Mutu 6

Zozizwitsa—Kodi Zinachitikadi?

Tsiku lina mu 31 C.E., Yesu ndi ophunzira ake anali kuyenda kumka ku Naini, mzinda wa kumpoto kwa Palestina. Pamene anayandikira kuchipata cha mzindawo, iwo anakumana ndi gulu la anthu litanyamula maliro. Womwalirayo anali mnyamata. Mayi ŵake anali mkazi wamasiye, ndipo iye anali mwana wake wamwamuna mmodzi yekha, chotero tsopano iye anali yekhayekha. Malinga ndi kunena kwa cholembedwacho, Yesu “anamumvera chisoni, namuuza kuti ‘lekani kulira.’ Atatero iye anafika pafupi nakhudza chithatha, ndipo onyamula malirowo anaima chiriri, ndipo iye anati: ‘Mnyamata iwe, ndikuuza kuti, tauka!’ Ndipo wakufayo anakhala tsonga nayamba kulankhula.”—Luka 7:11-15.

1. (Phatikizamoni mawu oyamba.) (a) Kodi ndichozizwitsa chotani chimene Yesu anachita pafupi ndi mzinda wa Naini? (b) Kodi zozizwitsa nzofunika motani m’Baibulo, komabe kodi anthu onse amakhulupirira kuti izo zinachitikadi?

IRI nkhani yothutsa mtima, koma kodi njowona? Ambiri amawona kukhala kovuta kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zoterozo zinachitikadi. Komabe, zozizwitsa ziri mbali yaikulu ya cholembedwa cha Baibulo. Kukhulupirira Baibulo kumatanthauza kukhulupirira kuti zozizwitsazo zinachitika. Kunena zowona, mkhalidwe wonse wa chowonadi cha Baibulo umadalira pa chozizwitsa chimodzi chofunika kwambiri: kuukitsidwa kwa Kristu.

Chifukwa Chake Ena Samalikhulupirira

2, 3. Kodi ndimbali imodzi yotani ya lingaliro imene wanthanthi Wachisikotchi David Hume anagwiritsira ntchito m’kuyesayesa kwake kutsimikizira kuti zozizwitsa sizinachitike?

² Kodi inu mumakhulupirira zozizwitsa? Kapena kodi inu mumalingalira kuti m’nyengo ino ya sayansi, nkupanda nzeru kukhulupirira zozizwitsa—ndiko kuti, zochitika zodabwitsa zimene zimapereka umboni wakuloŵereramo kwa mphamvu zoposa zaumunthu? Ngati inu simumakhulupirira, inu simuli munthu woyambirira. Zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo, wanthanthi Wachisikotchi David Hume anali ndi vuto lofananalo. Kungakhale kwakuti zifukwa zanu zosakhulupiririra ziri zofanana ndi zake.

³ Zitsutso za Hume kulingaliro la zozizwitsa zimaphatikizapo mfundo zitatu zapadera.¹ Choyamba, iye akulemba kuti: “Chozizwitsa ndicho kuswedwa kwa malamulo a chilengedwe.” Munthu wadalira kuchokera kunthaŵi yosadziŵika pamalamulo achilengedwe. Iye wadziŵa kuti chinthu chidzagwa ngati chitagwetsedwa, kuti dzuŵa lidzatuluka mmaŵa uliwonse ndi kuloŵa usiku uliwonse, ndi zina zotero. Mwachibadwa, iye amadziŵa kuti nthaŵi zonse zochitika zidzatsatira mkhalidwe wozoloŵereka woterowo. Palibe chirichonse chimene chidzachitika chimene chiri chosagwirizana ndi malamulo achilengedwe. ‘Umboni’ umenewu, Hume analingalira kuti, “uli wachikwanekwane mofanana ndi chigomeko chirichonse cha kudziŵa zinthu” motsutsana ndi kuthekera kwa zozizwitsa.

4, 5. Kodi ndizifukwa zina ziŵiri zotani zimene zinaperekedwa ndi David Hume kutsutsa kuthekera kwa zozizwitsa?

⁴ Chigomeko chachiŵiri chimene iye anapereka chinali chakuti anthu ngosavuta kupusitsidwa. Ena amafuna kukhulupirira zodabwitsa ndi zozizwitsa, makamaka ngati ziri zokhudza chipembedzo, ndipo zochuluka zotchedwa chotero zozizwitsa zasanduka kukhala zonyenga. Chigomeko chachitatu chinali chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri zozizwitsa zimasimbidwa munthaŵi za umbuli. Pamene anthu afikira kukhala ophunzira kwambiri, ndipamenenso zozizwitsa zochepera kwambiri zimasimbidwa. Monga momwe Hume anafotokozera, “Zochitika zachilendo zoterozo sizimachitika m’nthaŵi yathu.” Motero, iye analingalira kuti zinatsimikizira kuti sizinachitike nkomwe.

⁵ Kufikira lerolino, zigomeko zochuluka zotsutsana ndi zozizwitsa ziri zogwirizana ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino ofala ameneŵa, chotero tiyeni tilingalire zigomeko za Hume, chimodzichimodzi.

Motsutsana ndi Malamulo a Chilengedwe?

6. Kodi nchifukwa ninji sikuli kwanzeru kukana lingaliro la zozizwitsa pamaziko akuti izo ziri ‘kutsutsana ndi malamulo achilengedwe’?

⁶ Bwanji ponena za chitsutso chakuti zozizwitsa ziri ‘kutsutsana ndi malamulo achilengedwe’ ndipo motero sizingakhale zowona? Pamwamba chabe, izi zingawonekere kukhala zogwira mtima; koma kwenikweni pendani zimene zikunenedwa. Kaŵirikaŵiri, chozizwitsa chingathe kufotokozedwa kukhala kanthu kena kamene kachitika kunja kwa malamulo a nthaŵi zonse achilengedwe.a Ndicho chochitika chosayembekezeredwa kwambiri chimene openyerera ali okhutiritsidwa maganizo kuti iwo awona kuloŵereramo kwa mphamvu yoposa yaumunthu. Chotero, chimene chitsutsocho chikutanthauza kwenikweni ndicho chakuti: ‘Zozizwitsa nzosatheka chifukwa chakuti izo nzozizwitsa!’ Bwanji osalingalira umboni musanafike pachosankha chofulumira chotero?

7, 8. (a) Ponena za malamulo achilengedwe monga momwe tikuwadziŵira, kodi asayansi akhala ndi maganizo ofutukuka m’njira zotani m’lingaliro lawo ponena za chimene chiri ndi chimene sichiri chothekera? (b) Ngati tikhulupirira Mulungu, kodi nchiyaninso chimene tiyenera kukhulupirira ponena za kukhoza kwake kuchita zinthu zachilendo?

⁷ Chowonadi nchakuti, anthu ophunzira lerolino ali okonzekera mochepera koposa mmene analiri David Hume kuumirira kuti malamulo ofala achilengedwe amakhala owona kulikonse ndi panthaŵi zonse. Asayansi ali ofunitsitsa kukaikira kuti kaya, mmalo mwa miyeso yozoloŵereka itatuyo ya utali, mbwambi, ndi kutalika, pangakhale milingo ina yambiri yowonjezera m’chilengedwe.² Iwo amapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa mauna akuda, nyenyezi zazikulu kwambiri zimene zimanyonyotsoka zokha kufikira mkhalidwe wawo wa kukhala womangana pamodzi utazimiririka kotheratu. Mmalo awo a zinthu zam’lengalenga akunenedwa kukhala opotozedwa kwambiri kwakuti nthaŵi yeniyeniyo imangoima pamalo amodzi.³ Asayansi atsutsana ponena zakuti kaya, pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, nthaŵi ingayende chifuta mmbuyo mmalo mwa chopita patsogolo!⁴

⁸ Stephen W. Hawking, Profesala wa Wamasamu (Lucasian) pa Yunivesite ya Cambridge, pofotokoza mmene chilengedwe chinayambira, anati: “M’nthanthi yachikale ya kugwirizana wamba kwa zinthu . . . chiyambi chachilengedwe chiyenera kukhala chimodzi cha kugwirizana kwa zinthu kopanda malekezero ndi koyezera nyengo yanthaŵi. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yoteroyo, malamulo onse odziŵika achilengedwe akalekeka.”⁵ Chotero, asayansi amakono samavomereza kuti chifukwa chakuti kanthu kena kali kosemphana ndi malamulo a nthaŵi zonse achilengedwe sikangachitike konse. M’mikhalidwe yosazoloŵereka, zinthu zachilendo zingachitike. Ndithudi, ngati tikukhulupirira mwa Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti iye ali ndi mphamvu yakuchititsa zochitika zosazoloŵereka ndi—zozizwitsa—kuchitika pamene ziyenerana ndi chifuno chake.—Eksodo 15:6-10; Yesaya 40:13, 15.

Bwanji Ponena za Zonyenga?

9. Kodi nzowona kuti zina za zozizwitsa ziri zonyenga? Fotokozani yankho lanu.

⁹ Palibe munthu wanzeru amene akakana kuti pali zozizwitsa zonyenga. Mwachitsanzo, ena amanena kuti ali ndi mphamvu ya kuchiritsa odwala mwa kuchiritsa kozizwitsa mwa kupempherera. Dokotala wina wa pachipatala, William A. Nolan, anaipanga kukhala ntchito yake yapadera ya kufufuza machiritso oterowo. Iye anafufuza onenedwa kukhala machiritso ochuluka pakati pa onse aŵiri ochiritsa mwa kupemphera a evanjeliko mu United States ndiponso otchedwa chotero ochiritsa zosokonezeka maganizo a ku Asia. Chotulukapo chake? Iye anapeza kuti zinali zitsanzo za kugwiritsidwa mwala zokhazokha ndi chinyengo.⁶

10. Kodi mukulingalira kuti chenicheni chakuti zina za zozizwitsa zasonyezedwa kukhala zonyenga chimatsimikizira kuti zozizwitsa zonse ziri zachinyengo?

¹⁰ Kodi zinyengo zoterozo zimatanthauza kuti zozizwitsa zenizeni sizinachitikepo nkomwe? Osati kwenikweni. Nthaŵi zina timamva za ndalama za pepala zachinyengo zochititsidwa kugulira zinthu pamalonda, koma zimenezo sizimatanthauza kuti ndalama zonse nzachinyengo. Anthu ena odwala amaika chikhulupiriro chachikulu mwa asing’anga onyenga, madokotala achinyengo, ndipo amawapatsa ndalama zochuluka kwambiri. Koma zimenezi sizimatanthauza kuti madokotala onse ali achinyengo. Akatswiri ena akhala aluso pa kukwangwanutsa zithunzithunzi za “opanga zithunzi akale.” Koma zimenezi sizimatanthauza kuti zithunzithunzi zonse zautoto nzachinyengo. Ndiponso chenicheni chakuti zina zonenedwa kukhala zozizwitsa ziri pafupifupi zachinyengo sizimatanthauza kuti zozizwitsa zenizeni sizingathe kuchitika konse.

‘Zozizwitsa Sizimachitika Tsopano’

11. Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali chitsutso chachitatu cha David Hume kulingaliro la zozizwitsa?

¹¹ Chitsutso chachitatu chinanedwa m’mawu akuti: “Zochitika zachilendo zoterozo sizimachitika konse m’nthaŵi yathu.” Hume sadawonepo chozizwitsa, chotero iye anakana kukhulupirira kuti zozizwitsa zingathe kuchitika. Komabe, lingaliro la mtundu umenewu, liri losanena chimodzi. Munthu aliyense woganiza bwino ayenera kuvomereza kuti, nthaŵi za wanthanthi Wachisikotchiyo zisanakhale, “zochitika zachilendo” zinachitika zimene sizinabwerezedwe mkati mwa nthaŵi ya moyo wake. Zochitika zotani?

12. Kodi ndizochitika zotani zodabwitsa zimene zinachitika kale zimene sizingathe kufotokozedwa ndi malamulo achilengedwe amene amagwira ntchito lerolino?

¹² Choyamba, moyo unayamba padziko lapansi. Ndiyeno, mipangidwe ina ya moyo inapatsidwa chikumbumtima. Potsirizira pake, munthu anawonekera, wopatsidwa nzeru, kuyerekezera, mphamvu ya kukonda, ndi luso la chikumbumtima. Palibe wasayansi amene angathe kufotokoza pamaziko a malamulo a chilengedwe amene amagwira ntchito lerolino mmene zinthu zodabwitsa zoterozo zinachitikira. Komabe tiri nawo umboni wamoyo wakuti izo zinachitika.

13, 14. Kodi ndizinthu zotani zimene ziri zofalikira lerolino zimene zikadawonekera kukhala zozizwitsa kwa David Hume?

¹³ Ndipo bwanji nanga ponena za “zochitika zachilendo” zimene zinachitika chiyambire m’nthaŵi ya David Hume? Tiyeni tiyerekezere kuti tinali okhoza kuyenda kubwerera mmbuyo m’nthaŵi ndi kumuuza za dziko lathu la lerolino. Yerekezerani kuyesa kumfotokozera kuti munthu wabizinesi wa ku Hamburg angathe kulankhula ndi winawake wokhala kumakilomitala zikwizikwi ku Tokyo popanda ngakhale kukweza mawu ake; kuti maseŵera a mpira wachitanyu m’Spanya angathe kuwonedwa padziko lonse lapansi ngakhale pamene iwo ali mkati kuseŵeredwa; kuti zombo zazikulu kwambiri koposa sitima zoyenda m’madzi za m’tsiku la Hume zingathe kunyamuka kuchoka pankhope yadziko lapansi ndi kunyamula anthu 500 kuyenda nawo m’mlengalenga kwa makilomitala zikwizikwi m’maora oŵeregeka chabe. Kodi mungayerekezere yankho lake? ‘Zosatheka! Zochitika zodabwitsa zoterozo sizinachitike konse m’nthaŵi yathu!’

¹⁴ Komabe ‘zachilendo’ zoterozo zikuchitika m’nthaŵi yathu. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti munthu, mogwiritsira ntchito malamulo ochitira zinthu asayansi amene Hume sanali kuwadziŵa nkomwe, waphunzira kupanga malamya, mawailesi akanema, ndi ndege. Pamenepo, kodi nkovuta kwambiri kukhulupirira kuti panthaŵi ina kalero Mulungu akanatha, m’njira zimene ife sitikuzimvetsetsabe, kuchita zinthu zimene kwa ife ziri zozizwitsa?

Kodi Tingadziŵe Motani?

15, 16. Ngati zozizwitsa zinachitikadi, kodi ndinjira yokha iti imene tikadadziŵira za izo? Fotokozani mwafanizo yankho lanu.

¹⁵ Ndithudi, kunena kuti zozizwitsa zikadatha kuchitika sikumatanthauza kuti izo zinachitika. Kodi tingadziŵe motani, m’zaka zino za zana la 20, kuti kaya ngati kalero m’nthaŵi za Baibulo Mulungu anachita zozizwitsa zenizeni kupyolera mwa atumiki ake padziko lapansi kapena ayi? Kodi ndiumboni wotani umene mukayembekezera wa zinthu zoterozo? Yerekezerani munthu wa kumidzi wosatsungula amene watengedwa kuchokera kunyumba yake ya kunkhalango kudzacheza kumzinda waukulu. Pamene iye abwerera, kodi iye angafotokozere motani anthu akwawo za zodabwitsa za kutsungula? Iye sangathe kufotokoza mmene galimoto limagwirira ntchito kapena chifukwa chake nyimbo zimatuluka muwailesi ya m’manja. Iye sangathe kupanga kompyuta kuti atsimikizire kuti chinthu choterocho chiriko. Chokha chimene angathe kuchita ndicho kusimba zimene iye wawona.

¹⁶ Tiri mumkhalidwe wofanana ndi wa anthu a mtundu wa mwamuna uja. Ngati Mulungu wachitadi zozizwitsa, njira yokha imene tingadziŵire nayo ponena za izo ndiyo kuchokera kwa mboni zowona ndi maso. Mboni zowona ndi masozo sizingathe kufotokoza mmene zozizwitsazo zinachitikira, izo sizingathenso kuzibwereza. Izo zingangotiuza zimene izo zinawona. Mwachiwonekere, mboni zowona ndi maso zingathe kunyengedwa. Zingathenso mosavuta kukuza zinthu ndi pakamwa ndi kupereka chidziŵitso cholakwa. Pamenepo, ngati ife, titi tikhulupirire umboni wawo, tifunikira kudziŵa kuti mboni zowona ndi maso zimenezi ziri zowona, ziri zamkhalidwe wapamwamba, ndipo zatsimikizira kuti izo ziri nzolinga zabwino.

Chozizwitsa Chochitiridwa Umboni Kopambana

17. (a) Kodi ndichiti chimene chiri chozizwitsa chochitiridwa umboni kopambana m’Baibulo? (b) Kodi ndimikhalidwe yotani imene inatsogolera kuimfa ya Yesu?

¹⁷ Chozizwitsa chochitiridwa umboni kopambana m’Baibulo ndicho chiukiriro cha Yesu Kristu, chotero bwanji osagwiritsira ntchito chimenechi monga nkhani yoyesa nayo, titerotu kuneka kwake. Choyamba, lingalirani zenizeni zosimbidwa: Yesu anagwidwa pausiku wa Nisan 14—limene linali usiku wa tsiku Lachinayi m’njira yathu yamakono yoŵerengerera mlungu.b Iye anawonekera pamaso pa atsogoleri a Ayuda amene anamuimba mlandu wa kukhala wochita mwano ndipo anagamula kuti iye anayera kufa. Atsogoleri Achiyuda anatenga Yesu kumka naye pamaso pa bwanamkubwa Wachiroma Pontiyo Pilato, amene anagonjera ku chitsenderezo chawo ndi kumpereka kwa iwo kuti aphedwe. Tsiku lotsatira Lachisanu—ikali Nisan 14 pakalendala Yachiyuda—iye anakhomeredwa pamtengo wozunzirapo ndipo m’maora oŵerengeka anafa.—Marko 14:43-65; 15:1-39.

18. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Baibulo, kodi ndimotani mmene mbiri yonena za chiukiriro cha Yesu inayamba kufalikira?

¹⁸ Pambuyo pakuti msilikali Wachiroma wapyoza pambali pa Yesu ndi mkondo kutsimikizira kuti iye wafadi, mtembo wa Yesu unaikidwa m’manda atsopano. Tsiku lotsatira, Nisan 15 (Lachisanu/Loŵeruka), linali sabata. Koma mmaŵa mwa Nisan 16—Lamulungu mmaŵa—ophunzira ena anapita kumanda nakawapeza ali pululu. Posapita nthaŵi, zonenanena zinayamba kufalikira zakuti Yesu wawonedwa ali wamoyo. Kachitidwe koyambirira kuzonenanena zotere kanali kofanana ndendende monga momwe zikanakhalira lerolino—kusakhulupirira. Ngakhale atumwi anakana kukhulupirira. Koma pamene iwo eniwo anawona Yesu wamoyoyo, iwo sakanachitira mwina koma kuvomereza kuti iye analidi ataukitsidwa kwa akufa.—Yohane 19:31–20:29; Luka 24:11.

Manda Apululu

19-21. (a) Malinga ndi kunena kwa Justin Martyr, kodi ndimotani mmene Ayuda anatsutsira kulalikira kochitidwa ndi Akristu konena za chiukiriro cha Yesu? (b) Kodi tingathe kukhala otsimikizira za chiyani ponena za manda a Yesu pa Nisan 16?

¹⁹ Kodi Yesu anaukitsidwa, kapena kodi zonsezi zangokhala zongopeka chabe? Chinthu chimodzi chimene anthu kalero panthaŵi imeneyo mosakaikira angakhale atafunsa chinali chakuti: Kodi mtembo wa Yesu ukalimo mmanda akewo? Otsatira a Yesu akayenera kukhala atayang’anizana ndi chopinga chachikulu ngati adani awowo akanaloza kumtembo wake weniweniwo uli chikhalirebe mmalo kumene uwo unaikidwa monga umboni wakuti iye sanaukitsidwe. Komabe, palibe cholembedwa chirichonse chakuti iwo anachita zimenezi. Mmalo mwake, malinga ndi kunena kwa Baibulo, iwo anapatsa ndalama kwa asilikali oikidwa kulondera mandawo nawauza kuti: “Muziti, ‘ophunzira Ake anadza usiku naba mtembo wake ife tiri mtulo.’” (Mateyu 28:11-13, NW) Ife tirinso ndi umboni kunja kwa Baibulo wakuti atsogoleri Achiyuda anachita mwanjira imeneyi.

²⁰ Papifupi zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu, Justin Martyr analemba bukhu lotchedwa Dialogue With Trypho. M’limeneli, iye anati: “Inu [Ayuda] mwatumiza amuna osankhidwa ndi oikidwa m’dziko lonse kukalengeza kuti manong’onong’o opanda umulungu ndi oswa malamulo abuka kuchokera kwa wonyengayo Yesu wa ku Galileya, amene ife tinampachika, koma ophunzira ake anamuba usiku m’manda, kumene ife tinamuika.”⁷

²¹ Mwawonatu, Trypho anali Myuda, ndipo Dialogue With Trypho inalembedwera kutetezera Chikristu motsutsana ndi Chiyuda. Chotero, nkwachiwonekere kuti Justin Martyr sakananena zimene iye ananena—kuti Ayuda anaimba mlandu Akristu wa kukhala ataba mtembo wa Yesu m’mandamo—ngati Ayudawo sanapange chinenezo choterocho. Apo ayi, iye akadadzipangitsa iye mwini kukhala wooti nkutsutsidwa motsimikizirika mosavuta za kunama. Justin Martyr akadanena zimenezi kokha ngati Ayuda anatumizadi amithenga oterowo. Ndipo iwo akanatha kutero kokha ngati mandawo analidi apululu pa Nisan 16, 33 C.E. ndipo ngati iwo sakanatha kuloza kumtembo wa Yesu mmandamo monga umboni wakuti iye sanaukitsidwe. Chotero popeza kuti mandawo anali apululu, kodi nchiyani chimene chinachitika? Kodi ophunzirawo anaba mtembowo? Kapena kodi uwo unachotsedwa mozizwitsa monga umboni wakuti Yesu anaukitsidwadi?

Kugamula kwa Sing’anga Luka

22, 23. Kodi ndani amene anali mwamuna wophunzira wa m’zaka za zana loyamba amene anafufuzafufuza ponena za chiukiriro cha Yesu, ndipo kodi ndimaziko otani a chidziŵitso amene anali opezeka kwa iye?

²² Mwamuna wina wophunzira kopambana wa m’zaka za zana loyamba amene analingalira mosamalitsa umboniwo anali Luka, sing’anga. (Akolose 4:14) Luka analemba mabukhu aŵiri amene tsopano ali mbali ya Baibulo: limodzi linali Uthenga Wabwino, kapena mbiri ya utumiki wa Yesu, ndipo lina, lotchedwa Machitidwe a Atumwi, linali mbiri ya kufalikira kwa Chikristu m’zaka zotsatizana ndi imfa ya Yesu.

²³ M’mawu oyamba a Uthenga wake Wabwino, Luka akutchula za umboni wochuluka umene unali wopezeka koma umene suulinso wopezeka kwa ife. Iye akunena za zolembebwa zonena za moyo wa Yesu zimene iye anazisanthula. Iye akutchulanso kuti iye analankhula ndi mboni zowona ndi maso za moyo wa Yesu, imfa, ndi chiukiriro. Ndiyeno, iye akunena kuti: “Ndalondalonda zinthu zonsezi kuyambira pachiyambi molondola.” (Luka 1:1-3, NW) Mwachiwonekere, kufufuza kwa Luka kunali kosamalitsa. Kodi iye anali wolemba mbiri wabwino?

24, 25. Kodi ambiri amalingalira motani ponena za ziyeneretso za Luka monga wolemba mbiri?

²⁴ Ambiri achitira umboni kuti iye analidi. Kalero mu 1913, Bwana William Ramsay m’nkhani yake ananenapo mawu ponena za kukhala owona kwa mabukhu a Luka. Kodi anagamulanji? “Luka ali wolemba mbiri wapamwambwa kwambiri; sikokha kuti mawu ake a zenizeni ali odalirika; iye alinso ndi lingaliro lenileni la mbiri.”⁸ Ofufuza aposachedwapa afika ku kugamula kofananako. The Living Word Commentary, posonyeza bukhu lake lonena za Luka, limati: “Luka anali ponse paŵiri wolemba mbiri (ndipo wolondola) ndiponso munthu wazaumulungu.”

²⁵ Dr. David Gooding, amene kale anali profesala Wachigriki cha Chipangano Chakale m’Northern Ireland, akulengeza kuti Luka anali “wolemba mbiri wamakedzana m’mwambo wa olemba mbiri a Chipangano Chakale ndi m’mwambo wa Thucydides [mmodzi wa olemba mbiri apamwamba kwambiri a m’dziko lamakedzana]. Mofanana nawo iye ayenera kukhala atapanga kuyesayesa kwamphamvu m’kufufuza magwero ake, m’kusankha mfundo, ndi m’kusonyeza mfundo zimenezo. . . . Thucydides anaphatikiza njira imeneyi ndi chikhumbo cha kukhala wolondola m’mbiri: palibe chifukwa choganizirira kuti Luka anachita zochepera.”⁹

26. (a) Kodi kugamula kwa Luka kunali kotani ponena za chiukiriro cha Yesu? (b) Kodi nchiyani chimene chingakhale chitamlimbikitsa m’kugamula kumeneku?

²⁶ Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali kugamula kwa mwamuna wophunzira kwambiri ameneyu ponena za chifukwa chake manda a Yesu anali apululu pa Nisan 16? Monse muŵiri mu Uthenga wake Wabwino ndi m’bukhu la Machitidwe, Luka akusimba kukhala chenicheni chakuti Yesu anaukitsidwa kuchokera kwa akufa. (Luka 24:1-52; Machitidwe 1:3) Iye alibe konse chikaikiro ponena za zimenezi. Mwinamwake chikhulupiriro chake m’chozizwitsa cha chiukiriro chinalimbikitsidwa ndi zokumana nazo zake za iye mwini. Pamene kuli kwakuti iye mwachiwonekere sanali mboni yowona ndi maso ya chiukiriro, iye akusimba kukhala atawona zozizwitsa zimene zinachitidwa ndi mtumwi Paulo.—Machitidwe 20:7-12; 28:8, 9.

Iwo Anawona Yesu Woukitsidwayo

27. Kodi ndani amene ali ena amene ananena kuti anawona Yesu woukitsuidwayo?

²⁷ Aŵiri a Mauthenga Abwinowo mwamwambo akunenedwa kukhala a amuna amene anadziŵa Yesu, anamuwona akufa, ndipo anena kukhala atamuwonadi pambuyo pa chiukiriro chake. Ameneŵa ndiwo mtumwiyo Mateyu, wokhometsa msonkho wapapitapoyo, ndi Yohane, mtumwi wokondedwa wa Yesu. Wolemba Baibulo wina, mtumwi Paulo, nayenso ananena kukhala atawona Kristu woukitsidwayo. Ndiponso, Paulo, akundandalika maina ena a amene anawona Yesu ali wamoyo pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndipo akunena kuti panthaŵi ina Yesu anawonekera kwa “abale okwanira mazana asanu.”—1 Akorinto 15:3-8, NW.

28. Kodi nchiyambukiro chotani chimene chiukiriro cha Yesu chinakhala nacho pa Petro?

²⁸ Mmodzi wa otchulidwa ndi Paulo kukhala mboni yowona ndi maso ndiye Yakobo, mbale wakuthupi wa Yesu wa atate wina, amene angakhale atadziŵa Yesu chiyambire paubwana. Wina ndiye mtumwi Petro; wosimbidwa ndi wolemba mbiri Luka kukhala akupereka umboni mopanda mantha ponena za chiukiriro cha Yesu milungu yoŵerenga chabe pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu. (Machitidwe 2:23, 24) Makalata aŵiri m’Baibulo akunenedwa mwamwambo kukhala ali a Petro, ndipo m’yoyambirira ya ameneŵa Petro akusonyeza kuti chikhulupiriro chake m’chiukiriro cha Yesu chinali chikhalirebe chisonkhezero champhamvu ngakhale zaka zambiri pambuyo pa chochitikacho. Iye analemba kuti: “Wodalitsika akhale Mulungu ndi atate wa Ambuye Wathu Yesu Kristu, pakuti monga mwachifundo chake chachikulu iye anatipatsa kubadwa kwatsopano kuchiyembekezo chamoyo kupyolera mwa chiukiriro cha Yesu Kristu kuchokera kwa akufa.”—1 Petro 1:3.

29. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti sitingathe kulankhula ndi mboni zowona ndi maso za chiukiriro, komabe, kodi ndiumboni wogwira mtima wotani umene uli wopezeka kwa ife?

²⁹ Chotero, monga momwe kuliri kuti Luka akanatha kulankhula ndi anthu amene ananena kukhala atawona ndi kulankhula ndi Yesu pambuyo pa imfa yake, tingathe kuŵerenga mawu amene ena a ameneŵa analemba. Ndipo tingathe kudzigamulira tokha kaya ngati anthu ameneŵa ananyengedwa, kaya iwo anali kuyesa kutinyenga, kapena kaya ngati iwo anawonadi Kristu woukitsidwayo. Kunena zowona, palibe njira imene iwo akananyengedwera. Angapo a iwo anali mabwenzi apamtima a Yesu kufikira paimfa yake. Ena a iwo anawona kupwetekedwa kwake pamtengo wozunzirapo. Iwo anawona mwazi ndi madzi zotuluka pabala lobaidwa ndi mkondo ndi msilikali uja. Msilikali uja anadziŵa, ndipo iwo anadziŵa, kuti Yesu mosatsutsika anali atafa. Pambuyo pake, iwo akuti, iwo anawona Yesu ali wamoyo ndipo analankhuladi naye. Ayi, iwo sakanakhala atanyengedwa. Pamenepo, kodi iwo anali kuyesa kutinyenga m’kunena kuti Yesu anali ataukitsidwa?—Yohane 19:32-35; 21:4, 15-24.

30. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kosatheka kuti mboni zowona ndi maso zoyambirirazo za chiukiriro cha Yesu zinali kunama?

³⁰ Kuti tiyankhe limeneli, tingofunikira kudzifunsa kuti: Kodi iwo eniwo anakhulupirira zimene iwo anali kunena? Inde, popanda chikaikiro chirichonse. Kwa Akristu, kuphatikizapo awo amene anadzinenera kukhala mboni zowona ndi maso, chiukiriro cha Yesu chinali maziko athunthu a chikhulupiriro chawo. Mtumwi Paulo anati: “Ngati Kristu sanaukitsidwe, kulalikira kwathu ndithudi kuli pachabe, ndipo chikhulupiriro chathu chiri chachabe . . . Ngati Kristu sanaukitsidwe, chikhulupiriro chanu chiri chopanda pake.” (1 Akorinto 15:14, 17, NW) Kodi zimenezo zikumveka monga mawu a munthu amene akunama pamene iye akunena kuti iye wawona chiukiriro cha Kristu?

31, 32. Kodi ndikudzimana kotani kumene Akristu oyambirira anapanga, ndipo nchifukwa ninji kumeneku kuli umboni wamphamvu wakuti Akristu ameneŵa anali kunena chowonadi pamene iwo ananena kuti Yesu anali ataukitsidwa?

³¹ Talingalirani chimene chinatanthauza kukhala Mkristu m’masiku amenewo. Panalibe kupeza phindu la kulemekezeka, ulamuliro, kapena chuma. Zosemphana kotheratu. Ochuluka a Akristu oyambirira ‘mokondwera anavomera kulandidwa chuma chawo’ kaamba ka chikhulupiriro chawo. (Ahebri 10:34) Chikristu chinafuna moyo wa kulola kutayikiridwa ndi chizunzo zimene m’zochitika zambiri zinafikira pa kuphedwera chikhulupiriro mwa imfa yochititsa manyazi, yopweteka.

³² Akristu ena anachokera m’mabanja olemera kwambiri, monga mtumwi Yohane amene atate wake mwachiwonekere anali ndi bizinesi yomapita patsogolo yosodza m’Galileya. Ambiri anali ndi ziyembekezo zabwino, monga Paulo amene, pamene analandira Chikristu, anali wophunzira wa mkulu wophunzitsa malamulo otchuka kwambiri Gamaliyeli ndipo anali atayamba kudziŵika m’maso mwa olamulira Achiyuda. (Machitidwe 9:1, 2; 22:3; Agalatiya 1:14) Komabe, onsewo anafulatira zimene dziko lino linapereka mmalo mwakuti afalitse uthenga wozikidwa pa chenicheni chakuti Yesu anali ataukitsidwa kuchokera kwa akufa. (Akolose 1:23, 28) Kodi nchifukwa ninji iwo akalola kutayikiridwa koteroko kuti avutike kaamba ka njira imene iwo anadziŵa kuti inali yozikidwa pabodza? Yankho nlakuti, iwo sakanatero. Iwo anali ofunitsitsa kuvutika ndi kufera njira imene iwo anaidziŵa kukhala yozikidwa pachowonadi.

Zozizwitsa Zinachitikadi

33, 34. Popeza kuti chiukiriro chinachitikadi, kodi tinganenenji za zozizwitsa zina za Baibulo?

³³ Ndithudi, umboni wa zotsimikizirika zenizeni uli wokhutiritsa kotheratu. Yesu anaukitsidwadi kwa akufa pa Nisan 16, 33 C.E. Ndipo popeza kuti chiukiriro chimenechi chinachitika, zozizwitsa zina zonse za Baibulo ziri zothekera—zozizwitsa zimene nafenso tiri nawo, umboni wamphamvu wa mboni zowona ndi maso. Mphamvu imodzimodziyo imene inadzutsa Yesu kwa akufa inatheketsanso Yesu kuukitsa mwana wamwamuna wamkazi wamasiye wa ku Naini. Iye anapatsanso mphamvu Yesu ya kuchita zozizwitsa zochepera—komabe zamphamvu—za kuchiritsa. Ndiye amene anachirikiza chozizwitsa cha kudyetsa chikhamu, ndipo Iye anatheketsanso Yesu kuyenda panyanja.—Luka 7:11-15; Mateyu 11:4-6; 14:14-21, 23-31.

³⁴ Chotero, chenicheni chakuti Baibulo limasimba za zozizwitsa sichiri chifukwa chokaikirira kunena zowona kwake. Mmalo mwake, chenicheni chakuti zozizwitsa zinachitika m’nthaŵi za Baibulo chiri umboni wamphamvu wakuti Baibulo liridi Mawu a Mulungu. Koma pali chinenezo china chimene chimachitidwa motsutsana ndi Baibulo. Ambiri amenena kuti limadzitsutsa lokha ndipo chifukwa cha chimenecho silingathe kukhala Mawu a Mulungu. Kodi zimenezi nzowona?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 81]

Adani Achikristu anati ophunzira anaba mtembo wa Yesu. Ngati zidali choncho, kodi nchifukwa ninji Akristu akakhala ofunitsitsa kufera chikhulupiriro chozikidwa pachiukiriro chake?

[Bokosi patsamba 85]

Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Palibe Zozizwitsa Lerolino?

Nthaŵi zina funso limafunsidwa lakuti: ‘Kodi nchifukwa ninji palibe zozizwitsa zonga za m’Baibulo lerolino?’ Yankho nlakuti zozizwitsa zinatumikira chifuno chake kalero, koma lerolino Mulungu amatiyembekezera kukhala ndi moyo mwa chikhulupiriro.—Habakuku 2:2-4; Ahebri 10:37-39.

M’masiku a Mose, zozizwitsa zinachitika kutsimikizira ziyeneretso za Mose. Zinasonyeza kuti Yehova anali kumgwiritsira ntchito ndiponso kuti pangano la Chilamulo linalidi loyambitsidwa ndi Mulungu ndi kuti kuyambira panthaŵi imeneyo kumkabe mtsogolo Aisrayeli anali anthu osankhidwa a Mulungu.—Eksodo 4:1-9, 30, 31; Deuteronomo 4:33, 34.

M’zaka za zana loyamba, zozizwitsa zinathandizira kutsimikizira ziyeneretso za Yesu ndipo, pambuyo pake, za mpingo Wachikristu wachicheperewo. Zinathandiza kusonyeza kuti Yesu anali Mesiya wolonjezedwa, kuti pambuyo pa imfa yake Israyeli wakuthupi analoŵedwa mmalo monga anthu apadera a Mulungu ndi mpingo Wachikristu, ndipo chotero kuti Chilamulo cha Mose sichinalinso chogwira ntchito.—Machitidwe 19:11-20; Ahebri 2:3, 4.

Pambuyo pa masiku a atumwi, nthaŵi ya zozizwitsa inatha. Mtumwi Paulo anafotokoza kuti: “Kaya pali mphatso za kunenera, zidzathetsedwa; kaya pali malirime, adzaleka; kaya pali chidziŵitso, chidzathetsedwa. Pakuti tiri ndi chidziŵitso chochepa ndipo timanenera mochepera; koma pamene changwiro chidzafika, chija chimene chiri chochepera chidzathetsedwa.”—1 Akorinto 13:8-10, “NW.”

Lerolino, tiri ndi Baibulo lathunthu, limene limaphatikizamo zivumbulutso zonse ndi uphungu wa Mulungu. Tiri ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa ulosi, ndipo tiri ndi kuzindikira kopita patsogolo kwambiri kwa zifuno za Mulungu. Chotero, palibenso kufunika kwa zozizwitsa. Komabe, mzimu umodzimodziwo wa Mulungu umene unatheketsa zozizwitsa ulipobe ndipo umatulutsa zotulukapo zimene zimapereka umboni wamphamvu mofananamo wa mphamvu ya Mulungu. Tidzawona zochuluka ponena za zimenezi m’mutu wamtsogolo.

[Chithunzi patsamba 75]

Ambiri amalingalira kudalirika kwa malamulo achilengedwe, monga ngati chenicheni chakuti dzuŵa limatuluka mmaŵa uliwonse, kukhala umboni wakuti zozizwitsa sizingachitike

[Chithunzi patsamba 77]

Kulengedwa kwa dziko lapansi monga kwawo kwa zamoyo kunali ‘chochitika chozizwitsa’ chimene chinachitika kamodzi kokha

[Chithunzi patsamba 78]

Kodi mukafotokoza motani zodabwitsa za sayansi yamakono kwa winawake wokhala ndi moyo zaka 200 zapitazo?