Kupulumutsa Bukhu la Makedzana la Sinaiticus
BUKHU la Makedzana la Sinaiticus lalongosoledwa kukhala “lofunika koposa, losangalatsa, ndi bukhu la mtengo kwenikweni lokhalapo.” Ichi sichiri kokha chifukwa chakuti lakhalapo chifupifupi zaka 1,600 koma chifukwa chakuti limapanga kugwirizanitsa kofunika kwambiri mumpambo wathu wa mamanusikripiti a Baibulo. Kupezedwanso kwake, ndi Tischendorf kokha zaka zana limodzi zapitazo, kuli nkhani yosangalatsa.
Konstantin von Tischendorf anabadwira mu Saxony, kumpoto kwa Europe, m’chaka cha 1815 ndipo anaphunzira Chigriki pa Yuniversite ya Leipzig. Mkati mwa kuphunzira kwake, iye anasokonezedwa ndi kusuliza kokulira kwa Baibulo, kowulutsidwa ndi akatswiri a zaumulungu otchuka a ku German ofunafuna kutsimikizira kuti Malemba Achikristu a Chigriki sanali owona. Tischendorf anakhala wokhutiritsidwa, ngakhale ndi tero, kuti kuphunzira kwa zolembedwa zoyambirira kukatsimikizira kuwona kwa zolembera za Baibulo. Monga chotulukapo, iye anagamulapo kufufuza kaamba ka iyemwini mamanusikripiti odziŵika onse, akumayembekezera kupeza ena ake m’kuyenda kwake.
Pambuyo pa zaka zinayi zotsirizidwa m’kufufuza m’malaibulale abwino kwambiri a ku Europe, Tischendorf, mu May 1844, anafikira Nyumba ya anthu odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbiro a St. Catherine, yokhala amamita 1,400 pamwamba pa Nyanja Yofiira mu Sinai. Njira yopitira kosungira zinthu za chipembedzoko inali mwanjira ya dengu lolenjekedwa pa chingwe kupyolera m’malo ang’ono otseguka a khoma.
ZOPEZA ZOPATSA MPHOTO
Kwa masiku angapo iye analoledwa kufufuza malaibulale awo atatu, popanda chipambano. Kenaka, pamene anali pafupi kuchoka, iye anawona chomwe ankafuna—zikopa zopunthidwa zakale! Izo zinadzaza dengu lalikulu lokhala m’chipinda cha laibulale yaikulu. Wosunga laibulaleyo anamuuza iye kuti izo zinafunikira kuwotchedwa, monga mmene madengu aŵiri odzala anachitidwira. Pakati pa zikopa zopunthidwazi, Tischendorf anazizwitsidwa kupeza masamba 129 kuchokera ku zolembera zakale zomwe sanawonepo, kutembenuzidwa kwa Chigriki kwa mbali za Malemba a Chihebri. Iye anapatsidwa mapepala 43, koma otsalawo anamanidwa.
Tischendorf anachezeranso malo a anthu odzipereka ku chipembedzowo mwa lumbirowo mu 1853 kukapeza kokha chidutswa cha Genesis kuchokera ku zolembera zofananazo za m’zana lachinayi. Iye anakhutiritsidwa “kuti manusikripitiyo poyambirira inali ndi Chipangano Chakale chonse, koma kuti mbali yokulira inali itawonongedwa.” Manusikripiti yokwanira mwinamwake inali ndi masamba 730. Iyo inalembedwa mu uncial ya Chigriki (zilembo zazikulu) pa chikopa, zikopa zofewa za nkhosa ndi mbuzi.
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake Tischendorf anapanga kuchezera kwake kwachitatu ku malo a anthu odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa lumbirowo pa Sinai. Pa madzulo a kuchokapo kwake, iye kwa kanthaŵi anasonyezedwa osati kokha masamba omwe iye anapulumutsa kuchokera ku moto zaka 15 kumayambiriroko koma ena ambirinso. Iwo anali ndi Malemba Achikristu a Chigriki onse kuphatikizapo mbali za kutembenuzidwa kwa Chigriki kwa Malemba a Chihebri.
Tischendorf analoledwa kutenga manusikripitiyo kupita nayo ku Cairo, Igupto, kukaijambula iyo, ndipo potsiriza pake kuinyamula iyo kwa wolamulira wa ku Russia monga mphatso kuchokera kwa anthu odzipereka ku chipembedzo mwa Lumbirowo. Lerolino iyo ikusungidwira mu British Museum, yosonyezedwa kumbali kwa Bukhu la Makedzana la Alexandrinus. Mapepala oyambirira 43 ali mu University Library ya Leipzig, mu German Democratic Republic.
Tiyenera kukhala oyamikira kwa Tischendorf kaamba ka kupereka moyo wake ndi maluso ku kufufuza kaamba ka mamanusikripiti a Baibulo akale ndipo mwachindunji kaamba ka kupulumutsa Bukhu la makedzana lalikulu la Sinaiticus kuchokera ku chiwonongeko. Koma kuyamikira kwathu kwapamwamba kupita kwa Yehova Mulungu, yemwe wawona ku icho kuti Mawu ake asungidwa molondola kaamba ka phindu lathu lerolino.
[Bokosi patsamba 30]
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Bukhu la Makedzana
Chizindikiro cha Bukhu la Makedzana la Sinaiticus liri lemba la Chihebri la א. Bukhu la makedzana limeneli limatsimikizira kulongosoka kwa zolembera za gumbwa zaposachedwapa za Baibulo. Limathandizanso ophunzira amakono a Baibulo mwakulozera mwachindunji zophophonya zoipa zomwe zinalowerera m’makope a pambuyo pake.
Mwachitsanzo, Yohane 1:18 imaŵerenga kuti: “Kulibe munthu anawona Mulungu nthaŵi zonse; mwana wobadwa yekha wakukhala pa chifuwa cha Atate iyeyu anafotokozera.” Mawu a m’munsi a “New World Translation Reference Bible” amavumbula kuti “mulungu wobadwa yekha,” m’malo mwa kulongosola kwina kwakuti “Mwana wobadwa yekha,” kwachirikizidwa ndi Bukhu la Makedzana la Sinaiticus ndi mamanusikripiti ena akale. Chilozero cha mawu a m’munsi אc chimapatsanso chidziŵitso cha wolungamitsa wa bukhu la makedzana limeneli kuika tsatanetsatane wa kubwezeretsedwa kwa liwu lolongosola chinthu chimodzi mu “mulungu wobadwa yekhayo.” Malo a Yesu Kristu ali apadera, monga mmene lemba limeneli likuchitira umboni.
[Zithunzi patsamba 31]
Monastery ya St. Catherine pansi pa Phiri lamwambo la Sinai. [Chithunzi cha mkati] Laibulale yake yamakono
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 31]
Courtesy of the British Museum, London