Lingaliro la Baibulo

Zikondwerero za Carnival—Nzabwino Kapena Zoipa?

“SUNGACHITIRE mwina,” akutero Michael. “Nyimbo zake zimakutenga mtima pampando, kukuchititsa kugwedeza miyendo, zimakunyanyula—umakhala uli ndi mzimu wa carnival!” Zoonadi, chaka chilichonse carnival imanyanyula mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu padziko lonse, komano kunyanyukako sikumaposa kwa dziko limene Michael amakhalamo, Brazil. Mkati mwa mlungu umene umayambira Ash Wednesday, anthu a ku Brazil amavala zovala zokongola, kuiŵala mathayo awo, ndi kudziloŵetsa m’chisonyezero chimene chimagwedeza dzikolo kuyambira ku nkhalango ya Amazon kufikira ku magombe a Rio de Jeneiro. Ndi nthaŵi ya kuimba, kuvina samba, ndi kuiŵala.

“Ndicho chifukwa china chimene yakhalira yotchuka kwambiri,” akufotokoza motero Michael, amene anali wokonda kwambiri chikondwerero cha carnival kwa zaka zambiri. “Carnival imapatsa anthu mwaŵi wa kuiŵala mavuto awo.” Ndipo makamaka mamiliyoni osauka—okhala ndi madzi osakwanira, opanda magetsi, okhala pa ulova, ndi opanda chiyembekezo—pali zambiri zimene amafuna kuiŵala. Kwa iwo carnival ili ngati aspirin: sangathetse nthenda, komano amayesa kuletsa ululu. Ndiponso pali zimene atsogoleri ena a Roma Katolika amakhulupirira ponena za carnival—bishopu wina anati carnival “imathandiza kwambiri anthu kulingalira moyenera.” Chotero nkosavuta kuona chifukwa chake ambiri amalingalira kuti carnival njothandiza ndi yoiŵalitsa munthu mavuto ndiponso imavomerezedwa ndi tchalitchi. Komabe, kodi lingaliro la Baibulo pa zikondwerero za carnival nlotani?

Chisangalalo Kapena Mchezo?

Mawu a Mulungu amanena kuti pali “mphindi yakuseka; . . . ndi mphindi yakuvina.” (Mlaliki 3:4) Popeza kuti liwu lachihebri lakuti “seka” lingatembenuzidwenso kuti “kondwerera,” nkwachionekere kuti ponena za Mlengi wathu, palibe cholakwika ndi kusangalala kwathu kwabwino. (Onani 1 Samueli 18:6, 7.) Kwenikweni, Mawu a Mulungu amatiuza kukondwa ndi kusekera. (Mlaliki 3:22; 9:7) Chotero Baibulo limavomereza chisangalalo choyenera.

Komabe, si mitundu yonse ya chisangalalo imene Baibulo limavomereza. Mtumwi Paulo akunena kuti mchezo, kapena chisangalalo chaphokoso, chili cha “ntchito za thupi” ndi kuti ochita mchezo “sadzaloŵa ufumu wa Mulungu.” (Agalatiya 5:19-21) Motero, Paulo analangiza Akristu ‘kuyendayenda koyenera, . . . si m’madyerero.’ (Aroma 13:13) Chotero funso nlakuti, Kodi carnival ili m’gulu liti—chikondwerero chabwino kapena mchezo wa kusadziletsa? Kuti tiyankhe, choyamba tiyeni tifotokoze mowonjezereka zimene Baibulo limatcha mchezo.

Liwu lakuti “mchezo,” kapena koʹmos m’Chigiriki, limapezeka nthaŵi zitatu m’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, ndipo nthaŵi zonse lili mu lingaliro losakondweretsa. (Aroma 13:13; Agalatiya 5:21; 1 Petro 4:3) Ndipo nzosadabwitsa chifukwa chakuti liwulo koʹmos likuchokera m’zikondwerero za mbiri yoipa zodziŵika kwa Akristu oyambirira olankhula Chigiriki. Ziti?

Wolemba mbiri Will Durant akufotokoza kuti: “Gulu la anthu onyamula phalli yopatulika [chizindikiro cha mpheto yachimuna] ndi kumaimba ndakatulo kwa Dionysus . . . linapanga, m’liwu lachigiriki, komos, kapena mchezo.” Dionysus, mulungu wa vinyo mu nthanthi yachigiriki, pambuyo pake anatengedwa ndi Aroma, amene anamutchanso kuti Bacchus. Komabe, koʹmos sanakhudzidwe ndi kusinthako. Katswiri wa Baibulo Dr. James Macknight akulemba kuti: ‘Luwulo koʹmois (kapena, koʹmoi, kuchulukitsa kwake) likuchokera kwa Comus, mulungu wa phwando ndi mchezo. Michezo imeneyi inachitidwa molemekeza Bacchus, amene pa chifukwa chimenecho anatchedwa Comastes.’ Inde, zikondwerero kaamba ka Dionysus ndi Bacchus zinali michezo. Kodi mbali za mapwando ameneŵa zinali zotani?

Anasonyeza Mchezo

Mkati mwa mapwando achigiriki olemekeza Dionysus, malinga ndi kunena kwa Durant, makamu a okondwerera “anamwa popanda kudziletsa, ndipo . . . anaona munthu amene sanaledzere kukhala wopusa. Anayendayenda mopenga, . . . ndipo pamene anali kumwa ndi kuvina analoŵa mu mkhalidwe wa misala mmene sanathenso kudziletsa konse.” Mofananamo, mapwando achiroma olemekeza Bacchus (otchedwa kuti Bacchanalia) anali akumwa ndi nyimbo zodzutsa chilakolako choipa ndipo anali malo kumene kunachitikira “machitidwe oluluza kwambiri,” akulemba motero Macknight. Motero makamu amisala, kumwetsa, kuvina kodzutsa chilakolako choipa ndi nyimbo, ndi chisembwere zinali mbali zazikulu m’michezo ya Agiriki ndi Aroma.

Kodi ma carnival alerolino ali ndi zinthu zamichezo zimenezi? Lingalirani mawu ogwidwa angapo kuchokera m’malipoti a nkhani zonena za zikondwerero za carnival: “Makamu aphokoso lalikulu koposa.” “Chipwirikiti cha masiku anayi cha kumwa ndi kusekerera kwa usiku wonse.” “Matsire a carnival angathe masiku ambiri kwa ochezera ena.” “Mapokoso otsala pang’ono kugonthetsa m’kutu apafupi amachititsa makonsati a magulu a ‘heavy metal’ kukhala . . . aphokoso lochepa powayerekezera nawo.” “Lerolino, chikondwerero chilichonse cha carnival chopanda amathanyula chili ngati steak au poivre yopanda tsabola.” “Carnival lakhala liwu logwirizana ndi umaliseche wotheratu.” Magule a carnival anasonyeza “anthu akuchita psotopsoto . . . ndi mitundu ina ya kugonana.”

Indedi, kufanana kumene kuli pa ma carnival alerolino ndi mapwando akale nkodabwitsa kwambiri kwakuti wochita mchezo wa Bucchus sakanasoŵa chilichonse ngati akanati auke mkati mwa kuchitidwa kwa phwando la carnival lamakono. Ndipo zimenezo siziyenera kutidabwitsa, akutero mkonzi wa maprogramu a wailesi yakanema wa ku Brazil Cláudio Petraglia, pakuti akunena kuti carnival yamakono “yachokera ku mapwando a Dionysus ndi Bacchus ndi kuti, kwenikweni, ndiwo mkhalidwe wake weniweni wa carnival.” The New Encyclopædia Britannica ikunena kuti carnival ingagwirizanitsidwe ndi phwando lachikunja la Saturnalia la Roma wakale. Chotero carnival, pamene kuli kwakuti ili ya m’nyengo ina, ili m’gulu limodzimodzilo mofanana ndi mapwando oyambirira. Dzina la gululo? Mchezo.

Kodi zimenezi ziyenera kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chotani pa Akristu lerolino? Chiyambukiro chofanana ndi chija cha Akristu oyambirira okhala m’zigawo zimene zinali ndi makhalidwe achigiriki ku Asia Minor. Asanakhale Akristu analoŵa “m’kukhumba zonyansa, zilakolako, maledzero, madyerero [koʹmois], mamwaimwa, ndi kupembedza mafano kosaloleka.” (1 Petro 1:1; 4:3, 4) Komabe, atadziŵa kuti Mulungu amaona michezo monga “ntchito za mdima,” analeka kukhala ndi phande m’mapwando onga a carnival.—Aroma 13:12-14.

Michael, wotchulidwa poyambayo, anatero. Akufotokoza chifukwa chake kuti: “Pamene chidziŵitso changa cha Baibulo chinali kukula, ndinaona kuti zikondwerero za carnival ndi mapulinsipulo a Baibulo zili ngati mafuta ndi madzi—sizimagwirizana.” Mu 1979, Michael anapanga chosankha. Analekeratu zikondwerero za carnival. Kodi mudzapanga chosankha chotani?

[Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Chotengera cha Agiriki Chikristu chisanadze chosonyeza Dionysus (m’chithunzi kumanzere)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwa kukoma mtima kwa British Museumu