Ndalama Zakale Zimachitira Umboni ku Chowonadi cha Ulosi

NDALAMA zimene zimalira m’thumba kapena m’kachikwama kanu zinganyamule uthenga wochepa woposa kuti inu mungakhoze kugula chinthu china chaching’ono. Koma ndalama zina zimanyamula uthenga wamphamvu.

Mwamsanga isanafike imfa yake, Yesu analosera kuti kuwononga kwakukulu kudzabwera pa Yerusalemu, likulu la mtundu wosakhulupirika wa Israyeli. (Mateyu 23:37–24:2) Yesu ananena kuti: “Koma pamene pali ponse mudzawona Yerusalemu atazingidwa ndi magulu a ankhondo, zindikirani pamenepo kuti chipululutso chake chayandikira. Pamenepo iwo ali m’Yudeya athawire kumapiri . . . chifukwa amenewa ndi masiku akubwezera, kuti zonse zidalembedwa zichitike.”​—Luka 21:20-22.

Panthaŵi imeneyo, Ayuda anali pansi pa chiyang’aniro champhamvu cha Roma wamphamvu. Ndimotani, chotero, mmene ulosi wa Yesu ukanakhalira wowona? Chabwino, Ayuda anaukira mu 66 C.E. Cestius Gallus anatsogolera magulu a nkhondo amphamvu a Roma motsutsana ndi iwo ndipo ngakhale kuzinga Yerusalemu, monga mmene Yesu ananeneratu. Kenaka, popanda chifukwa chenicheni, Aroma mwamsanga anabwerera. Opandukawo anasangalala m’chipambano chomwe chinawoneka kusonyeza ufulu wotheratu. Iwo anafikira pa kuphwanya ndalama, monga ngati izi ziwoneka pano. (Nambala 1, 2)

Koma ophunzira a Yesu sananyengedwe. Akumalabadira chenjezo lake ‘kuthawira ku mapiri,’ iwo anachoka m’nyumba zawo za m’Yudeya. Iwo anathawira kunsi ndi kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Yordano, kenaka kumpoto kukakhala ku Pella. Koma kodi chimenecho chinali choyenera, popeza zaka zoŵerengeka zinapita ndipo Ayuda m’Yerusalemu anakhalabe aufulu? Ngakhale kuti Ayuda amenewa anali ndi ndalama zawo zawo, iwo mwamsanga sakanapeza chakudya kugula ndi izo. Nchifukwa ninji?

Onani pa ndalama yochitiridwa chitsanzo ndi nambala 3, ndi 4. Mudzawona mutu wa nduna ya Chiroma Vespasian, yemwe anaikidwa kutenga ulamuliro kuchokera kwa Cestius Gallus. Mogwirizana ndi Encyclopædia Britannica, Vespasian anali “kutsogolera nkhondo m’Yudeya, yomwe inali kuwopsyeza kusakhazikika kwa mikhalidwe kuzungulira Kum’mawa, chifukwa cha lingaliro lobukitsidwa mofala kumbali zimenezo kuti kuchokera ku Yudeya kudzabwera atsogoleri a mtsogolo a dziko. Vespasian, yemwe anali ndi chidaliro champhamvu m’kukhulupirira malaulo, anapangidwa kukhulupirira kuti iye iyemwini anayenera kukwaniritsa chiyembekezo chimenechi.” Wodziŵa mbiri yakale Josephus mowonekera bwino akulemba zotulukapo za nkhondozo. Pambuyo pa kukhala wolamulira kwa Vespasian mu 69 C.E., mwana wake Titus anapitiriza nkhondo, ngakhale kulanda Yerusalemu. Chilala ndi mantha zinakantha awo amene anagwidwa mkati. Pamene mzindawo unagwa, makoma ake anagwetsedwa ndi kachisi wake kuwonongedwa.

Nchiyani chimene chinali phindu la anthu awo amene ananyalanyaza chenjezo la Yesu? “Popeza anthu anjala anachinjiriza linga lawo ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa, akumataya oposa zana chikwi a ziwalo zawo m’chochitikacho. Chifupifupi unyinji wofananawonso, wokakamizidwa kuchitira umboni chiwonetsero chochititsa mantha cha kutentha, kuba zinthu, ndi kuwonongedwa kotheratu kwa kachisi wawo wopatulika, anatengedwa mu ukapolo, ambiri a iwo akumakakamizidwa . . . kutumikira monga omenyana kufikira imfa oweruzidwa kapena monga olimbana mopanda thandizo ndi zinyama za kuthengo m’malo achiwonetsero ‘amaseŵera’ amene Titus wopambanayo anawapanga.”​—Coins of Bible Days.

Bukhu limeneli likulongosola kuti mu 71 C.E., Vespasian ndi Titus anayenda mozungulira Roma mwachipambano kukumbukira chipambano chimenechi. Koma “zopambana koposa ndawala iriyonse kapena mapwando zinali ndalama ‘zachipambano’ zambiri.” Ndalama ya golidi imodziyi (Nambala 5) inapangidwa ndi Vespasian kukumbukira chipambano cha Roma pa Yudeya.

Ngakhale kuti Ayuda ambiri angakhale anaseka pa ndemanga ya ulosi wa Yesu yonena za kutha kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu la Ayuda, mawu ake anakhala owona, monga mmene ndalamazi zikutsimikizirira. Ulosi wa Yesu uli ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwakukulu lerolino, kumaloza ku tsoka likudzalo kaamba ka dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu liripoli la dziko lonse. Chiri kwa inumwini kuphunzira nchiyani chimene uthenga wa makonowu uli nacho ndi mmene inu mungapeŵere kukhala nkhole ya tsoka likudzalo.

[Bokosi/​Zithunzi patsamba 31]

1. Kutsogolo: Prutah (kapena perutah) ya mkuwa yopangidwa pambuyo pa Kuwukira Koyamba (66-70 C.E.), yosonyeza chotengera cha Chigriki (cha zogwirira ziŵiri). Kalembedwe ka Chihebri kakunena kuti “Zaka ziŵiri, kutanthauza 67 C.E., chaka chachiŵiri cha kudzilamulira kwa Ayuda

2. Kumbuyo: Tsamba la mphesa lozungulidwa ndi mawu akuti “Ufulu wa Ziyoni” kapena “Chipulumutso cha Ziyoni”

3. Kutsogolo: Sestertius ya mkuwa yopangidwa ndi Emperor Vespasian kukumbukira kugonjetsa kwa Yudeya. Mawu ofupikitsidwa a Chilatin ozungulira chithunzi chake ali akuti IMP[erator] (Wolamulira) CAES[ar] VESPASIAN[us] AVG[ustus] P[ontifex] M[aximus] (mkulu wansembe) TR[ibunicia] [otestate] (wogwira mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa Chiroma) P[ater] P[atriae] (tate wa dziko la atate) CO[n]S[ul] III lomwe limaika ndalamayo tsiku la 71 C.E.

4. Kumbuyo: Kumanzere kuli Emperor Vespasian (kapena Kazembe Tito) wodzikwezayo atavala zida za nkhondo, atagwira lupanga ndi mpeni waukulu, miyendo yake itaikidwa pa chisoti. Kulamanja kwake kuli mkazi wa Chiyuda atakhala pa chapachifuwa pansi pa mtengo wa ngole; iye akubuma ndi kulira. Mawu akuti IVDAEA CAPTA amatanthauza “Yudeya Wogwidwa.” Ndalama iyi inasulidwa ndi [enatus] C[onsulto] “ndi chivomerezo cha Boma”

5. Kumbuyo: (Ndalama ya golidi) ya aureus ya Vespasian yosonyeza Yudeya akulira

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.