. (Buku limeneli ndi lolembedwa ndi arabi osiyanasiyana ndipo ndi limene linadzakhala buku lamalamulo lotchedwa Talmud.) Buku lina linanena kuti rabi wina dzina lake Meir, yemwe anakhalapo zaka za m’ma 100 C.E., ankaphunzitsa kuti: “Munthu amene walola mwana wake wamkazi kukwatiwa ndi am ha’aretz, amakhala ngati wamanga mwanayo manja ndi miyendo n’kumuika pamene pali mkango umene uyambe wamupondaponda kenako n’kumumeza.” (The Encyclopedia of Talmudic Sages) Buku la Talmud linanenanso zimene rabi wina ananena. Iye anati: “Anthu osaphunzira sadzaukitsidwa.”
Kodi dzina lakuti Kaisara limene limatchulidwa m’Baibulo limatanthauza chiyani?
▪ Dzina lakuti Kaisara linali la munthu winawake wochokera kubanja lachiroma dzina lake Gaius Julius Caesar [Kaisara]. Munthu ameneyu anaikidwa kukhala mfumu ya Roma mu 46 B.C.E. Ndiyeno mafumu a ku Roma amene analamulira pambuyo pake anayambanso kudzitcha Kaisara. Ena mwa mafumu amenewa amene amatchulidwa m’Baibulo ndi Augusito, Tiberiyo ndi Kalaudiyo.—Luka 2:1; 3:1; Machitidwe 11:28.
Tiberiyo anakhala mfumu mu 14 C.E., ndipo iye ndi amene anali wolamulira pa nthawi yonse imene Yesu ankachita utumiki wake padziko lapansi. Choncho Tiberiyo ndiye Kaisara amene Yesu ankamunena pamene ankayankha funso limene anafunsidwa pa nkhani yopereka msonkho. Iye anayankha kuti: “Perekani zinthu za Kaisara kwa Kaisara, koma zinthu za Mulungu muzizipereka kwa Mulungu.” (Maliko 12:17) N’zoonekeratu kuti pamene Yesu ananena za Kaisara, sankangonena za Tiberiyo yekha basi. M’malomwake mawu akuti, “Kaisara” ankaimira olamulira kapena kuti boma.
Cha m’ma 58 C.E. pamene mtumwi Paulo anaweruzidwa mopanda chilungamo, mtumwiyu anagwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake monga nzika ya Roma ndipo anapempha kuti nkhani yake ikaweruzidwe kwa Kaisara. (Machitidwe 25:8-11) Apa sikuti Paulo ankapempha kuti akaweruzidwe ndi Nero, yemwe anali mfumu pa nthawiyo, koma ankangotanthauza kuti akufuna akaweruzidwe ndi khoti lalikulu la ufumu wa Roma.
Choncho dzina limeneli lakuti Kaisara, linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za anthu aulamuliro moti ngakhale pamene mzera wa anthu akubanja la Kaisara unatha, dzinali ankaligwiritsabe ntchito ponena za olamulira aboma.
[Chithunzi patsamba 29]
Dinari yasiliva yokhala ndi chithunzi cha Tiberiyo