Kodi Muyenera Kukhulupirira Ndani?

“Pakuti nyumba ili yonse ili naye wina woimanga; koma wozimanga zonse ndiye Mulungu.”—AHEBRI 3:4.

KODI mukugwirizana ndi zomwe ananena wolemba Baibulo ameneyu? Patha zaka pafupifupi 2,000 kuchokera pamene vesi limenelo linalembedwa ndipo anthu apita patsogolo kwambiri mwasayansi. Kodi alipo anthu amene akukhulupirirabe kuti kupangidwa mwaluso kwa zinthu zamoyo kumasonyeza kuti pali Mlengi amene anazipanga, kapena kuti Mulungu?

Ngakhale m’mayiko otukuka anthu ambiri angayankhe kuti inde. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, pa kafukufuku amene a magazini ya Newsweek anachita mu 2005, anapeza kuti anthu 80 pa anthu 100 alionse “amakhulupirira kuti Mulungu analenga chilengedwe chonse.” Kodi anthuwa amakhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa choti ndi osaphunzira? Mwachitsanzo, kodi pali asayansi alionse amene amakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu? Magazini yotchedwa Nature inanenapo mu 1997 kuti pafupifupi akatswiri 40 pa akatswiri 100 alionse a sayansi ya zinthu zamoyo, sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zinthu, ndi masamu, amene anafunsidwa mafunso pa kafukufuku wina, amakhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo komanso amamvetsera ndi kuyankha mapemphero.

Komabe, asayansi ena amatsutsa kwambiri zimenezi. Dr. Herbert A. Hauptman, amene anapatsidwapo mphoto yapamwamba ya Nobel, posachedwapa anauza asayansi pa msonkhano kuti kukhulupirira zinthu zauzimu, makamaka kukhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, n’kosemphana ndi sayansi yabwino. Iye anati “chikhulupiriro choterechi chimasokoneza anthu.” Ngakhale asayansi amene amakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu sakonda kuphunzitsa kuti kupangidwa mwaluso kwa zomera ndi zinyama kumasonyeza kuti pali winawake amene anazipanga. Chifukwa chiyani? Pofotokoza chifukwa chimodzi, Douglas H. Erwin, katswiri wa sayansi ya zinthu zakufa zakale wogwira ntchito pa bungwe lasayansi lotchedwa Smithsonian Institute, anati: “Lamulo limodzi pa sayansi n’loti sitivomereza zozizwitsa.”

Mukhoza kulola kuti anthu ena azikuuzani zinthu zoti muganize ndi kukhulupirira. Kapena mungafufuze nokha umboni womwe ulipo kuti mudziwe zoona zake zenizeni. Pamene mukuwerenga za zinthu zatsopano zomwe asayansi atulukira m’masamba otsatirawa, dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi n’chinthu chanzeru kukhulupirira kuti Mlengi alipo?’

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 3]

Fufuzani nokha umboni umene ulipo

[Bokosi patsamba 3]

KODI MBONI ZA YEHOVA ZIMAKHULUPIRIRA KUTI DZIKO LINALENGEDWA M’MASIKU SIKISI ENIENI?

Mboni za Yehova zimakhulupirira nkhani yonena za kulengedwa kwa zinthu monga mmene yalembedwera m’buku la m’Baibulo la Genesis. Komabe, Mboni za Yehova sizili m’gulu la anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti dziko linalengedwa m’masiku sikisi enieni. Chifukwa chiyani? Choyamba, anthu ambiri amene amakhulupirira zimenezi amati chilengedwe chonse ndi dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zonse zinalengedwa m’masiku sikisi a maola 24, zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo. Koma zimenezi si zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa.a Komanso, anthu okhulupirira kuti dziko linalengedwa m’masiku sikisi enieni amakhulupirira zinthu zinanso zambiri zimene sizigwirizana ndi zimene Baibulo limanena. Ziphunzitso zonse za Mboni za Yehova zimachokera m’Mawu a Mulungu basi.

Komanso, m’mayiko ena, anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi linalengedwa m’masiku sikisi enieni amakhala m’magulu a anthu oumirira pa nkhani zachipembedzo, amene amatenga nawo mbali pa ndale. Magulu amenewa amafuna kukakamiza andale, oweruza, ndi aphunzitsi kuti akhazikitse malamulo ndi ziphunzitso zimene zimagwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zawo zachipembedzo.

Mboni za Yehova sizilowerera pa nkhani za ndale. Zimalemekeza ufulu wa maboma wopanga malamulo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulowo akutsatiridwa. (Aroma 13:1-7) Komabe, izo zimamvera mawu a Yesu oti “siali a dziko lapansi.” (Yohane 17:14-16) Zikamagwira ntchito yawo yolalikira, zimapatsa anthu mwayi wophunzira za ubwino wotsatira mfundo za Mulungu pa moyo wawo. Koma siziphwanya mfundo zachikristu zoletsa kulowa ndale, mwa kuthandiza nawo magulu oumirira pa nkhani zachipembedzo. Magulu amenewa amayesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene angakakamize anthu ena kuyamba kutsatira mfundo za m’Baibulo.—Yohane 18:36.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Kodi Zamoyo Zimatiphunzitsa Chiyani?

“Tafunsira tsono kwa nyamazo, zidzakulangiza, ndi mbalame za m’mlengalenga, zidzakuuza; kapena ulankhule ndi dziko lapansi, lidzakulangiza; ndi nsomba za kunyanja, zidzakufotokozera.”—YOBU 12:7, 8.

M’ZAKA zaposachedwapa, asayansi ndi mainjiniya alola kuti zomera ndi zinyama ziwaphunzitse. Pakali pano, akuphunzira ndi kutsanzira kapangidwe ka zamoyo kuti athe kupanga zinthu zatsopano ndi kukonzanso makina amene alipo kale kuti azigwira ntchito bwino. Mukamawerenga zitsanzo zotsatirazi, dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi ndani kwenikweni amene akufunika kulandira ulemu chifukwa chopanga zinthu zimenezi?’

Kuphunzira Kuchokera ku Zipsepse za Namgumi

Kodi anthu opanga ndege angaphunzire chiyani kuchokera ku namgumi wa linunda pamsana? Zikuoneka kuti angaphunzire zambiri. Namgumi wamkulu wa linunda amalemera pafupifupi matani 30, chimodzimodzi ndi lole yodzadza katundu, ndipo ali ndi thupi lolimba ndithu lokhala ndi zipsepse zikuluzikulu zangati mapiko. Nyama yotalika mamita 12 imeneyi imayenda mwamsanga kwambiri m’madzi. Mwachitsanzo, namgumiyu akafuna kudya, akhoza kusambira mozungulirazungulira n’kumakwera m’mwamba ali pansi pa nkhanu kapena nsomba zomwe akufuna kuzidya, ndipo nthawi yonseyi amakhala akuuzira mpweya panja n’kumapanga thovu. Thovuli, limene limakhala ngati ukonde ndipo limakuta malo aang’ono ngati mita imodzi ndi theka, limakankhira nsomba kapena nkhanuzo pamwamba pa madzi. Kenaka namgumiyo amameza msangamsanga zakudya zakezi, zimene zimakhala zitayalidwa bwinobwino.

Zimene zinachititsa chidwi ochita kafukufuku zinali momwe nyama ya thupi lolimba ngati imeneyi imatembenukira itadzipinda kwambiri. Anatulukira kuti kapangidwe ka zipsepse za namgumiyo n’kamene kamamuchititsa zimenezi. Mphepete mwa zipsepsezo si mosalala, ngati mwa mapiko a ndege, koma ndi mwa manomano, mokhala ndi mzere wa timabamputimabampu.

Namgumiyo akamayenda mofulumira m’madzi, timabamputi timamuthandiza kukwera m’mwamba ndipo timachepetsa mphamvu ya madzi yomukokera m’mbuyo. Kodi zimenezi zimatheka bwanji? Magazini ya Natural History inafotokoza kuti timabamputi timachititsa madzi kuyenda mofulumira pamwamba pa chipsepsecho, mozungulirazungulira komanso mwadongosolo, ngakhale namgumiyo azikwera m’mwamba atapendekeka, thupi lake litachita kutsala pang’ono kuimirira. Chipsepsecho chikanakhala ndi m’mphepete mosalala, namgumiyo sakanatha kutembenuka atadzipinda choncho uku akukwera m’mwamba. Zikanakhala zosatheka chifukwa madziwo bwenzi akumangozungulira malo amodzi kumbuyo kwa chipsepsecho ndipo sibwenzi akumamukankhira namgumiyo m’mwamba.

Kodi zimene atulukirazi angazigwiritse ntchito yanji? Mapiko a ndege opangidwa motsanzira zimenezi angafunike zitsulo zochepa zothandizira kuti mphepo iziyenda bwino mozungulira mapikowo. Mapiko oterowo angakhale otetezeka bwino ndiponso osavuta kusamalira. Katswiri wina wodziwa bwino sayansi yopanga zinthu potsanzira zinthu zamoyo, dzina lake John Long, akukhulupirira kuti posachedwapa “tikhoza kudzaona kuti ndege zonse zili ndi mapiko a timabampu ngati ta zipsepse za namgumi wa linunda.”

Kutsanzira Mapiko a Mbalame

Timadziwa kale kuti mapiko a ndege amawapanga motsanzira mapiko a mbalame. Komano posachedwapa, mainjiniya ayamba kupeza njira zatsopano zotsanzira mapiko a mbalame. Magazini ya New Scientist inati “ochita kafukufuku pa yunivesite ya Florida, apanga ndege yatsopano yotha kuuluka popanda woiyendetsa, imene imatha kuuluka pamalo amodzi, kutsika mozondoka, ndi kukwera msangamsanga ngati mmene zimachitira mbalame [zinazake za kunyanja zokhala ngati akakowa].”

Mbalamezi zimauluka mochititsa kaso chonchi mwa kupinda mapiko awo pa chigongono ndi paphewa. Magaziniyi inati, potsanzira kapangidwe ka mapiko otha kupindika kameneka, “ndege yotalika masentimita 61 imeneyi ili ndi injini yaing’ono imene imakankha zitsulo zingapo zimene zimayenda ngati mapiko.” Mapiko opangidwa mwalusowa amachititsa ndege yaing’onoyo kuuluka pamalo amodzimodzi ndi kutsika pakati pa nyumba zitalizitali. Asilikali a ku United States akufunitsitsa kupanga ndege yotha kuuluka malo osiyanasiyana yoteroyo kuti aziigwiritsa ntchito pofufuzira zida zamankhwala za adani m’mizinda ikuluikulu.

Kutsanzira Mapazi a Nalimata

Palinso zinthu zambiri zimene anthu angaphunzire kuchokera ku nyama zapamtunda. Mwachitsanzo, buluzi wamng’ono wotchedwa nalimata amatha kukwera makoma ndi kumata kudenga chafufumimba. Kodi chinsinsi cha luso la nalimata lotha kumatirira zinthu osagwa, lagona pati?

Luso la nalimata lotha kumata ngakhale pa zinthu zosalala kwambiri ngati galasi, limabwera chifukwa choti ali ndi tinthu ting’onoting’ono tangati tsitsi kumapazi kwake. Mapazi akewo satulutsa zinthu zilizonse zomata ngati ulimbo. M’malo mwake, mphamvu yomatayi imabwera yokha mapazi ake akangogundana ndi chinthu china. Zinthu ziwiri zikagundana zimatulutsa mphamvu inayake yapadera imene imachititsa kuti zimatane. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi imakhala yamphamvu kuposa mphamvu yapaderayi. N’chifukwa chake simungathe kukwera khoma mwakungogunditsa manja anu pakhomapo. Komabe, tinthu ting’onoting’ono tangati tsitsi timene timakhala ku phazi kwa nalimata timachititsa kuti mphamvu imene imakhalapo mapaziwo akagundana ndi khoma ikhale yaikulu. Mphamvuyi, imene imakhala yaikulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tinthu tangati tsitsi tokhala kuphazi kwa nalimatayo, imakhala yaikulu kuposa kulemera kwa nalimatayo moti amatha kumata khomalo osagwa.

Kodi zimene atulukirazi angazigwiritse ntchito yanji? Zinthu zimene angapange zofanana ndi mapazi a nalimata angazigwiritse ntchito m’malo mwa zipi yamtundu winawake yomata, yomwenso anaipanga potsanzira zamoyo.a Magazini ya The Economist inalemba mawu amene ananena munthu wina wochita kafukufuku, amene anati zinthu zopangidwa ndi “tepi yomata ngati nalimata” zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri “ku chipatala, akakhala kuti sangathe kumata ndi zinthu zina zochita kupanga ku fakitale.”

Ndani Ayenera Kupatsidwa Ulemu?

Panopa bungwe lina lomwe limapanga zombo zopita ku mwezi lotchedwa National Aeronautics and Space Administration likupanga makina okhala ndi miyendo yambiri amene amayenda ngati chinkhanira, ndipo ku Finland mainjiniya apanga kale thalakitala ya miyendo sikisi imene imatha kukwera zinthu ngati mmene tizilombo tingachitire. Ochita kafukufuku ena apanga nsalu yokhala ndi tinthu tangati mamba, imene imatsanzira mmene zibalobalo za mtengo wa paini zimatsegukira ndi kutsekekera. Kampani ina yopanga magalimoto ikupanga galimoto imene imatsanzira thupi losalala la nsomba inayake yokhala ngati bokosi. Ndipo ochita kafukufuku ena akuyesa kumvetsa kapangidwe ka ziganamba za mtundu winawake wa nkhono zomwe zimatha kuteteza nkhonozo ku mabampu. Akuyesa kumvetsa zimenezi n’cholinga chopanga zida zopepuka koma zolimba zimene munthu amavala kuti ateteze thupi lake.

Pali luso lambirimbiri limene anthu anatsanzira zamoyo moti ochita kafukufuku analemba kale zitsanzo zokwana masauzande ambiri za zamoyo zimene iwo angatsanzire. Magazini ya The Economist inati asayansi akhoza kukawerenga za zitsanzo zimenezi kuti apeze “njira zotsanzira zamoyo zowathandiza kupanga zinthu zovuta.” Zitsanzo zimenezi akuzitcha “eni luso.” Nthawi zambiri, mwini luso amakhala munthu kapena kampani imene inalembetsa mwalamulo luso latsopano kapena makina atsopano. Pofotokoza zitsanzo zomwe tingatengereko luso zimenezi, magazini ya The Economist inati: “Potchula zitsanzo zimenezi kuti ndizo ‘eni luso,’ ochita kafukufukuwo akungogogomezera mfundo yoti nthawi zambiri luso limayambira ku zinthu zamoyo.”

Kodi zamoyo zinatulukira bwanji luso lonseli? Ochita kafukufuku ambiri anganene kuti zamoyo n’zopangidwa mwaluso chifukwa choti zakhala zikusinthika kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Koma ochita kafukufuku ena savomereza zimenezi. Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zamoyo dzina lake Michael Behe analemba mu nyuzipepala ya The New York Times m’chaka cha 2005 kuti: “Kuchuluka kwa luso lochititsa kaso lopangira zinthu kumene timakuona [m’zamoyo] kumatifikitsa pa mfundo imodzi yosatsutsika: ngati chinthu chikuoneka, kuyenda, ndi kulira ngati bakha, ndiye kuti chinthucho ndi bakha, ngati palibe umboni wina wotsutsa zimenezo.” Kodi iye anamaliza bwanji? Anati: “Ngati mfundo yakuti zinthu zinapangidwa mwaluso n’njowonekeratu, palibe chifukwa chilichonse choitsutsira.”

Ndithudi injiniya amene wapanga mapiko a ndege otetezeka ndiponso ouluka bwino kwambiri angafunikire kulandira ulemu chifukwa cha luso lake. Chimodzimodzinso munthu amene angapange bandeji yotha kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kapena nsalu yofewa bwino kwambiri, kapena galimoto yoyenda bwino kwambiri, angafunike kulandira ulemu chifukwa cha zinthu zimene wapangazo. Ndipotu, munthu wopanga zinthu amene wabera luso la munthu wina koma osapereka ulemu kwa mwini lusoyo amaonedwa kuti ndi wakuba.

Ochita kafukufuku ophunzira kwambiri amatha kupanga zinthu zovuta kwambiri potsanzira zamoyo, ngakhale kuti zinthu zomwe amapangazo zimakhala zotsikirapo poyerekezera ndi zamoyozo. Choncho kodi m’pomveka kwa inu kuti ochita kafukufukuwa azinena kuti zinthu zamoyozo, zomwe iwo anaberako luso, zinangosinthika mwangozi? Ngati chinthu chochita kukopera chimafuna munthu wanzeru woti achipange, kuli bwanji chinthu choyambiriracho? Ndipotu, kodi ndani amayenera kulandira ulemu wochuluka, mphunzitsi waluso kapena mwana wasukulu amene amatsanzira luso la mphunzitsiyo?

Mfundo Yoonekeratu

Ataona umboni wosonyeza kuti zamoyo zinapangidwa mwaluso, anthu ambiri oganiza amagwirizana ndi zimene ananena wamasalmo, yemwe analemba kuti: “Ntchito zanu zichulukadi, Yehova! Munazichita zonse mwanzeru; dziko lapansi lidzala nacho chuma chanu.” (Salmo 104:24) Wolemba Baibulo wina, Paulo, nayenso anafika pa mfundo yomweyo. Analemba kuti: “Pakuti chilengedwere dziko lapansi zaoneka bwino zosaoneka za [Mulungu] ndizo mphamvu yake yosatha ndi umulungu wake; popeza zazindikirika ndi zinthu zolengedwa.”—Aroma 1:19, 20.

Komabe, anthu ambiri oona mtima amene amalemekeza Baibulo ndipo amakhulupirira Mulungu anganene kuti Mulungu mwina anagwiritsa ntchito chisinthiko kuti alenge zinthu zamoyo zodabwitsa kwambiri. Koma kodi Baibulo limaphunzitsa chiyani pankhani imeneyi?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

Kodi zamoyo zinatulukira bwanji luso lonseli?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

Kodi mwini luso limene lili m’zinthu zamoyo ndani?

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Ngati chinthu chochita kukopera chimafuna munthu wanzeru woti achipange, kuli bwanji chinthu choyambiriracho?

Ndege yotha kuuluka paliponse imeneyi imatsanzira mapiko a mbalame ina yakunyanja

Mapazi a buluzi wotchedwa nalimata sada, sasiya tizidindo, amamata paliponse kupatulapo pa zinthu zopangidwa mwapadera, ndipo amamata ndi kumatuka mosavuta. Ochita kafukufuku akuyesera kuwatsanzira

Kusalala ndi kulimba kwa nsomba yokhala ngati bokosiyi kunachititsa anthu kupanga galimoto yofanana nayo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/​University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 8]

ZAMOYO ZOYENDA MWANZERU

Zamoyo zambiri ndi “zanzeru” chifukwa zimatha kudziwa njira yoti zilowere zikamayenda pa dziko lapansi. (Miyambo 30:24, 25). Taganizirani zitsanzo ziwiri.

◼ Nyerere Zimayenda Mwadongosolo Kodi nyerere zikapita kofuna zakudya zimadziwa bwanji njira yoti zidzere pobwerera ku mauna awo? Ochita kafukufuku ku United Kingdom anatulukira kuti kuwonjezera pa kusiya fungo lawo, nyerere zina zimagwiritsa ntchito masamu kuti zithe kupanga njira zosavuta kutsatira pobwerera. Mwachitsanzo, magazini ya New Scientist inati mtundu wina wa nyerere “umapanga njira zimene potuluka ku unawo zimakumana ndi njira zina pa makona a madigiri 50 mpaka 60.” N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zochititsa chidwi? Nyerere ikamabwerera ku unako n’kufika pa kona, iyo mwachibadwa imatenga njira imene ikukhota pang’ono, osati imene ikukhota kwambiri, ndipo njira imeneyi ndi imene imakafikadi ku unako. Nkhaniyo inati: “Masamu amene nyerere zimatsatira popanga njira zamakona zotulukira ku una, amachititsa kuti nyerere zambiri zizitha kuyenda bwinobwino m’tinjira tawo, makamaka nyererezo zikamalowera mbali ziwiri zosiyana, ndipo zimachititsa kuti nyerere iliyonse isamawononge mphamvu zake chifukwa chosochera.”

◼ Mmene Mbalame Zimalondolera Njira Zawo Mbalame zambiri zimalondola njira zawo osasochera ngakhale pang’ono pa maulendo ataliatali mu nyengo zonse. Zimatha bwanji kuchita zimenezi? Ochita kafukufuku atulukira kuti mbalame zimatha kumva mphamvu ya dziko imene imasonyeza kuti kumpoto ndi kuti. Komabe, magazini yotchedwa Science inati, “mphamvu ya dziko yosonyeza kuti kumpoto ndi kuti imasinthasintha pa malo osiyanasiyana ndipo si nthawi zonse pamene imalozadi kumpoto kwenikweni.” Kodi n’chiyani chimathandiza mbalame kuti zisasochere zikakhala pa ulendo? Akuti mbalame mwina zimachuna matupi awo madzulo alionse dzuwa likamalowa kuti zidziwe kumpoto kwenikweni. Popeza malo amene dzuwa limalowera amasintha malinga ndi dera ndi nyengo, ochita kafukufuku akuganiza kuti mbalamezi zimatha kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku chifukwa “mwachibadwa, zili ndi nzeru zotha kudziwa nyengo imene zili,” inatero magazini ya Science.

Kodi ndani anaphunzitsa nyerere masamu? Ndani anapatsa mbalame nzeru zotha kudziwa kuti kumpoto ndi kuti, ndiponso kuti zili nyengo yanji, ndi ubongo wotha kuzindikira zinthu zimenezi bwinobwino? Kodi ndi chisinthiko chomwe chinangochitika mwangozi? Kapena ndi Mlengi wanzeru?

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004

Kodi Mulungu Anagwiritsa Ntchito Chisinthiko Polenga Zamoyo?

“Muyenera inu, Ambuye wathu, ndi Mulungu wathu, kulandira ulemerero ndi ulemu ndi mphamvu; chifukwa mudalenga zonse, ndipo mwa chifuniro chanu zinakhala, nizinalengedwa.”—CHIVUMBULUTSO 4:11.

PATANGODUTSA nthawi yochepa Charles Darwin atafalitsa chiphunzitso chake cha chisinthiko, matchalitchi ambiri amene amati ndi achikristu anayamba kufunafuna njira zoti agwirizanitse chikhulupiriro chawo mwa Mulungu ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko.

Masiku ano, magulu ambiri azipembedzo zachikristu akuoneka kuti akuvomereza zoti Mulungu anagwiritsa ntchito chisinthiko mwanjira inayake kuti alenge zamoyo. Ena amaphunzitsa kuti Mulungu anakonzeratu chilengedwe chonse kuti tinthu topanda moyo tidzasinthe n’kusanduka zinthu zamoyo, zomwe zinapitiriza kusintha mpaka kukhala anthu. Anthu amene amakhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi amati Mulungu sanalowerereponso chisinthiko chitayamba. Ena amaganiza kuti Mulungu analola chisinthiko kuyambitsa chokha mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi zinyama, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi ankalowererapo kuti zinthu zipitirizebe kusinthika.

Kodi N’zotheka Kuphatikiza Ziphunzitso za M’Baibulo ndi Chisinthiko?

Kodi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko n’chogwirizanadi ndi zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa? Chisinthiko chikanakhala chiphunzitso choona, nkhani ya m’Baibulo yonena za kulengedwa kwa munthu woyamba, Adamu, ikanangokhala nkhani yophunzitsa makhalidwe abwino basi, osati yeniyeni. (Genesis 1:26, 27; 2:18-24) Kodi mmenemo ndi mmene Yesu ankaionera nkhani ya m’Baibulo imeneyi? Yesu anati: “Kodi simunawerenga kuti iye amene adalenga anthu pachiyambi, anawalenga iwo mwamuna ndi mkazi, nati, Chifukwa cha ichi mwamuna adzasiya atate wake ndi amake, nadzaphatikizana ndi mkazi wake, ndipo awiriwo adzakhala thupi limodzi? Chotero kuti salinso awiri koma thupi limodzi. Chifukwa chake ichi chimene Mulungu anachimanga pamodzi, munthu asachilekanitse.”—Mateyu 19:4-6.

Pano Yesu ankakamba nkhani yonena za kulengedwa kwa anthu yofotokozedwa mu chaputala chachiwiri cha Genesis. Ngati Yesu ankaona kuti nkhani ya ukwati woyambirira inali yongopeka, kodi akanaitchula kuti atsimikizire zimene ankaphunzitsa zokhudza kupatulika kwa ukwati? Ayi. Yesu anatchula nkhaniyi chifukwa ankadziwa kuti inachitikadi.—Yohane 17:17.

Ophunzira a Yesu nawonso ankakhulupirira nkhani yonena za kulengedwa kwa zinthu ya mu Genesis. Mwachitsanzo, Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka umalondoloza mibadwo ya Yesu ndi makolo ake mpaka kukafika pa Adamu. (Luka 3:23-38) Ngati Adamu ndi munthu wongopeka chabe, kodi m’ndandanda wa mibadwo ya anthu umenewu unayambira pati kunena za anthu enieni? Ngati anthu a koyambirira kwa m’ndandanda wa mibadwo ya anthuwu anali ongopeka, kodi zimenezi zikanatsimikizira bwanji zimene Yesu ankanena zoti iye ndi Mesiya, wobadwira m’banja la Davide? (Mateyu 1:1) Luka, amene analemba nawo Uthenga Wabwino, anati ‘analondalonda mosamalitsa zinthu zonse kuyambira pachiyambi.’ N’zachionekere kuti iye ankakhulupirira nkhani ya mu Genesis yonena za kulengedwa kwa zinthu.—Luka 1:3.

Chikhulupiriro cha mtumwi Paulo mwa Yesu chinali chogwirizana ndi kukhulupirira kwake nkhani ya mu Genesis. Iye analemba kuti: “Pakuti monga imfa inadza mwa munthu, kuuka kwa akufa kunadzanso mwa munthu. Pakuti monga mwa Adamu onse amwalira, choteronso mwa Kristu onse akhalitsidwa ndi moyo.” (1 Akorinto 15:21, 22) Ngati Adamu sanalidi tate wa anthu onse, amene kudzera mwa iye “uchimo unalowa m’dziko lapansi . . . ndi imfa mwa uchimo,” kodi Yesu akanafunikira kufa kuti afafanize zotsatirapo za uchimo wotengera kwa Adamu?—Aroma 5:12; 6:23.

Kutsutsa chikhulupiriro cha nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa zinthu ya mu Genesis n’chimodzimodzi n’kutsutsa maziko enieni a Chikristu. Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko n’chosemphana ndi ziphunzitso za Kristu. Kuyesayesa kulikonse kophatikiza ziphunzitso ziwirizi kumabweretsa chikhulupiriro chofooka chomwe chimakhala ‘chogwedezekagwedezeka, chotengekatengeka ndi mphepo yonse ya chiphunzitso.’—Aefeso 4:14.

Chikhulupiriro Chokhala ndi Maziko Olimba

Kwa zaka zambiri, Baibulo lakhala likutsutsidwa ndi kuukiridwa, koma nthawi zonse lapezeka kuti ndi loona. Paliponse pomwe Baibulo latchulapo nkhani zokhudza mbiri yakale, thanzi la anthu, ndi sayansi, nkhani zake zimakhala zodalirika. Malangizo ake onena za momwe tingakhalire ndi anthu ena n’ngodalirika ndiponso amagwira ntchito nthawi ina iliyonse. Nzeru ndi ziphunzitso za anthu, mofanana ndi udzu wobiriwira, zimakula kenaka n’kufota pakapita nthawi, koma Mawu a Mulungu “adzakhala nthawi zachikhalire.”—Yesaya 40:8.

Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimakhudza zambiri, osati sayansi yokha. Chiphunzitsochi chinayambira ku maganizo a anthu omwe anayamba pang’onopang’ono, n’kukhazikika patapita zaka zambiri. Koma m’zaka zaposachedwapa, ngakhale chiphunzitso chofala cha Darwin nachonso chakhala chikusintha kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa chakuti akhala akumachiyerekezera ndi umboni womwe ukuchulukirachulukira wosonyeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zinapangidwa mwaluso. Tikukupemphani kuti muonenso mfundo zina zokhudzana ndi nkhani imeneyi. Mungatero mwa kuwerenga nkhani zina zomwe zili m’magazini ino. Mukhozanso kuwerenga mabuku amene asonyezedwa pa tsamba lino ndi pa tsamba 32.

Sitikukayikira kuti mukaifufuza bwinobwino nkhaniyi, chikhulupiriro chanu cha zimene Baibulo limanena zokhudza zomwe zinachitika kale chidzalimba. Ndipo chikhulupiriro chanu cha malonjezo a m’Baibulo onena za m’tsogolo chidzakula. (Ahebri 11:1) Mungafikenso mpaka pofuna kulemekeza Yehova, “amene analenga zakumwamba ndi dziko lapansi.”—Sal. 146:6.

ZOWERENGA ZINA

Buku la Anthu Onse Zitsanzo zosonyeza kuti Baibulo ndi lodalirika zafotokozedwa m’kabuku kameneka

Is There a Creator Who Cares About You? Onaninso umboni wina wasayansi ndi kudziwa chifukwa chomwe Mulungu wachikondi angalolere kuti anthu azivutika ngati momwe akuvutikira masiku ano

Kodi Baibulo Limaphunzitsa Chiyani Kwenikweni? Funso lakuti, Kodi Mulungu Ali Nalo Cholinga Chotani Dziko Lapansili? layankhidwa m’mutu wachitatu wa buku limeneli

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 10]

Yesu ankakhulupirira nkhani ya mu Genesis yonena za kulengedwa kwa zinthu. Kodi analakwitsa?

[Bokosi patsamba 9]

KODI CHISINTHIKO N’CHIYANI?

Tanthauzo limodzi la “chisinthiko” ndi: “Kusintha kwa zinthu mwanjira inayake.” Komabe, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutanthauza kusintha kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopanda moyo, kapena kuti kupangika kwa chilengedwe chonse. Komanso, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kusintha kwakung’ono kwa zinthu zamoyo, kapena kuti njira imene zomera ndi zinyama zimasinthira, malo amene zikukhala akamasinthanso. Koma mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutanthauza chiphunzitso chimene chimati moyo unachokera ku tinthu ting’onoting’ono topanda moyo, timene tinasintha n’kukhala maselo otha kuchulukana, ndipo pang’ono ndi pang’ono maselowa anasanduka zinthu zamoyo zochititsa kaso. Potsirizira pake anthu ndi amene anakhala anzeru kwambiri pa zamoyo zonse. Tanthauzo lachitatuli n’limene mawu oti “chisinthiko” akuimira mu nkhani ino.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Space photo: J. Hester and P. Scowen (AZ State Univ.), NASA

Kukambirana ndi Katswiri wa Sayansi

MU 1996, Michael J. Behe, amene panopa ndi pulofesa wa sayansi ya zimene zimachitika m’kati mwa zinthu zamoyo pa yunivesite ya Lehigh ku Pennsylvania, m’dziko la United States, anatulutsa buku lake lotsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, lakuti Darwin’s Black Box—The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. Galamukani! yachingelezi ya May 8, 1997 inali ndi nkhani zingapo zofotokoza mutu wapachikuto wakuti “Kodi Tinapezeka Bwanji Padziko Pano? Mwangozi Kapena Tinachita Kulengedwa?” Nkhani zimenezi zinatchulapo buku la Behe. Pa zaka pafupifupi teni zomwe zadutsa kuchokera pamene bukuli linatulutsidwa, asayansi okhulupirira chisinthiko akhala akutsutsa mfundo zomwe Behe analemba. Popeza Behe ndi Mkatolika, anthu otsutsana naye amunena kuti nzeru zake zasayansi zasokonekera chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zake zachipembedzo. Ena akuti maganizo ake ndi osemphana ndi sayansi. Olemba Galamukani! analankhula ndi Pulofesa Behe ndipo anam’funsa kuti afotokoze chomwe chachititsa kuti mfundo zake zibutse mkangano waukulu choncho.

GALAMUKANI!: N’CHIFUKWA CHIYANI MUKUONA KUTI ZAMOYO ZIMAPEREKA UMBONI WOSONYEZA KUTI ZINACHITA KUPANGIDWA MWANZERU?

PULOFESA BEHE: Tikaona mbali zosiyanasiyana za chinthu chopangidwa mwaluso, timadziwa kuti zinachita kupangidwa ndi winawake. Mwachitsanzo, tangoganizirani makina amene timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku monga makina otchetchera kapinga, kapena galimoto kapenanso zipangizo zina zosavuta kupanga. Chitsanzo chimene ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi ndi msampha wa makoswe. Mumadziwa kuti unachita kupangidwa chifukwa mumaona mbali zosiyanasiyana zitakonzedwa n’cholinga chogwira ntchito yogwira makoswe.

Sayansi tsopano yapita patsogolo mokwanira moti yatulukira tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe timapanga zamoyo. Ndipo asayansi achita kaso kutulukira kuti tinthu ting’onoting’ono timeneti, n’topangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m’kati mwa maselo amoyo muli tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe timakhala ngati timagalimoto, tomwe timanyamula zinthu kuchokera ku mbali imodzi ya selo kuzipititsa ku mbali ina. Mulinso tinthu tina tomwe timakhala ngati tizikwangwani, tomwe timauza timagalimoto timeneti kuti tikhotere kumanzere kapena kumanja. Maselo ena ali ndi tinthu tokhala ngati timainjini tomwe timakankha maselowo m’madzi. Zikakhala kuti ndi zinthu zina, anthu akaona zinthu zopangidwa mwaluso zoterozo amanena kuti zinachita kupangidwa. Popeza chiphunzitso cha Darwin sichikufotokoza bwinobwino mmene zinthu zochititsa kasozi zinayambira, palibe njira ina yofotokozera zimenezi. Popeza nthawi zonse takhala tikukhulupirira kuti zinthu zikakhala zokonzedwa bwino mwa njira imeneyi ndiye kuti zinachita kupangidwa, sitikulakwa pokhulupirira kuti tinthu timeneti natonso tinachita kupangidwa ndi winawake wanzeru.

GALAMUKANI!: KODI MUKUGANIZA KUTI N’CHIFUKWA CHIYANI ASAYANSI ANZANU AMBIRI SAGWIRIZANA NDI MFUNDO YANU YOTI ZINTHU ZINACHITA KUPANGIDWA NDI WINAWAKE WANZERU?

PULOFESA BEHE: Asayansi ambiri sagwirizana ndi mfundo yangayi chifukwa amaona kuti mfundo yoti zinthu zinachita kupangidwa imabutsa nkhani zina zosakhudzana ndi sayansi, zonena za zinthu zimene asayansi sangathe kuziona. Ambiri sasangalala ndi nkhani zimenezi. Komabe, kuyambira kale ine ndinaphunzitsidwa kuti sayansi imayenera kulondola kumene umboni ukupita. Ndikuona kuti n’kusalimba mtima kukana mfundo imene ikuchita kuonekeratu bwino ndi umboni umene ulipo, chifukwa choopa zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo utaivomereza.

GALAMUKANI!: KODI MUMAWAYANKHA BWANJI OTSUTSA AMENE AMANENA KUTI KUVOMEREZA ZOTI ZAMOYO ZINACHITA KUPANGIDWA N’KULIMBIKITSA UMBULI?

PULOFESA BEHE: Si umbuli umene umachititsa munthu kufika pa mfundo yoti zinthu zinachita kupangidwa mwanzeru. Timafika pa mfundo imeneyi, osati chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sitikudziwa, koma chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe tikudziwa. Panthawi imene Darwin anatulutsa buku lake lakuti The Origin of Species zaka 150 zapitazo, anthu sankadziwa zambiri zokhudza moyo. Asayansi ankaganiza kuti selo ndi kanthu kachabechabe koti kakanatha kungopangika kokha m’matope a pansi pa nyanja. Koma kuchokera pa nthawi imeneyo, asayansi atulukira kuti maselo ndi opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, kuposeratu makina amene timagwiritsa ntchito m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino. Mmene maselo amagwirira ntchito zawo, zimasonyezeratu kuti anapangidwa n’cholinga choti azigwira ntchito zimenezo.

GALAMUKANI!: KODI SAYANSI YATULUKIRA UMBONI ULIWONSE WOSONYEZA KUTI KUPULUMUKA KWA ZAMOYO ZAMPHAMVU ZOKHAZOKHA, NDIKO KUNACHITITSA KUTI MASELO AMENE MWANENA AJA APANGIKE?

PULOFESA BEHE: Mukafufuza m’mabuku a sayansi, mupeza kuti palibe amene watsimikizirapo momwe maselo anakhalirako, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zimene Darwin anafotokoza, kaya mwa kuchita kafukufuku kapena mwa kuzifotokoza ndi mfundo zasayansi. Zimenezi zili choncho ngakhale kuti pa zaka teni zomwe zadutsa kuchokera pamene ndinatulutsa buku langa, mabungwe ambiri asayansi, monga bungwe la National Academy of Sciences ndi la American Association for the Advancement of Science, akhala akuchenjeza anthu awo pafupipafupi kuti achite zonse zomwe angathe kuti afafanize mfundo yoti zamoyo zimapereka umboni wosonyeza kuti zinachita kupangidwa mwanzeru.

GALAMUKANI!: KODI MUMAWAYANKHA CHIYANI ANTHU AMENE AMATI MBALI ZINA ZA ZOMERA NDI ZINYAMA SIZINAPANGIGWE BWINO?

PULOFESA BEHE: Kulephera kudziwa ntchito imene mbali ina ya chinthu chamoyo imachita sikutanthauza kuti mbaliyo n’njosafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ziwalo zimene kale ankazitcha zopanda ntchito, poyamba ankati zimasonyeza kuti thupi la munthu ndi zamoyo zina sizinapangidwe bwino. Mwachitsanzo, poyamba anthu ankaganiza kuti kachiwalo ka kumapeto kwa matumbo ndi tinthu tinatake ta kummero, n’ziwalo zopanda ntchito ndipo ankangozichotsa mwachisawawa. Koma kenaka anadzatulukira kuti ziwalo zimenezi zimathandiza thupi kulimbana ndi matenda, ndipo tsopano amaziona kuti n’zofunikira kwambiri.

Mfundo ina yofunika kukumbukira ndi yoti m’zinthu zamoyo, zinthu zina zimachitika mwangozi. Koma galimoto yanga ikapindika penapake kapena ikaphwa tayala, sizitanthauza kuti galimotoyo kapena tayalalo sizinachite kupangidwa. Mofanana ndi zimenezi, sitinganene kuti chifukwa zinthu zina m’zinthu zamoyo zimachitika mwangozi ndiye kuti zinthu zamoyozo sizinachite kupangidwa. Imeneyi si mfundo yomveka.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 12]

“Ndikuona kuti n’kusalimba mtima kukana mfundo imene ikuchita kuonekeratu bwino ndi umboni umene ulipo, chifukwa choopa zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo utaivomereza”

Kodi Chisinthiko Chinachitikadi?

PULOFESA RICHARD DAWKINS, wasayansi wotchuka wokhulupirira chisinthiko, anati: “Zoti chisinthiko chinachitikadi n’zoona, monga momwe zilili zoona kuti dzuwa limatentha.” N’zoona kuti kafukufuku komanso zimene timaona zimatsimikizira kuti dzuwa ndi lotentha. Koma kodi njira zimenezi zimatsimikiziranso kuti chisinthiko chinachitikadi?

Tisanayankhe funso limenelo, tiyenera kufotokoza kaye zinthu zina. Asayansi ambiri aona kuti nthawi ikamapita zamoyo zimene zikubadwa zimatha kusintha pang’ono. Charles Darwin anati kusintha kumeneku ndi “kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono” kwa zinthu zamoyo. Kusintha koteroko anthu akuona kukuchitika, akusonyeza m’zotsatirapo za kafukufuku wawo, ndipo alimi a zomera ndi zinyama akugwiritsa ntchito kuti kuwathandize pa ulimi wawo.a Kusintha kumeneku tinganene kuti kumachitikadi. Komabe, asayansi akaona kusintha koteroko amakutcha “kusintha kochitika m’zamoyo za mtundu umodzi.” Ngakhale mawu omwe amafotokozera kusintha kumeneku akusonyeza zimene asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira, zoti kusintha kochitika m’zamoyo za mtundu umodzi kumeneku kumapereka umboni woti palinso kusintha kwina kosiyana kwambiri ndi kumeneku. Kusintha kwinako palibe amene anakuona, ndipo amakutcha kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina.

Zoona zake n’zoti, Darwin anatchula zinthu zina zomwe n’zosiyana kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe anthu amatha kuziona. M’buku lake lotchuka la The Origin of Species, iye analemba kuti: “Ndimaona zamoyo zonse osati monga zinthu zomwe zinachita kulengedwa mwapadera, koma monga ana a makolo ochepa oyambirira.” Darwin anati m’kupita kwa nthawi yaitali, “makolo ochepa oyambirira” amenewa, omwe amati ndi mitundu ya zamoyo zotsika kwambiri, anasintha pang’onopang’ono, mpaka kusanduka mitundu mamiliyoni angapo yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zomwe zili padziko lapansi. Anthu okhulupirira chisinthiko amati kusintha kwa pang’onopang’ono kumeneku kutaphatikizana kunapanga kusintha kwakukulu komwe kunachititsa kuti nsomba zisanduke zamoyo zotha kukhala m’madzi ndi pamtunda pomwe, ndi kuti anyani asanduke anthu. Kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku n’kumene amati ndiko kunachititsa kuti mtundu umodzi wachamoyo usinthire ku mtundu wina. Anthu ambiri amanena kuti kusintha kwachiwiriku n’kotheka ndithu. Iwo amaganiza kuti, ‘Ngati kusintha kwakung’ono kungachitike m’zamoyo za mtundu umodzi, kodi pali chimene chingalepheretse kuti m’kupita kwanthawi zinthu zisinthike kuchoka ku mtundu wina kupita ku winanso?’b

Chiphunzitso cha kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina chimadalira mfundo zazikulu zitatu:

1. Kusintha kwa maselo a zamoyo kumayambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo.c

2. Kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha kumayambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo.

3. Zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe zapezedwa zimasonyeza kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa zomera ndi zinyama kupita ku mtundu wina.

Kodi pali umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira kuti zamoyo zinasintha kuchoka ku mtundu wina kupita ku mtundu wina moti tinganene kuti kusintha kumeneku kunachitikadi?

Kodi Kusintha kwa Maselo Kungayambitse Mitundu Yatsopano ya Zamoyo?

Malangizo onena za chibadwa cha zomera kapena zinyama analembedwa pakatikati pa selo iliyonse ya chamoyocho.d Ochita kafukufuku atulukira kuti kusintha kwa malangizo okhudza chibadwa okhala m’maselo kukhoza kuchititsa kuti ana a zomera ndi zinyama akhale osiyaniranako ndi makolo awo. Mu 1946, Hermann J. Muller, amene anapatsidwapo mphoto yapamwamba ya Nobel ndiponso amene anayambitsa maphunziro okhudzana ndi chibadwa cha zinthu, anati: “Kusintha kochuluka kosachitikachitika kumeneku si kuli chabe chinthu chachikulu chimene chingatithandize kukhala ndi mitundu yabwinopo ya zinyama ndi zomera, komanso, tingangonena kuti n’kumene kunapangitsa chisinthiko cha zamoyo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha.”

Indedi, chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa zamoyo kuchoka ku mtundu wina kupita ku mtundu wina chagona pa mfundo yoti kusintha kwa maselo kungayambitse osati kokha mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo komanso magulu atsopano a zomera ndi zinyama. Kodi pali njira iliyonse yofufuzira zimenezi kuti tione ngati zilidi zoona? Poyamba, taganizirani zomwe anthu apeza atatha zaka pafupifupi 100 akuphunzira za chibadwa cha zamoyo.

M’zaka zakumapeto kwa m’ma 1930, asayansi anayamba kukhulupirira ndi mtima wonse kuti ngati anthu atamasankha okha zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha zomwe zasintha maselo, sangavutike kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya zomera. Iwo anayamba kukhulupirira zimenezi poganiza kuti ngati kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha kungayambitse mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa maselo ake, ndiye kuti nawonso akhoza kuchita zimenezi. Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig, wasayansi wina pa bungwe lobereketsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera kuti apange mitundu ina la Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research ku Germany amene anacheza ndi olemba Galamukani! anati: “Panali chiyembekezo chachikulu pakati pa akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya chibadwa cha zamoyo ndi anthu oweta zamoyo kuti zitulutse mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo.” N’chifukwa chiyani anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu? Lönnig, yemwe watha zaka 28 akuphunzira za kusintha kwa maselo a zomera, anati: “Ochita kafukufuku amenewa ankaganiza kuti tsopano nthawi yakwana yoti asinthe njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pobereketsa zomera ndi zinyama. Ankaganiza kuti ngati atachititsa zomera ndi zinyama kusintha maselo awo, n’kumasankha zamoyo zimene zasintha bwino zokhazokha kuti ziberekane, akhoza kupanga zomera ndi zinyama zatsopano ndiponso zabwino koposa.”e

Asayansi ku United States, ku Asia, ndi ku Ulaya anapatsidwa ndalama zambiri zochitira kafukufuku amene angafulumizitse kusinthika kwa zamoyo, ndipo anayambadi kuchita kafukufukuyo. Patatha zaka zoposa 40 akuchita kafukufuku wotereyu, kodi zotsatirapo zake zinali zotani? Wochita kafukufuku wina dzina lake Peter von Sengbusch anati: “Ngakhale kuti anthu anawononga ndalama zambiri, zoyesayesa zawo zofuna kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya zomera ndi zinyama zobereka kwambiri poyesera kusintha maselo awo ndi mphamvu ya magetsi, zinalepherekeratu.” Lönnig anati: “Pofika m’ma 1980, chiyembekezo chimene asayansi anali nacho padziko lonse lapansi sichinaphule kanthu. Kubereketsa zamoyo posintha maselo awo, monga mbali yapadera ya kafukufuku, kunasiyika m’mayiko a Azungu. Pafupifupi zamoyo zonse zomwe anazisintha maselo zinafa kapena zinali zofooka poyerekezera ndi zomwe zinakula mwachibadwa.”f

Ngakhale ndi choncho, zomwe apeza pa zaka 100 zochita kafukufuku wa kusintha kwa maselo a zamoyo ndiponso zomwe apeza pa zaka 70 za kafukufuku wa njira zobereketsera zamoyo pozisintha maselo, zathandiza asayansi kudziwa ngati zamoyo zosinthidwa maselo zingayambitse mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo. Ataona umboni womwe ulipo, Lönnig anati: “Zamoyo zosinthidwa maselo sizingasinthe mtundu woyambirira [wa chomera kapena chinyama] kuti ukhale mtundu wina. Mfundo imeneyi ikugwirizana ndi zotsatirapo zonse za kafukufuku wosintha maselo a zamoyo yemwe anachitika m’zaka za m’ma 1900, ndipo ikugwirizananso ndi malamulo a masamu enaake. Choncho lamulo loti zamoyo zimene zimabadwa zitasintha zimakhala zofanana ndi zina zimene zinabadwa zitasinthapo kale, likusonyeza kuti mitundu ya zamoyo ili ndi malire enieni amene sangathe kuchotsedwa kapena kuphwanyidwa chifukwa cha kusinthika kwangozi kwa maselo.”

Taganizirani tanthauzo la mfundo zimenezi. Ngati asayansi odziwa bwino ntchito yawo analephera kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo mwa kupanga ndi kusankha zamoyo zosinthika maselo kuti apangire zamoyo zina zabwino, kodi m’pomveka kuti zimenezi zikhoza kungochitika zokha mwangozi? Ngati kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa maselo a zamoyo sikungayambitse mtundu watsopano wa zamoyo, ndiye tinganene kuti kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina kunachitika bwanji?

Kodi Kupulumuka kwa Zamoyo Zamphamvu Zokhazokha Kumayambitsa Mitundu Yatsopano ya Zamoyo?

Darwin ankakhulupirira kuti kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha kungapangitse kuti mitundu ya zamoyo yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kumalo komwe ili ndi yomwe ingapitirirebe kukhala ndi moyo, pamene mitundu ina yosagwirizana ndi kumaloko pamapeto pake ingafe. Asayansi amakono okhulupirira chisinthiko amaphunzitsa kuti pamene mitundu ya zamoyo inayamba kufalikira n’kumakakhala ku malo awokha, kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha n’kumene kunachititsa kuti zamoyo zisinthe mogwirizana kwambiri ndi kumalo kwawo kwatsopanoko. Okhulupirira chisinthikowa amati, chifukwa cha zimenezi, magulu a zamoyo okhala ku malo kwawokha amenewa kenaka anadzasanduka zamoyo za mtundu watsopano kotheratu.

Monga momwe tanenera kale, umboni wochokera ku kafukufuku ukusonyeza moonekeratu kuti kusintha kwa maselo a zamoyo sikungathe kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya zomera kapena zinyama. Ngakhale ndi choncho, kodi okhulupirira chisinthiko amapereka umboni wotani kuti atsimikizire zonena zawo zoti kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha kumachititsa zamoyo zokhazo zomwe maselo awo asintha bwino kuti zibereke mitundu yatsopano? Kabuku komwe kanafalitsidwa mu 1999 ndi bungwe la National Academy of Sciences (NAS) ku United States kamati: “Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kuyambika kwa mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo ndicho mitundu 13 ya mbalame zomwe zinafufuzidwa ndi Darwin pa zilumba za Galápagos, zomwe panopa zimatchedwa mbalame za Darwin.”

M’ma 1970, gulu lochita kafukufuku lotsogoleredwa ndi Peter ndi Rosemary Grant linayamba kuphunzira za mbalame zimenezi ndipo linaona kuti patatha chaka chimodzi cha chilala, mbalame zomwe zinali ndi milomo yokulirapo zinapulumuka mosavuta poyerekezera ndi zomwe zinali ndi milomo yocheperapo. Popeza kukula ndi kaonekedwe ka milomoyo ndi njira imodzi yaikulu yosiyanitsira mitundu 13 ya mbalamezo, zomwe anapezazi anaziona kuti n’zofunika. Kabukuko kanapitiriza kuti: “Peter ndi Rosemary Grant akuganiza kuti ngati pa zilumbazi patamagwa chilala chaka chimodzi chilichonse pa zaka 10, ndiye kuti pomatha zaka 200 pakhoza kupangika mtundu watsopano wa mbalame.”

Komabe, kabuku ka bungwe la NAS kameneka sikanatchule mfundo zina zofunika zosagwirizana ndi mfundo zawozo. M’zaka zotsatira chilalacho, mbalame za milomo yocheperapo zinachulukanso kuposa za milomo yaikulu. Choncho Peter Grant ndi wophunzira wina wa pa koleji dzina lake Lisle Gibbs analemba m’magazini yasayansi yotchedwa Nature mu 1987, kuti anaona “kuti mbalamezo zinkasintha m’njira yosiyana ndi imene anali kuyembekezera.” Mu 1991, Grant analemba kuti mbalamezi zikumasintha nyengo ikasintha ndipo zikumabwereranso mwakale nyengo ikabwereranso mwakale. Ochita kafukufukuwo anaonanso kuti ina mwa mitundu yomwe ankaiona ngati yosiyana ya mbalamezo inkatha kukumana n’kubereka ana amene ankapulumuka bwino kwambiri kuposa makolo awo. Peter ndi Rosemary Grant anati ngati mitundu yosiyana ya mbalamezo idzapitirizabe kumabereka ana, zingadzachititse kuti mitundu iwiri ya mbalame idzakhale mtundu umodzi pomatha zaka 200.

Mu 1966, katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zamoyo wokhulupirira chisinthiko dzina lake George Christopher Williams analemba kuti: “Ndimaona kuti n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti chiphunzitso cha kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha poyamba chinaphunzitsidwa kuti chisonyeze momwe chisinthiko chinachitikira. Ndikuona kuti zikanakhala bwino akanamachiphunzitsa pofotokoza momwe mitundu ya zamoyo imapitirizirabe kukhala ndi moyo ngakhale malo awo okhala akamasintha.” Katswiri wina wofotokoza za chisinthiko dzina lake Jeffrey Schwartz analemba mu 1999 kuti ngati zimene ananena Williams zili zoona, ndiye kuti kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha kungakhale kukuthandiza zamoyo kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa malo awo okhala, koma “sikukupanga chinthu chilichonse chatsopano.”

Zoonadi, mbalame za Darwin sizikusinthika n’kukhala “chinthu chilichonse chatsopano.” M’malo mwake, izo zikadali mbalame za mtundu womwewo. Ndipo popeza mitundu yosiyana ya mbalamezi ikumatha kubereka ana, zikutipangitsa kukayikira njira zimene okhulupirira chisinthiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito pofuna kusonyeza kusiyana kwa mitundu ya zamoyo. Zikusonyezanso kuti ngakhale mabungwe odziwika bwino asayansi akhoza kufalitsa umboni m’njira yoti ugwirizane ndi zimene iwowo akukhulupirira.

Kodi Zinthu Zakufa Zakale Zomwe Zapezedwa Zikupereka Umboni wa Kusintha Kochoka ku Mtundu Wina wa Chamoyo Kupita ku Mtundu Wina?

Kabuku kofalitsidwa ndi bungwe la NAS komwe tinakatchula kale kaja kamapangitsa wowerenga kuganiza kuti zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe asayansi apeza zimasonyeza mokwanira kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina. Kabukuko kamati: “Pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo yomwe yapezeka pakati pa nsomba ndi zamoyo zokhala m’madzi ndi pamtunda pomwe, pakati pa zamoyo zokhala m’madzi ndi pamtunda pomwe ndi zamoyo za m’gulu la njoka, pakati pa zamoyo za m’gulu la njoka ndi zamoyo zoyamwitsa, ndi pakati pa zamoyo za m’gulu la anyani moti nthawi zambiri zimavuta kudziwa kuti kodi kusintha kochoka ku mtundu umodzi wa chamoyo kufika ku mtundu wina kunachitika liti.”

Mawu olembedwa mopanda chikayikiro chilichonse amenewa ndi odabwitsa ndithu. Chifukwa chiyani? Mu 2004, magazini ya National Geographic inati zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe zapezedwa zili ngati “filimu yofotokoza za chisinthiko yomwe zithunzi 999 pa zithunzi zake 1000 zilizonse zasowa.” Kodi chithunzi chimodzi chilichonse chotsalacho chingasonyezedi motsimikizirika kuti zamoyo zinasinthika kuchoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina? Kodi zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe zapezeka zimasonyeza chiyani kwenikweni? Niles Eldredge, yemwe amakhulupirira kwambiri chisinthiko, anavomereza kuti zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe apeza zikusonyeza kuti kwa nthawi yaitali, “pankakhala kusintha kochepa, kapenanso sipankakhala kusintha kulikonse m’mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo.”

Pofika panopa, asayansi padziko lonse lapansi afukula ndi kusunga zinthu zakufa zakale zikuluzikulu zokwana 200 miliyoni ndi mabiliyoni angapo a zinthu zakufa zing’onozing’ono. Ochita kafukufuku ambiri amavomereza kuti zinthu zakufa zakale zambirimbiri zomwe apezazi zimasonyeza kuti magulu onse akuluakulu a zinyama anakhalapo mwadzidzidzi ndipo sanasinthe kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthawi, ndipo mitundu yambiri ya zinyama inasowa mwadzidzidzi, mofanana ndi momwe inakhalirapo. Ataona umboni wa zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe zapezedwa, katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zamoyo dzina lake Jonathan Wells analemba kuti: “Tikaona magulu, magulu okulirapo, ndi magulu aakulu kwambiri a zamoyo, sitikuonapo kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono kuchokera kwa makolo ochepa akale. Tikaona umboni wa zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe zapezedwa, ndi tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe timapanga zamoyo, palibe umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira mfundo imeneyi.”

Kodi Chisinthiko Chinachitikadi Kapena Ndi Nkhani Yongopeka?

N’chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri otchuka okhulupirira chisinthiko amalimbikira kunena kuti kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina kunachitikadi? Atatsutsana ndi mfundo zina za Richard Dawkins, munthu wina wotchuka wokhulupirira chisinthiko dzina lake Richard Lewontin analemba kuti asayansi ambiri amakhala okonzeka kukhulupirira mfundo zasayansi zosemphana ndi zinthu zochita kuonekeratu “chifukwa choti tinavomereza kale kuti zinthu zinangopangika zokha popanda winawake amene anazipanga.” Asayansi ambiri amakaniratu kuganizira n’komwe zoti mwina kunja kuno kungakhale winawake wanzeru amene anapanga zinthu chifukwa choti, monga momwe Lewontin analembera, “sitifuna kuvomereza zoti Mulungu alipo.”

Pa nkhani imeneyi, katswiri wina wa chikhalidwe cha anthu dzina lake Rodney Stark anagwidwa mawu m’magazini ya Scientific American akunena kuti: “Papita zaka 200 zomwe takhala tikuuzidwa kuti ngati ukufuna kukhala munthu wasayansi uyenera kuchotsa m’maganizo mwako mfundo zilizonse zachipembedzo chifukwa zimalepheretsa munthu kuganiza momasuka.” Iye anapitiriza kunena kuti m’mayunivesite ochitira kafukufuku, “anthu opembedza amatseka pakamwa pawo,” pamene “anthu osapembedza amapondereza anzawowo.” Malinga ndi zomwe ananena Stark “m’maudindo akuluakulu [a sayansi], munthu amapatsidwa ulemu akakhala wosapembedza.”

Kuti muthe kukhulupirira chiphunzitso cha kusintha kochoka ku mtundu wina wa chamoyo kupita ku mtundu wina pali zinthu zingapo zimene muyenera kukhulupirira. Muyenera kukhulupirira kuti asayansi okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu kapena okhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo koma salowerera pa zochitika za anthu, sadzalola kuti zikhulupiriro zawozo zikhudze kaonedwe kawo ka umboni wasayansi womwe apeza. Muyeneranso kukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa maselo a zamoyo ndi kupulumuka kwa zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha kunayambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, ngakhale kuti patatha zaka zoposa 100 akuchita kafukufuku wa kusintha kwa maselo, apeza kuti kusintha kwa maselo sikunasinthe ngakhale mtundu umodzi wokha wa chamoyo kuti ukhale mtundu wina watsopano. Ndipo muyenera kukhulupirira kuti zamoyo zonse zinasintha pang’onopang’ono kuchokera ku kholo limodzi, ngakhale kuti zinthu zakufa zakale zomwe apeza zimasonyeza moonekeratu kuti mitundu ikuluikulu ya zomera ndi zinyama inakhalapo mwadzidzidzi ndipo sinasinthe n’kusanduka zinthu zina, ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri. Kodi chikhulupiriro choterocho chagona pa zinthu zochitikadi kapena pa nkhani yongopeka?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 15]

“Zamoyo zosinthidwa maselo sizingasinthe mtundu woyambirira [wa chomera kapena wa nyama] kuti ukhale mtundu wina”

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 16]

Zimene tingaphunzire kuchokera ku mbalame za Darwin n’zakuti zamoyo zimatha kusintha pang’ono kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 17]

Zinthu zakufa zakale zikusonyeza kuti mitundu yonse ikuluikulu ya zinyama inakhalapo mwadzidzidzi ndipo sinasinthe kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthawi

[Tchati patsamba 14]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

MMENE ZINTHU ZAMOYO ZIMAGAWIDWIRA M’MAGULU

Zamoyo akamazigawa m’magulu, amayambira ku magulu okhala ndi zamoyo zochepa kumapita ku magulu okhala ndi zamoyo zamitundu yambiri.g Mwachitsanzo, tayerekezerani magulu a anthu ndi ntchentche omwe alembedwa pansipa.

ANTHU NTCHENTCHE

Mtundu anthu amakono ntchentche zodya zipatso

Mtundu Wokulirapo Anthu ntchetche zing’onozing’ono

Banja Anthu ndi anyani ntchentche

Gulu Nyama zonse zoyamwitsa Tizilombo tonse

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Tchatichi chatengedwa m’buku lotchedwa Icons of Evolution—Science or Myth? Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution Is Wrong, lolembedwa ndi Jonathan Wells

[Zithunzi patsamba 15]

Ntchentche yosinthika maselo (pamwambapo), ngakhale kuti ndi yopunduka, ndi ntchentchebe basi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Dr. Jeremy Burgess/​Photo Researchers, Inc.

[Zithunzi patsamba 15]

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kusintha kumene kumachitika m’zomera za mtundu umodzi kumakhala kofananafanana ndipo zimati zikasinthasintha n’kufika nambala inayake, sizisinthanso ndipo nambala ya zomera zimene zikusintha imayamba kuchepa (Chomera chimene chasintha n’chimene chili ndi maluwa okulirapo)

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 13]

From a Photograph by Mrs. J. M. Cameron/​U.S. National Archives photo

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Finch heads: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/​Photo Researchers, Inc.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Dinosaur: © Pat Canova/​Index Stock Imagery; fossils: GOH CHAI HIN/​AFP/​Getty Images

Chifukwa Chimene Timakhulupirira Kuti Kuli Mlengi

Akatswiri ambiri a zinthu zosiyanasiyana amatha kuona kuti pali winawake amene analenga zamoyo. Amaona kuti si zomveka kunena kuti zinthu zamoyo zopangidwa mwaluso zomwe zili padziko lapansi zinangokhalapo mwangozi. Choncho, asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku angapo amakhulupirira kuti Mlengi alipo.

Ena mwa amenewa panopa ndi Mboni za Yehova. Amakhulupirira kuti Mulungu wotchulidwa m’Baibulo ndi amene anapanga zinthu zopezeka m’chilengedwe chonse. Kodi afika pokhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa chiyani? Olemba Galamukani! anafunsa ena a iwo kuti apereke zifukwa zake. Mukhoza kusangalala kumva zimene ananena.a

“Zinthu Zovuta Kumvetsa Zokhudza Moyo”

◼ WOLF-EKKEHARD LÖNNIG

MBIRI YANGA: Pa zaka 28 zapitazi, ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito yasayansi yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa maselo a zomera. Pa zaka 21 mwa zaka zimenezo, ndinalembedwa ntchito ndi bungwe la Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, ku Cologne, m’dziko la Germany. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 30 zapitazi, ndakhalanso ndikutumikira monga mkulu mu mpingo wachikristu wa Mboni za Yehova.

Kafukufuku amene ndachita wokhudza chibadwa cha zinthu zamoyo ndi maphunziro anga a sayansi yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, monga kagwiridwe ntchito ka ziwalo za zinthu zamoyo ndi kaonekedwe ka zinyama ndi zomera, andichititsa kuzindikira zinthu zochuluka ndiponso zovuta kumvetsa zokhudza moyo. Kuphunzira zinthu zimenezi kwanditsimikizira kuti zamoyo, ngakhale zamoyo zotsika zambiri, ziyenera kuti zinachita kupangidwa ndi winawake wanzeru.

Anthu asayansi akudziwa bwino zinthu zochititsa kaso zopezeka m’zamoyo. Koma mfundo zochititsa kasozi nthawi zambiri amazifotokoza mozigwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi chisinthiko. Komabe ineyo ndimaona kuti mfundo zotsutsana ndi nkhani ya m’Baibulo yonena za kulengedwa kwa zinthu, n’zosamveka tikaziunika mwasayansi. Ndafufuza mfundo zoterozo kwa zaka makumi angapo. Ndaphunzira zambiri zokhudza zinthu zamoyo ndipo ndaganizira mwakuya za mmene malamulo olamulira chilengedwe chonse alili. Ndaona kuti malamulo amenewa amaoneka kuti anakonzedwa m’njira yabwino kwambiri yothandiza kuti padziko lapansi pakhale zamoyo. Chifukwa chochita zimenezi, ndine wotsimikiza kuti Mlengi alipo.

“Chilichonse Chomwe Ndaonapo Chimakhala ndi Chochititsa”

◼ BYRON LEON MEADOWS

MBIRI YANGA: Ndimakhala ku United States ndipo ndimagwira ntchito ku bungwe la National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ntchito yanga imakhudzana ndi sayansi ya kuwala. Panopa ndikugwira nawo ntchito yofufuza luso latsopano lomwe lingatithandize kuunika bwino nyengo yapadziko lonse, kusinthasintha kwa nyengo m’madera osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina zochitika m’mapulaneti. Ndine mkulu mu mpingo wa Mboni za Yehova ku Kilmarnock, m’dera la ku Virginia.

Pa kafukufuku wanga, nthawi zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zinthu. Ndimayesetsa kumvetsa chifukwa chomwe zinthu zimachitika ndi njira yomwe zimachitikira. Mu ntchito yanga, ndimaona umboni wochita kuonekeratu wosonyeza kuti chilichonse chomwe ndaonapo chimakhala ndi chochititsa. Ndimakhulupirira kuti n’zogwirizana ndi sayansi kukhulupirira kuti Mulungu ndi amene anayambitsa zinthu zonse zamoyo. Malamulo amene zamoyo zimayendera ndi okhazikika bwino kwambiri moti ndimakhulupirira kuti anakhazikitsidwa ndi Mlengi wodziwa kulongosola zinthu.

Ngati mfundo imeneyi ndi yochita kuonekeratu bwino chonchi, n’chifukwa chiyani asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira chisinthiko? Kodi n’kutheka kuti anthu okhulupirira chisinthiko amaona umboni umene ulipo ali kale ndi maganizo ena? Zimenezi si zachilendo pakati pa anthu asayansi. Komabe, ngakhale munthu aone umboni wa zinazake, ngakhale utakhala wotsimikizirika, sizikutanthauza kuti afika pa mfundo yomwe umboniwo ukusonyeza. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene akufufuza sayansi ya kuwala akhoza kulimbikira kunena kuti kuwala kumayenda ngati mafunde, mofanana ndi momwe phokoso limayendera, chifukwa choti kuwala nthawi zambiri kumachita zinthu ngati mafunde. Komabe, mfundo yakeyo ikhoza kukhala yoperewera chifukwa choti umboni umene ulipo umasonyezanso kuti kuwala kumachita zinthu mofanana ndi gulu la tizinyenyetswa ting’onoting’ono tapadera. Mofanana ndi zimenezi, anthu amene amalimbikira kunena kuti chisinthiko chinachitikadi amatero pongoona umboni wochepa chabe, ndipo amalola kuti maganizo amene ali nawo kale akhudze momwe akuuonera umboniwo.

Zimandidabwitsa kwambiri kuti munthu angakhulupirire kuti chisinthiko chinachitikadi pamene anthu amene amatchedwa akatswiri a chisinthiko amatsutsana okhaokha akamafotokoza momwe chisinthikocho chinachitikira. Mwachitsanzo, kodi mungakhulupirire kuti masamu ndi oona ngati akatswiri ena amanena kuti 2 kuphatikiza 2 yankho lake ndi 4, pamene akatswiri ena akuti yankho lake ndi 3 kapenanso 6? Ngati sayansi imavomereza zinthu zokhazo zomwe tingathe kuzitsimikizira ndi umboni, kuzifufuza, ndi kuzichitanso, ndiye kuti chiphunzitso choti zamoyo zonse zinasinthika kuchokera ku kholo limodzi sichogwirizana ndi sayansi.

“Chinthu Sichingachokere ku Chinthu Chomwe Kulibe”

◼ KENNETH LLOYD TANAKA

MBIRI YANGA: Ndine katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka ndipo panopa ndikugwira ntchito ku bungwe lofufuza za miyala ku United States lomwe lili mu mzinda wa Flagstaff, ku Arizona. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, ndachita nawo kafukufuku wa mbali zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ya nthaka, kuphatikizapo nthaka za mapulaneti ena. Nkhani zambirimbiri za kafukufuku wanga ndi mapu a nthaka ya ku Mars amene ndinalemba zatulutsidwa m’magazini asayansi otchuka. Monga mmodzi wa Mboni za Yehova, ndimatha maola 70 mwezi uliwonse ndikulimbikitsa anthu kuwerenga Baibulo.

Ndinaphunzitsidwa kuti ndizikhulupirira chisinthiko, koma sindikanatha kuvomereza kuti mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zinafunika kuti chilengedwe chonse chipangike zinangoyambika zokha popanda Mlengi wamphamvu. Chinthu sichingachokere ku chinthu chomwe kulibe. Ndimaonanso umboni waukulu woti kuli Mlengi m’Baibulo mwenimwenimo. Buku limeneli lili ndi zitsanzo zambiri za mfundo zogwirizana ndi sayansi imene ineyo ndikudziwa, monga mfundo yoti dziko lapansi n’lozungulira ndi kuti lalenjekeka “pachabe.” (Yobu 26:7; Yesaya 40:22) Mfundo zoona zimenezi zinalembedwa m’Baibulo kalekale, anthu asanazitulukire.

Taganizirani momwe anthufe tinapangidwira. Timatha kumva, kuona, kununkhiza, kulawa, ndiponso kukhudza. Timatha kuchita manyazi, timatha kuganiza zinthu zanzeru, timatha kulankhulana, ndiponso timatha kukhudzidwa mtima. Koposa zonse, timatha kumva kuti tikukondedwa, kuyamikira wina akatisonyeza chikondi, ndi kukonda anthu ena. Chisinthiko sichingafotokoze komwe kunachokera makhalidwe odabwitsa amenewa a anthu.

Dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi mfundo zimene amagwiritsa ntchito pophunzitsa chisinthiko zimachokera ku magwero odalirika bwanji?’ Umboni wa zinthu za mu nthaka ndi wosakwanira, wovuta kumvetsa, ndiponso wosokoneza. Anthu okhulupirira chisinthiko alephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi kuti asonyeze momwe chisinthiko chinachitikira. Ndipo ngakhale kuti asayansi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito luso labwino lochitira kafukufuku, nthawi zambiri amamasulira zinthu zomwe apezazo mogwirizana ndi zolinga zawo. Zinthu zimene apeza zikakhala kuti n’zosakwanira kapena zosemphana ndi zina, asayansi ena apezeka kuti amapititsa patsogolo maganizo awo. Kufuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo ndi mmene amadzionera iwo eni, zimakhudza kwambiri kachitidwe kawo ka zinthu.

Monga wasayansi komanso wophunzira Baibulo, ndimafufuza choonadi chonse, chimene chimagwirizana ndi mfundo zonse zodziwika ndi zomwe zafufuzidwapo, kuti ndifike pomvetsa zinthu molondola kwambiri. Ine ndimaona kuti kukhulupirira Mlengi n’kumene kuli komveka kwambiri.

“Selo Limachita Kuonekeratu Kuti Linachita Kupangidwa”

◼ PAULA KINCHELOE

MBIRI YANGA: Kwa zaka zingapo ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito monga wasayansi wofufuza za maselo ndi tinthu ting’onoting’ono tokhala m’kati mwa maselo a zinthu zamoyo. Panopa ndikugwira ntchito pa yunivesite ya Emory, mu mzinda wa Atlanta, ku Georgia, m’dziko la United States. Ndimagwiranso ntchito yongodzipereka yophunzitsa Baibulo anthu olankhula Chirasha.

Monga mbali ya maphunziro anga, ndinatha zaka zinayi ndikungophunzira za maselo ndi mbali zake zosiyanasiyana. N’taphunzira kwambiri za malangizo okhudzana ndi chibadwa cha munthu amene amakhala m’maselo, tinthu totumiza mauthenga, mapuloteni, ndi zinthu zina zimene zimachitika m’kati mwa maselo, m’pamenenso ndinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kupangidwa kwake kwaluso, dongosolo lake, ndi kusalakwitsa kwake pochita zinthu. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ndinachita chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene anthu aphunzira zokhudza maselo, ndinachita chidwi koposa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene sitinazidziwebe. Chifukwa chimodzi chimene chimandichititsa kukhulupirira Mulungu n’choti selo limachita kuonekeratu kuti linachita kupangidwa ndi winawake.

Chifukwa chophunzira Baibulo ndadziwa kuti Yehova Mulungu ndiye Mlengi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti Mulungu si kuti ali chabe wopanga zinthu wanzeru komanso ndi Atate wachifundo ndi wachikondi amene amandidera nkhawa. Baibulo limafotokoza cholinga cha moyo ndipo limapereka chiyembekezo cha tsogolo losangalatsa.

Achinyamata amene akuphunzitsidwa chisinthiko kusukulu mwina sangadziwe kuti akhulupirire chiyani. Nthawi imeneyi ikhoza kukhala yosokoneza kwa iwo. Ngati amakhulupirira Mulungu, chimenechi chimakhala chiyeso cha chikhulupiriro chawo. Koma akhoza kuthana ndi chiyeso chimenechi mwa kuona zinthu zamoyo zochititsa chidwi zomwe zili paliponse ndi kupitiriza kumudziwa bwino kwambiri Mlengi ndi makhalidwe ake. Ineyo ndachita zimenezi ndipo ndazindikira kuti nkhani ya m’Baibulo yonena za kulengedwa kwa zinthu ndi yolondola ndipo sitsutsana ndi sayansi yeniyeni.

“Malamulo Osavuta Kumva”

◼ ENRIQUE HERNÁNDEZ-LEMUS

MBIRI YANGA: Ndine mtumiki wa nthawi zonse wa Mboni za Yehova. Ndinenso katswiri wa sayansi ya malamulo amene zinthu zimayendera ndipo ndikugwira ntchito pa National University of Mexico. Ntchito imene ndikugwira panopa ndi yofufuza mmene nyenyezi zimapangikira ndi momwe zimatenthera. Ndagwiraponso ntchito yokhudzana ndi malangizo ovuta kumvetsa amene amakhala m’maselo, okhudza chibadwa cha zamoyo.

Moyo ndi wapamwamba kwambiri moti sukanatheka kungopangika mwangozi. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kuchuluka kwa malangizo okhudza chibadwa amene amakhala m’kati mwa selo. Kuti kanthu kakang’ono kamodzi kamene kamakhala m’kati mwa selo kapangike kokha, zingatheke ulendo umodzi wokha pa maulendo 9 thililiyoni alionse, kutanthauza kuti tingangoti zimenezi n’zosatheka. Ndikuganiza kuti n’kupanda nzeru kukhulupirira kuti mphamvu zopanda winawake wozitsogolera zikanatha kupanga zokha, osati kokha kanthu kakang’ono kamodzi kokhala m’kati mwa selo, koma zinthu zonse zopangidwa mwaluso zomwe zili m’kati mwa zinthu zamoyo.

Chinanso, ndikaona khalidwe lodabwitsa la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa tinthu ting’onoting’ono tosaoneka ndi maso mpaka pa kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo, ndimagoma ndi malamulo osavuta kumva amene zinthu zimenezi zimayendera. Kwa ine, malamulo amenewa amasonyeza zambiri kuposa pa kungosonyeza kuti anapangidwa ndi katswiri wa masamu. Amakhala ngati siginecha ya katswiri wa zojambulajambula waluso kwambiri.

Anthu nthawi zambiri amadabwa ndikawauza kuti ndine wa Mboni za Yehova. Nthawi zina amandifunsa kuti ndimatha bwanji kukhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo. M’pomveka kuti anthuwa amadabwa choncho, chifukwa zipembedzo zambiri sizilimbikitsa anthu awo kufunsa kuti aone umboni wa zimene aphunzitsidwa kapena kuti afufuze zikhulupiriro zawo. Komabe, Baibulo limatilimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zathu za “kulingalira.” (Miyambo 3:21) Umboni wonse wosonyeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zinapangidwa ndi winawake wanzeru, limodzi ndi umboni wochokera m’Baibulo, umanditsimikizira osati kokha kuti Mulungu alipo, komanso kuti amamva mapemphero athu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Mars in background: Courtesy USGS Astrogeology Research Program, http://astrogeology.usgs.gov

Dongosolo Lodabwitsa la Zomera

KODI munaonapo kuti zomera zambiri zimamera motsatira dongosolo linalake? Mwachitsanzo, makoko a nanazi akhoza kukhala ndi mamba 8 amene amayenda mozungulira kupita mbali imodzi ndi mamba 5 kapena 13 amene amayenda mozungulira kulowera mbali ina. (Onani chithunzi 1.) Mukaona nthanga za mpendadzuwa, mukhoza kuona kuti zimakhala m’mizere yoyenda mozungulira yokhala ndi nthanga 55 ndi ina yokhala ndi nthanga 89 zopingasana nazo, mwinanso zoposa pamenepa. Mukhozanso kuona mizere yoyenda mozungulira pa ndiwo zamasamba zotchedwa kolifulawa. Mukayamba kuona mizere yozungulirayi, mungayambe kumachita chidwi kwambiri mukapita ku msika kumene amagulitsako zipatso kapena masamba. Kodi zomera zimakula mwanjira imeneyi chifukwa chiyani? Kodi nambala ya mizere yoyenda mozungulira ili ndi tanthauzo lililonse?

Kodi Zomera Zimakula Bwanji?

Mbali zatsopano za chomera monga thunthu, masamba, ndi maluwa, zimamera pamalo amodzi aang’ono kwambiri pa chomeracho. Mbali iliyonse yatsopanoyo imakula kuchoka pathunthu la chomeracho kulowera ku mbali zina zatsopano, ndipo imakula mopendekeka mwanjira inayake kuchokera pa mbali ina imene inamera kale.a (Onani chithunzi 2.) Mbali zatsopano za zomera zambiri zimamera mopendekeka mwanjira inayake yapadera imene imatulutsa mizere yozungulira. Kodi kupendekeka kwapadera kumeneku kumakhala kwakukulu bwanji?

Taganizirani vuto ili: Yerekezerani kuti mukufuna kupanga chomera kuti mbali zatsopano zikamamera zizidzadzana bwino pakati pake popanda kusiya mpata wosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tiyerekezere kuti mukufuna kuti mbali iliyonse yatsopano ikamamera izimera mopendekeka ndi magawo awiri a magawo asanu alionse kuchokera pa mbali yakale. Vuto lomwe mungakhale nalo n’loti mbali yachisanu iliyonse ingamamere kuchokera pamalo amene panamera kale mbali ina ndiponso ingamalowere kofanana ndi mbali yakale ija. Mbali zosiyanasiyanazo zingamapange mizere yowongoka n’kumasiya mipata yosagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa mizereyo. (Onani chithunzi 3.) Zoona zake n’zakuti, mbalizi zikamamera mopendekeka ndi madigiri omwe nambala yake mungathe kuilemba ngati chigawo cha zigawo zingapo, mbalizo zidzalowera kumalo amodzi m’malo mokhala ndi mbali zodzadzana bwino mozungulirazungulira. Kupendekeka kumeneku kokha, kumene amakutcha “kupendekeka kwapadera,” kwa madigiri pafupifupi 137.5, n’kumene kumachititsa zomera kumera modzadzana bwino. (Onani chithunzi 5.) Kodi n’chiyani chimachititsa kuti kupendekeka kwa madigiri amenewa kukhale kwapadera?

Kupendekeka kwapaderaku n’kwabwino chifukwa simungathe kukulemba ngati nambala yomwe ndi chigawo cha zigawo zina zingapo. Kupendekeka kwa nambala ngati 5/8 n’kosatalikirana kwambiri ndi kupendekeka kwapadera, pamene kwa 8/13 kuli pafupiko, ndipo kwa 13/21 kuli pafupi kwambiri, koma palibe nambala yomwe ndi chigawo cha zigawo zingapo yomwe ili ya madigiri ofanana ndendende ndi madigiri a kupendekeka kwapadera kumene kumachititsa kuti zomera zimere modzadzana bwino kwambiri. Choncho mbali yatsopano ikamera motsatira kupendekeka kwapaderaku poyerekezera ndi mbali ina yakale, palibe mbali ziwiri zimene zizidzalowera kofanana. (Onani chithunzi 4.) Choncho m’malo momera m’mizere yowongoka yochokera pamalo amodzi apakati, mbalizo zimamera m’mizere yozungulirazungulira.

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti akagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kuti asonyeze kakulidwe ka mbali za zomera kuchokera pamalo amodzi apakati pa chomeracho, mbalizo zimapanga mizere yozungulirazungulira kokha ngati digiri ya kupendekeka imene agwiritsa ntchito pakati pa mbalizo ili yofanana molondola kwambiri ndi digiri ya kupendekeka kwapadera kuja. Akangosemphanitsa nambalayi, ngakhale pang’ono kwambiri, mbalizo sizipanga mizere yozungulirazungulira.—Onani chithunzi 5.

Kodi Paduwa Pamakhala Timasamba Tingati?

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti kuchuluka kwa mbali zomera mozungulira zimene zimakhalapo zomera zikamamera motsatira kupendekeka kwapadera kuja, nthawi zambiri kumakhala nambala yochokera mu manambala amene amagwa m’gulu linalake lapadera. Manambalawa amatchedwa manambala a Fibonacci. Manambala amenewa anafotokozedwa koyamba m’zaka za m’ma 1200 ndi Mtaliyana wina wodziwa masamu dzina lake Leonardo Fibonacci. M’gulu la manambala amenewa, nambala iliyonse yobwera patsogolo pa 1 imakhala nambala imene mumapeza mukaphatikiza manambala awiri apambuyo pake. Manambala ake amayenda chonchi: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, kumangopita choncho.

Maluwa a zomera zambiri zimene mbali zake zimakula m’mizere yozungulirazungulira amakhala ndi timasamba ta maluwa tochuluka kukwana nambala ya m’gulu la manambala a Fibonacci. Malinga n’zomwe anenapo ofufuza ena, nthawi zambiri maluwa otchedwa ma buttercup amakhala ndi timasamba 5 pa duwa limodzi, ma bloodroot amakhala ndi timasamba 8, ma fireweed amakhala ndi timasamba 13, ma aster timasamba 21, ma daisy am’tchire timasamba 34, ndipo ma Michaelmas daisy amakhala ndi timasamba 55 kapena 89 pa duwa limodzi. (Onani chithunzi 6.) Zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mbali zina zimene zimatsatira manambala a Fibonacci. Mwachitsanzo, nthochi mukaidula cham’lifupi mwake, nthawi zambiri imaoneka kuti ili ndi mbali zisanu.

“Chilichonse Anachikongoletsa”

Akatswiri odziwa zojambulajambula anadziwa kalekale kuti mbali za zomera zikamakula motsatira kupendekeka kwapadera kuja, m’pamene zimaoneka zokongola kwambiri. Kodi n’chiyani chimachititsa zomera kumamera mbali zatsopano motsatira kupendekeka kwapaderaku? Anthu ambiri amazindikira kuti ichi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chokha chosonyeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zinachita kupangidwa mwanzeru.

Poona mmene zinthu zamoyo zinapangidwira mwaluso ndi mmene ifeyo timathera kusangalalira nazo, anthu ambiri amaona kuti zinachita kulengedwa ndi Mlengi amene amafuna kuti tisangalale ndi moyo. Ponena za Mlengi wathu, Baibulo limati: “Chinthu chilichonse anachikongoletsa pa mphindi yake.”—Mlaliki 3:11.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Chithunzi 1

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chithunzi 2

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chithunzi 3

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chithunzi 4

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chithunzi 5

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chithunzi 6

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Mmene pomerera mbali zatsopano za chomera pamaonekera tikapaonera pafupi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

R. Rutishauser, University of Zurich, Switzerland

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 25]

White flower: Thomas G. Barnes @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Kodi Zimene Mumakhulupirira Zili ndi Ntchito?

KODI mukuganiza kuti moyo uli ndi cholinga? Chisinthiko chikanakhala choona, ndiye kuti mawu amene analembedwa m’magazini ya Scientific American akanakhala oona, akuti: “Mmene timachimvera chisinthiko masiku ano zikutanthauza . . . kuti moyo kwenikweni ulibe cholinga.”

Taganizirani zimene mawu amenewo akutanthauza. Ngati moyo kwenikweni ulibe cholinga, ndiye kuti simukanakhala ndi cholinga chilichonse m’moyo kupatulapo kuyesetsa kuchita zinthu zabwino, ndiponso mwina kusiyirako mbadwo wotsatira ena mwa makhalidwe anu achibadwa. Mukafa, moyo wanu bwenzi ukuthera pomwepo. Ubongo wanu, umene umatha kuganiza ndi kusinkhasinkha za tanthauzo la moyo, ukanangokhala chinthu chimene chinakhalako mwangozi padziko pano.

Koma si zokhazo. Anthu ambiri amene amakhulupirira chisinthiko amati Mulungu mwina kulibeko kapena sadzalowerera pa zochitika za anthu. Mulimonsemo, tsogolo lathu ndiye kuti likanakhala m’manja mwa atsogoleri a ndale, a zamaphunziro, ndi a zipembedzo. Poona zinthu zomwe anthu amenewa akhala akuchita, ndiye kuti chipwirikiti, makangano, ndi katangale amene wafala pakati pa anthu akhoza kumangopitirirabe. Chisinthiko chikanakhaladi choona, tikanakhala ndi zifukwa zambiri zokhalira ndi moyo wogwirizana ndi maganizo opanda chiyembekezo akuti: “Tidye timwe pakuti mawa timwalira.”—1 Akorinto 15:32.

Koma dziwani kuti Mboni za Yehova sizivomereza mfundo zimenezi. Ndiponso Mboni sizivomereza chisinthiko, chomwe ndi maziko a mfundo zimenezo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, a Mboni amakhulupirira kuti Baibulo ndi loona. (Yohane 17:17) Choncho amakhulupirira zomwe limanena zokhudza chiyambi cha anthufe, zoti: “Chitsime cha moyo chili ndi Inu [Mulungu].” (Salmo 36:9) Mawu amenewa ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu.

Moyo uli ndi cholinga. Mlengi wathu, chifukwa cha chikondi chake, ali ndi cholinga chabwino chomwe chikukhudza anthu onse amene amasankha kukhala moyo wawo mogwirizana ndi chifuniro chake. (Mlaliki 12:13) Cholinga chimenecho chikuphatikizapo lonjezo loti anthu adzakhala ndi moyo m’dziko lopanda chipwirikiti, mikangano, ndi katangale, ngakhale imfa imene. (Yesaya 2:4; 25:6-8) Mboni za Yehova mamiliyoni ambiri pa dziko lonse lapansi zingakutsimikizireni kuti kuphunzira za Mulungu ndi kuchita chifuniro chake n’kumene kumachititsa moyo kukhala ndi cholinga kuposa chinthu china chilichonse!—Yohane 17:3.

Zimene mumakhulupirira zilidi ndi ntchito, chifukwa zingakhudze osati kokha chimwemwe chanu panopa komanso moyo wanu wa m’tsogolo. Zili kwa inu kusankha. Kodi mukhulupirira chiphunzitso chimene chalephera kufotokoza tanthauzo la umboni umene ukungochulukirachulukira woti zinthu zamoyo zinapangidwa ndi winawake waluso? Kapena kodi muvomereza zimene Baibulo limanena, zoti dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zimene zili pamenepo zinachita kupangidwa ndi wopanga zinthu waluso kwambiri, Yehova, Mulungu amene ‘adalenga zonse’?—Chivumbulutso 4:11.

Zimene Baibulo Limanena

Kodi Sayansi Imatsutsana ndi Nkhani ya mu Genesis?

ANTHU ambiri amati sayansi imatsutsana ndi nkhani ya m’Baibulo ya momwe zinthu zinalengedwera. Koma kutsutsana kwenikweni kuli pakati pa sayansi ndi maganizo a magulu a Akristu oumirira zinthu pa nkhani zachipembedzo, osati ndi Baibulo. Ena mwa magulu amenewa amanena zinthu zomwe si zoona, zoti malinga ndi Baibulo, zinthu zonse m’chilengedwe zinalengedwa m’masiku sikisi a maola 24 tsiku lililonse, zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo.

Koma Baibulo siligwirizana ndi maganizo amenewo. Likanakhala kuti limagwirizana nawo, ndiye kuti zinthu zambiri zimene asayansi atulukira pa zaka mahandiredi angapo zapitazi bwenzi zikutsutsanadi ndi Baibulo. Kuwerenga bwino zimene Baibulo limanena kumasonyeza kuti palibe kutsutsana kulikonse ndi mfundo zimene asayansi atulukira. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, Mboni za Yehova zimatsutsana ndi Akristu oumirira pa nkhani zachipembedzo ndi anthu ambiri amene amati dziko lapansi linalengedwa m’masiku sikisi enieni. Mfundo zotsatirazi zikusonyeza zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa kwenikweni.

Kodi Mawu Akuti “Pachiyambi” Amatanthauza Chiyani?

Nkhani ya mu Genesis imayamba ndi mawu osavuta kumvetsa koma amphamvu akuti: “Pachiyambi Mulungu adalenga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi.” (Genesis 1:1) Akatswiri a Baibulo amagwirizana pa mfundo yakuti vesi limeneli likunena za chochitika chosiyana ndi masiku a kulenga ofotokozedwa kuyambira pa vesi 3 kupita m’tsogolo. Zimenezi zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Malinga ndi mawu oyambirira a m’Baibulo, chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo dziko lapansi, zinakhalapo kwa nthawi yosadziwika, masiku a kulenga asanayambe.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka amati dziko lapansi mwina lakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 4 biliyoni, ndipo akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amawerengetsera kuti chilengedwe chonse mwina chakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 15 biliyoni. Kodi zimene asayansiwa apeza, kapena zina zogwirizana ndi zimenezi zomwe angadzapeze m’tsogolomu, zikutsutsana ndi lemba la Genesis 1:1? Ayi. Baibulo silitchula kuti “kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi” zakhalapo kwa zaka zingati. Sayansi sitsutsana ndi zimene Baibulo limanena.

Kodi Masiku a Kulenga Anali Aatali Bwanji?

Bwanji za kutalika kwa masiku a kulenga? Kodi anali a maola 24 enieni? Ena amati tsiku lililonse la masiku a kulenga liyenera kukhala la maola 24 enieni chifukwa choti Mose, amene analemba Genesis, kenaka anadzatchula za tsiku limene linatsatira masiku sikisi a kulenga monga chitsanzo cha Sabata la mlungu ndi mlungu. (Eksodo 20:11) Kodi mawu a mu Genesis akugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyo?

Ayi, sakugwirizana nayo. Zoona zake n’zoti mawu a Chihebri amene anawamasulira kuti “tsiku” akhoza kutanthauza nthawi yotalika mosiyanasiyana, osati yotalika maola 24 okha basi. Mwachitsanzo, pofotokoza ntchito yonse yolenga zinthu imene Mulungu anachita, Mose anatchula masiku onse sikisi ngati kuti anali tsiku limodzi. (Genesis 2:4) Choncho Malemba sapereka chifukwa chilichonse chonenera kuti tsiku lililonse la kulenga linali la maola 24.

Choncho, kodi masiku a kulenga anali aatali bwanji? Mmene Genesis chaputala 1 ndi 2 chimafotokozera nkhaniyi zimasonyeza kuti masikuwa anatenga nthawi yaitali.

Zinthu Zinkalengedwa Pang’onopang’ono

Mose analemba nkhani yake m’Chihebri, ndipo anailemba ngati mmene munthu amene ali padziko lapansi akanaonera zinthu. Mfundo ziwiri zimenezi, tikaziphatikiza ndi mfundo yakuti chilengedwe chonse chinalipo masiku a kulenga asanayambe, zimatithandiza kuthetsa kusamvana kwakukulu kumene kumakhalapo ponena za nkhani ya kulenga zinthu. Kodi zimatithandiza bwanji?

Tikaona bwinobwino nkhani ya mu Genesis, timaona kuti zinthu zimene zinayamba tsiku limodzi la kulenga zinkapitirirabe mpaka tsiku limodzi kapena masiku angapo otsatira. Mwachitsanzo, tsiku loyamba la kulenga lisanayambe, kuwala kochokera ku dzuwa, lomwe linalipo kale, kunalephera kufika padziko, mwina chifukwa cha mitambo yambiri. (Yobu 38:9) Pa tsiku loyamba la kulenga, chophimba chimenechi chinayamba kuchoka, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuwala kuyambe kudutsa m’mlengalenga mpaka kufika padziko.a

Pa tsiku lachiwiri la kulenga, zikuoneka kuti m’mlengalenga munapitiriza kuyera, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mpata pakati pa mitambo yambiri yomwe inali pamwamba, ndi nyanja yomwe inali pansi. Pa tsiku lachinayi la kulenga, m’mlengalenga munali mutayera mokwanira moti dzuwa ndi mwezi zinaoneka “m’thambo la kumwamba.” (Genesis 1:14-16) Kunena kwina tingati, potengera mmene munthu yemwe ali padziko lapansi akanaonera, dzuwa ndi mwezi zinayamba kuoneka. Zinthu zimenezi zinachitika pang’onopang’ono.

Nkhani ya mu Genesis imanenanso kuti pamene m’mlengalenga munapitiriza kuyera, zouluka, kuphatikizapo tizilombo ndi nyama zokhala ndi mapiko, zinayamba kuoneka pa tsiku lachisanu la kulenga. Komabe, Baibulo limasonyeza kuti pa tsiku la sikisi la kulenga, Mulungu anali akadali m’kati ‘moumba ndi nthaka zamoyo zonse za m’thengo, ndi mbalame zonse za m’mlengalenga.’—Genesis 2:19.

N’zachionekere kuti kafotokozedwe ka zinthu ka Baibulo kamasonyeza kuti n’kutheka kuti zochitika zina zikuluzikulu mu tsiku lililonse la kulenga, zinkatha kuchitika pang’onopang’ono m’malo mongochitika nthawi imodzi, ndipo mwina zina mwa izo zinkapitirirabe mpaka kufika ku masiku otsatira a kulenga.

Mwa Mitundu Yawo

Kodi kuonekera pang’onopang’ono kwa zomera ndi zinyama kumeneku kukutanthauza kuti Mulungu anagwiritsa ntchito chisinthiko kuti apange zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamoyo? Ayi. Nkhaniyo imanena momveka bwino kuti Mulungu analenga “mitundu” yonse ya zomera ndi zinyama. (Genesis 1:11, 12, 20-25) Kodi “mitundu” yoyambirira imeneyi ya zomera ndi zinyama inalengedwa m’njira yoti ikhoza kusintha mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa malo awo okhala? Kodi malire amene amasiyanitsa “mtundu” umodzi wa chamoyo ndi wina amathera pati? Apanso Baibulo silinena chilichonse. Komabe, limanena kuti zamoyo ‘zinachuluka mwa mitundu yawo.’ (Genesis 1:21) Mawu amenewa akusonyeza kuti pali malire a kusintha kumene kungachitike m’kati mwa “mtundu” wa chamoyo. Umboni wa zakufa zakale ndi kafukufuku wamakono, umagwirizana ndi mfundo yoti mitundu ikuluikulu ya zomera ndi zinyama sinasinthe kwambiri pa nthawi yaitali.

Mosiyana ndi zimene anthu ena oumirira pa nkhani zachipembedzo amanena, nkhani ya mu Genesis siphunzitsa kuti chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zonse zomwe zili pamenepo, zinalengedwa mu nthawi yaifupi zaka zochepa chabe zapitazo. M’malo mwake, mmene buku la Genesis limafotokozera kulengedwa kwa chilengedwe chonse ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu zamoyo padziko lapansi, zimagwirizana ndi zinthu zambiri zimene asayansi atulukira posachedwapa.

Chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo, asayansi ambiri savomereza zimene Baibulo limanena zoti zinthu zonse zinalengedwa ndi Mulungu. Koma n’zochititsa chidwi kuti m’buku lakale la m’Baibulo la Genesis, Mose analemba kuti chilengedwe chonse chinali ndi chiyambi ndi kuti zamoyo zinaonekera pang’onopang’ono kwa nthawi yaitali. Kodi Mose akanadziwa bwanji zinthu zogwirizana ndi sayansizi zaka pafupifupi 3,500 zapitazo? Pali yankho limodzi lokha lomveka. Amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi nzeru zotha kulenga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi akanatha kuuza Mose zinthu zogwirizana ndi sayansi zimenezo. Zimenezi zikutsimikizira zimene Baibulo limanena zoti ilo “adaliuzira Mulungu.”—2 Timoteo 3:16.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

KODI MWAGANIZIRAPO IZI?

◼ Kodi Mulungu analenga liti chilengedwe chonse?—Genesis 1:1.

◼ Kodi dziko lapansi linalengedwa m’masiku sikisi a maola 24 tsiku lililonse?—Genesis 2:4.

◼ Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti zolemba za Mose zonena za chiyambi cha dziko lapansi zikhale zogwirizana ndi sayansi?—2 Timoteo 3:16.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 19]

Nkhani ya mu Genesis siphunzitsa kuti chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zonse zomwe zili pamenepo, zinalengedwa mu nthawi yaifupi zaka zochepa chabe zapitazo

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 20]

“Pachiyambi Mulungu adalenga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi.”—Genesis 1:1

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Universe: IAC/​RGO/​David Malin Images

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 20]

NASA photo

Zimene Achinyamata Amadzifunsa

Kodi Ndingafotokoze Bwanji Zimene Ndimakhulupirira Zokhudza Chilengedwe?

“Nkhani ya chisinthiko itafotokozedwa m’kalasi, inatsutsana ndi zonse zimene ndinali n’taphunzitsidwa. Inafotokozedwa ngati yoona, ndipo zimenezo zinandisokoneza maganizo.”—Anatero Ryan, wa zaka 18.

“Pamene ndinali ndi zaka pafupifupi 12, aphunzitsi anga ankakhulupirira kwambiri chisinthiko. Mpaka anaika chizindikiro cha Darwin pa galimoto yawo! Zimenezi zinandichititsa kuti ndiziopa kulankhula za chikhulupiriro changa choti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa.”—Anatero Tyler, wa zaka 19.

“Ndinachita mantha kwambiri aphunzitsi athu a sayansi atanena kuti phunziro lathu lotsatira lidzakhala la chisinthiko. Ndinadziwa kuti ndidzafunikira kufotokoza m’kalasi maganizo anga pa nkhani yovutayi.”—Anatero Raquel, wa zaka 14.

MWINA nanunso, mofanana ndi Ryan, Tyler, ndi Raquel, mumasowa mtendere nkhani ya chisinthiko ikayamba kukambidwa m’kalasi. Mumakhulupirira kuti Mulungu ‘adalenga zonse.’ (Chivumbulutso 4:11) Mumaona paliponse umboni woti zinthu zinachita kupangidwa mwanzeru. Koma mabuku a kusukulu amati tinachita kusintha, ndipo aphunzitsi anunso amanena zomwezo. Kodi inu ndinu ndani kuti muzitsutsana ndi anthu amene amati ndi akatswiri? Ndipo kodi anzanu a m’kalasi adzakuonani bwanji mukayamba kulankhula za . . . Mulungu?

Ngati mafunso oterewa akukudetsani nkhawa, khazikani mtima pansi! Si inu nokha amene mumakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa. Zoona zake n’zoti, ngakhale asayansi ena savomereza chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Aphunzitsi ambiri nawonso savomereza zimenezi. Ku United States, ana asukulu ambiri, okwana anayi pa asanu alionse, amakhulupirira kuti Mlengi alipo, ngakhale kuti mabuku amanena zina!

Komabe, mungafunse kuti, ‘Kodi ndidzanena chiyani pofotokozera ena kuti ndimakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa?’ Dziwani kuti ngakhale mutakhala ndi mantha, mukhoza kufotokoza zikhulupiriro zanu bwinobwino. Komabe, mufunikira kukonzekera.

Yesani Chikhulupiriro Chanu!

Ngati mukuleredwa ndi makolo achikristu, mukhoza kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa kokha chifukwa choti zimenezi n’zimene mwaphunzitsidwa. Komabe, panopa pamene mukukula, muyenera kulambira Mulungu ndi “luntha la kulingalira,” n’kukhala ndi maziko olimba a chikhulupiriro chanu. (Aroma 12:1, NW) Paulo analimbikitsa Akristu oyambirira kuti ‘ayese zonse.’ (1 Atesalonika 5:21) Kodi inu mungachite bwanji zimenezi pankhani yoti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa?

Choyamba, taganizirani zimene Paulo analemba zokhudza Mulungu. Iye anati: “Chilengedwere dziko lapansi zaoneka bwino zosaoneka zake . . . popeza zazindikirika ndi zinthu zolengedwa.” (Aroma 1:20) Poganizira mawu amenewo, taganizirani za thupi la munthu, dziko lapansi, chilengedwe chonsechi, ndi zinthu za m’nyanja za mchere. Ganizirani zodabwitsa za tizilombo, zomera, ndi zinyama, inde, zilizonse zimene zimakuchititsani chidwi inuyo. Ndiyeno, pogwiritsa ntchito “luntha la kulingalira,” dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi n’chiyani chimanditsimikizira kuti Mlengi alipo?’

Kuti ayankhe funso limeneli, Sam, wa zaka 14, amagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha thupi la munthu. Iye anati: “Thupi la munthu lili ndi zigawo zambirimbiri zovuta kuzimvetsa, ndipo mbali zake zonse zimagwira bwino ntchito mogwirizana. Thupi la munthu silikanangosinthika lokha!” Holly, wa zaka 16, akuvomereza zimenezi. Iye anati: “Kuyambira pamene anandipeza ndi matenda a shuga, ndaphunzira zambiri za momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, n’zochititsa chidwi kuti kapamba, yemwe ndi kachiwalo kakang’ono komwe kali kuseri kwa chifu, amagwira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri pothandiza magazi ndi ziwalo zina kugwira bwino ntchito.”

Achinyamata ena amaionera mwina nkhaniyi. Jared, wa zaka 19 anati: “Kwa ine, umboni waukulu ndi woti timafuna kulambira, komanso timatha kuzindikira kukongola kwa chinthu ndiponso tili ndi mtima wofuna kuphunzira. Tikatengera pa chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, makhalidwe amenewa si ofunikira kuti munthu apitirizebe kukhala ndi moyo. Mfundo yokhayo imene ili yomveka kwa ine ndi yoti tinaikidwa pa dziko pano ndi winawake amene ankafuna kuti tisangalale ndi moyo.” Tyler, amene tinamutchula koyambirira kuja, anafikanso pa mfundo yofanana ndi imeneyo. Iye anati: “Ndikaganizira ntchito imene zomera zimagwira kuti moyo uzipitirirabe ndi kapangidwe kake kovuta kumvetsa, zimanditsimikizira kuti Mlengi alipo.”

N’zosavuta kunena za chilengedwe ngati mwaiganizira bwinobwino nkhaniyo ndipo yakufikanidi pamtima. Choncho, mofanana ndi Sam, Holly, Jared, ndi Tyler, patulani nthawi yoganizira zodabwitsa za chilengedwe cha Mulungu. Mukhale ngati mukumva zimene chilengedwechi chikukuuzani. Mosakayikira, mudzafika pa mfundo yofanana ndi imene mtumwi Paulo anafikapo, yoti, ‘zinthu zolengedwa zatithandiza kuzindikira bwino’ osati kokha zoti Mulungu alipo, komanso makhalidwe ake.a

Dziwani Zimene Baibulo Limaphunzitsa Kwenikweni

Kuwonjezera pa kuganizira mozama zinthu zimene Mulungu wapanga, kuti muthe kufotokoza bwino zifukwa zimene mumakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa muyeneranso kudziwa zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa kwenikweni pa nkhaniyi. Palibe chifukwa chotsutsirana ndi munthu wina pa zinthu zimene Baibulo silizitchula mwachindunji. Taganizirani zitsanzo zingapo.

◼ Buku langa la sayansi limati dziko lapansi, mapulaneti ena, ndi dzuwa zakhalako kwa zaka mabiliyoni angapo. Baibulo silinenapo zoti dziko lapansi, mapulaneti ena, ndi dzuwa zakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali bwanji. Ndipotu, zimene Baibulo limanena n’zogwirizana ndi mfundo yoti chilengedwe chonse chinakhalapo kwa zaka mabiliyoni angapo, tsiku loyamba la kulenga lisanayambe.—Genesis 1:1, 2.

◼ Aphunzitsi anga akuti dziko silikanatheka kulengedwa m’masiku sikisi okha. Baibulo silinena kuti tsiku lililonse la masiku sikisi a kulenga linali la maola 24 enieni. Kuti mumve zambiri, onani masamba 18-20 a magazini ino.

◼ M’kalasi mwathu tinakambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mmene zinyama ndi anthu asinthira m’kupita kwa nthawi. Baibulo limati Mulungu analenga zamoyo “mwa mitundu yawo.” (Genesis 1:20, 21) Siligwirizana ndi mfundo yoti moyo unachokera ku zinthu zopanda moyo kapena kuti Mulungu anayambitsa chisinthiko ndi selo limodzi lokha. Komabe, zinthu za mu “mtundu” uliwonse zikhoza kusintha kwambiri. Choncho zimene Baibulo limanena zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yoti kusintha kukhoza kuchitika pakati pa zinthu za “mtundu” uliwonse.

Khalani Otsimikiza za Zimene Mumakhulupirira!

Palibe chifukwa chosowera mtendere kapena kuchita manyazi chifukwa choti mumakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa. Poona umboni umene ulipo, n’zanzeru, inde, zogwirizana ndi sayansi, kukhulupirira kuti tinachita kupangidwa ndi winawake wanzeru. Tikaganizira mfundo zonse, chisinthiko, osati chilengedwe, n’chimene chimafuna kuti mukhale ndi chikhulupiriro chachikulu popanda umboni ndiponso muzikhulupirira zozizwitsa zochitika popanda wozichititsa. Ndipotu, mukawerenga nkhani zina za m’magazini ino ya Galamukani! mosakayikira muona kuti umboni umene ulipo ukugwirizana ndi mfundo yoti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa. Ndipo mukaganizira mozama nkhaniyo pogwiritsa ntchito luntha lanu la kulingalira, mudzakhala otsimikiza kwambiri pofotokozera ena m’kalasi mwanu kuti mumakhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa.

Zimenezi n’zimene Raquel, amene tinamutchula kale uja, anapeza. Iye anati: “Zinanditengera masiku angapo kuti ndizindikire kuti sindiyenera kubisa zikhulupiriro zanga. Ndinapatsa aphunzitsi anga buku lakuti Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? nditalemba mizere kunsi kwa mbali zina zimene ndinkafuna kuti aziwerenge. Kenaka, anadzandiuza kuti bukulo linawachititsa kuganiziranso nkhani ya chisinthiko mwa njira ina yatsopano ndi kuti m’tsogolo, adzagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zimene zili m’bukulo akamadzaphunzitsa nkhani imeneyi!”

Nkhani zina zakuti “Zimene Achinyamata Amafunsa,“ mungazipeze pa adiresi yathu ya pa Intaneti ya www.jw.org.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

ZOTI MUGANIZIRE

◼ Kodi ndi njira zina ziti zimene mungafotokozere momasuka kusukulu chikhulupiriro chanu choti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa?

◼ Kodi mungasonyeze bwanji kuti mumathokoza amene analenga zinthu zonse?—Machitidwe 17:26, 27.

[Bokosi patsamba 27]

“PALI UMBONI WOCHULUKA”

“Kodi munganene chiyani kwa wachinyamata amene anakula akuphunzitsidwa kukhulupirira kuti kuli Mlengi koma tsopano akuphunzitsidwa chisinthiko ku sukulu?” Funso limeneli linafunsidwa kwa katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zinthu zamoyo yemwe ndi wa Mboni za Yehova. Kodi anayankha bwanji? Anati: “Muziona umenewu ngati mwayi woti mudzitsimikizire kuti Mulungu alipo, osati chifukwa choti zimenezo n’zimene munaphunzitsidwa ndi makolo anu, koma chifukwa choti inuyo mwafufuza umboni umene ulipo ndipo mwafika potsimikizira mfundo imeneyo. Nthawi zina aphunzitsi akafunsidwa kuti ‘asonyeze’ kuti chisinthiko chinachitikadi, amaona kuti sangathe kutero, ndipo amazindikira kuti amavomereza chiphunzitsocho chifukwa choti n’chimene anaphunzitsidwa basi. Inunso mukhoza kugwa mu msampha womwewo pankhani yokhulupirira kuti Mlengi alipo. N’chifukwa chake m’pofunika kwambiri kuti mudzitsimikizire nokha kuti Mulungu alipodi. Pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza zimenezi. Si wovuta kupeza.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 28]

KODI N’CHIYANI CHIMAKUTSIMIKIZIRANI INUYO?

Pansipa, lembani zinthu zitatu zimene zimakutsimikizirani inuyo kuti kuli Mlengi:

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