Woba ushobora kuzoba mw’Iparadizo?

“Ndazi umuntu wo muri Kristo . . . yadūganywe, akajanwa muri Paradiso”.—2 Ab’i Korinto 12:2-4.

1. Ni imihango iyihe yo muri Bibiliya abenshi basanga ishimishije?

IPARADIZO. Woba wibuka ukuntu wumvise umerewe igihe wumva ari bwo bwa mbere ibijanye n’umuhango Imana yatanze werekeye iparadizo yo kw’isi? Ushobora kuba wibuka igihe wamenya yuko ‘impumyi zizohumuka, ibipfamatwi bikaziburwa, ubugaragwa na bwo bukamuza’ ubwiza bwinshi. Canke tuvuge iki ku bijanye n’igihe wumva bwa buhanuzi buvuga yuko ibingira rizobana n’umwagazi w’intama, umwagazi w’impene na wo ukabana n’ingwe? Ntiwahimbawe none no gusoma yuko abacu bapfuye bazosubira kuba bazima, bafise icizigiro co kuguma muri iyo Paradizo?—Yesaya 11:6; 35:5, 6; Yohana 5:28, 29.

2, 3. (a) Ni kubera iki bishobora kuvugwa yuko icizigiro cawe gishimikiye kuri Bibiliya gifise ishingiro? (b) Ni ikindi kintu ikihe dufise gituma twizigira?

² Icizigiro cawe kirafise ishingiro. Urafise imvo zotuma wemera imihango Bibiliya itanga ku bijanye n’iyo Paradizo. Nk’akarorero, urizigira amajambo Yezu yabwiye ya nkozi y’ikibi yari imanitswe ati: “U[zo]bana nanje muri Paradiso” (Luka 23:43). Urizigira umuhango ugira uti: “Nk’uko yasezeranye, tureretse ijuru risha n’isi nsha, ivyo ukugororoka kuzobamwo”. Urizigira kandi umuhango w’uko Imana izohanagura amosozi yacu; urupfu ntiruzobe rukiriho; amaborogo, ugutaka, n’uburibwe bikazoba vyarangiye. Ivyo bisobanura yuko iparadizo yo kw’isi izosubira kubaho!—2 Petero 3:13; Ivyahishuriwe 21:4.

³ Yamara hariho ikindi kintu gituma wizigira iyo Paradizo, kikaba ari ikintu abakirisu bo hirya no hino kw’isi barimwo muri iki gihe. Ico na co ni igiki? Imana yaratunganije iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu kandi yayishizemwo abasavyi bayo. Imvugo ngo “iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu” ishobora gusa n’ikintu kitabaho, kigoye gutegera, mugabo iyo paradizo yari yaravuzwe, kandi irabaho koko.

Ukwerekwa ivy’iparadizo

4. Mu 2 B’i Korinto 12:2-4 havuga ukwerekwa ukuhe, kandi ni nde bishoboka cane ko ari we yeretswe ivyo bintu?

⁴ Mu bijanye n’ivyo, raba ivyo intumwa Paulo yanditse: “Ndazi umuntu wo muri Kristo, yadūganywe akajanwa mw ijuru rya gatatu, . . . namba yari mu mubiri simbizi; canke namb’atāri mu mubiri simbizi, bizi Imana. Kandi nzi yuk’ūmeze artyo—namba yari mu mubiri, canke namb’atāri mu mubiri, simbizi, bizi Imana—yadūganywe, akajanwa muri Paradiso, akumva ibitovugwa, ivy’umuntu atemererwa kuvuga” (2 Ab’i Korinto 12:2-4, ni twe dushimitse.). Ayo majambo, akurikira ubwo nyene imirongo aho Paulo aburanira ukuba intumwa kwiwe. Vyongeye, Bibiliya nta wundi muntu n’umwe ivuga yashikiwe n’ibintu nk’ivyo, kandi Paulo ni we atubwira ivyo bintu. Birashoboka cane rero yuko Paulo ari we yeretswe ivyo bintu. None muri iryo yerekwa ridasanzwe, ‘iparadizo’ yinjiyemwo ni nyabaki?—2 Ab’i Korinto 11:5, 23-31.

5. Ni ibiki Paulo atabonye, kandi kubera ico nya “Paradiso” yari bwoko ki?

⁵ Amajambo akikije ico gisomwa ntashaka kwerekana yuko “ijuru rya gatatu” ryerekeza ku kirere gikikije umubumbe wacu, canke ku kirere ca kure mu nyenyeri, canke ku bindi birere bimeze nk’ivyo, nk’uko abahinga mu vy’imibumbe no mu vya fizike bavyerekana. Akenshi Bibiliya irakoresha igitigiri gatatu kugira ngo ishimike ku kintu, yongereze uburemere canke ikomeze ikintu (Umusiguzi 4:12; Yesaya 6:3; Matayo 26:34, 75; Ivyahishuriwe 4:8). Ivyo Paulo yeretswe rero vyari ibintu bihambaye cane canke bininahaye. Vyari ibintu vyo mu buryo bw’impwemu.

6. Ni ibintu ibihe vyabaye muri kahise bidufasha gutahura ivyo Paulo yabonye?

⁶ Ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya bwa kera cane buradufasha gutahura ivyo bintu. Inyuma y’aho abasavyi ba kera b’Imana babereye ibihemu kuri yo, Imana yarafashe ingingo yo kureka Abanyababiloni bagatera Ubuyuda na Yeruzalemu. Ivyo vyashikanye kw’isangangurwa ryabaye mu 607 B.G.C., twisunze urukurikirane rw’ibihe ibintu bivugwa muri Bibiliya vyabereyeko. Nya buhanuzi bwavuga ko ico gihugu comaze imyaka 70 ari umusaka; mu nyuma Imana yoretse Abayuda bigaye bagasubira mu gihugu cabo maze bagasubizaho ugusenga kw’ukuri. Ivyo vyashitse kuva mu 537 B.G.C. kubandanya (Gusubira mu vyagezwe 28:15, 62-68; 2 Abami 21:10-15; 24:12-16; 25:1-4; Yeremiya 29:10-14). Ariko none tuvuge iki kuri ico gihugu ubwaco? Muri iyo myaka 70, caracitse ahantu h’idonzi, ahantu hari uturere tugadutse, iwabo w’imbwebwe (Yeremiya 4:26; 10:22). Naho ibintu vyari vyifashe gutyo, hari haratanzwe umuhango ugira uti: “Jewe Uhoraho namaze Siyoni umubabaro; namaze umubabaro imisaka yaho yose, kand’ubugaragwa bgaho nabugize nka Edeni, n’ubgeranyange bgaho nabugize nk’itongo [canke Iparadizo, Septante] ryanje, jewe Uhoraho”.—Yesaya 51:3.

7. Ni ibiki vyari gushika inyuma y’imyaka 70 igihugu cari kumara ari umusaka?

⁷ Ivyo vyashitse inyuma y’iyo myaka 70. Biciye ku mihezagiro y’Imana, ibintu vyarahindutse biba vyiza kuruta. Sa nk’uwubona mu bwenge ibi bintu: “Ahagadutse n’ubgeranyange hazonezerwa, ubugaragwa buzohimbarwa, bushurike amashurwe nk’aya habaseleti. Buzoshurika amashurwe menshi, buhimbaranwe umunezero n’indirimbo; . . . Ūcumbagira azosimba nk’impongo, ururimi rw’ikiragi ruririmbe: kukw amazi azodudubiriza ahagadutse, imigezi itembere mu bugaragwa. Kand’umusenyi uhiye uburimbi uzohinduka ibidengeri, n’ahagataye hazocika amasōko: mu bgishinzo bg’imbgebge, aho zāgandagaza, hazomera ivyatsi n’amarenga n’imibere”.—Yesaya 35:1-7.

Abantu basubijwe umutamana kandi bahindutse

8. Tuzi dute ko muri Yesaya ikigabane ca 35 hariko herekeza ku bantu?

⁸ Mbega ihinduka! Ahari habaye umusaka hobaye iparadizo. Yamara, ubwo buhanuzi hamwe n’ubundi bwo kwizigirwa, bwerekanye yuko hobaye n’ihinduka mu bantu, rigereranywa n’igihugu c’imisaka gicika icimbuka cane. Ni kubera iki twovuga gutyo? Urabona, Yesaya yariko yerekeza ku “bācunguwe n’Uhoraho” bosubiye mu gihugu cabo “baririmba”, bakabona “uguhimbarwa bo n’umunezero” (Yesaya 35:10). Ivyo ntivyerekeza kw’isi-butaka, ahubwo vyerekeza ku bantu. Vyongeye, hari ahandi hantu Yesaya yabuye ivyerekeye abantu basubijwe i Siyoni ati: “[Bazokwitwa] ibiti vy’ukugororoka, imyeloni yatewe n’Uhoraho . . . Nk’ukw isi ibaduka ibimeze, . . . Uhoraho azomeza ukugororoka n’ishimwe imbere y’amahanga yose”. Yesaya kandi yavuze ku vyerekeye abasavyi b’Imana ati: “Jewe Uhoraho nzokwama nkurōngōra . . . , nguhe kunonoka mu magufa yawe; kand’uzomera nk’indimiro ikwegewemw’umwuzi” (Yesaya 58:11; 61:3, 11; Yeremiya 31:10-12). Kubera ico, nka kurya nyene akarere ko muri ico gihugu korushirije kumera neza, ni na ko hobaye amahinduka mu Bayuda basubijwe umutamana.

9. Ni ‘iparadizo’ nyabaki Paulo yabonye, kandi ivyo yabonye vyarangutse ryari?

⁹ Ako karorero k’ivyabaye muri kahise karadufasha gutegera ivyo Paulo yabonye mw’iyerekwa. Vyobaye vyerekeza kw’ishengero rya gikirisu, iryo yise “indimiro y’Imana” rikaba kandi ryategerezwa kwimbuka cane (1 Ab’i Korinto 3:9). None iryo yerekwa ryari kuranguka ryari? Ivyo Paulo yabonye yavyise ‘uguhishurirwa’, ni ukuvuga ibintu vyorangutse muri kazoza. Yari azi yuko inyuma y’urupfu rwiwe hobaye ubuhakanyi bukomeye (2 Ab’i Korinto 12:1; Ivyakozwe 20:29, 30; 2 Ab’i Tesalonike 2:3, 7). Igihe abahakanyi bari biganje bakongera bagasa n’abapfukiranije abakirisu b’ukuri, abakirisu b’ukuri ntibari gushobora kugereranywa n’itongo ryimbuka. Yamara, hoshitse igihe ugusenga kw’ukuri kukongera gushirwa hejuru. Abasavyi b’Imana bosubijwe umutamana kugira ngo ‘abagororotsi bake nk’izuba mu bwami bwa Se wabo’ (Matayo 13:24-30, 36-43). Ivyo vyarabaye koko haciye imyaka mike Ubwami bw’Imana bushinzwe mw’ijuru. Kandi muri iyi myaka mirongo ihaciye, vyaribonekeje cane yuko abasavyi b’Imana bibereye mw’iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu, ya yindi Paulo yari yarabonye muri rya yerekwa.

10, 11. Naho turi abanyagasembwa, ni kubera iki dushobora kuvuga yuko turi mw’iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu?

¹⁰ Ego ni ko, turazi yuko twese turi abanyagasembwa, ari co gituma bitadutangaza kubona rimwe na rimwe ingorane zivyuka, nk’uko nyene zavyuka mu bakirisu bo mu gihe ca Paulo (1 Ab’i Korinto 1:10-13; Ab’i Filipi 4:2, 3; 2 Ab’i Tesalonike 3:6-14). Ariko rero, zirikana kw’iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu twibereyemwo muri iki gihe. Tugereranije n’ingene twahora turwaye, ubu twaravuwe mu vy’impwemu. Vyongeye, raba itandukaniro riri hagati y’ukuntu twigeze kuba twishwe n’ikigoyi n’ukuntu ubu tugaburirwa neza mu vy’impwemu. Aho kugira ngo abasavyi b’Imana bacumukure nk’abari mu gihugu kigadutse mu vy’impwemu, baremerwa n’Imana kandi ikabacuncuburira imihezagiro (Yesaya 35:1, 7). Aho kugira ngo tube impumyi bivuye ku mwiza wo mu vy’impwemu umeze nk’uwo mw’ibohero ryo mu kuzimu, turabona umuco w’ukwidegemvya be n’ugutoneshwa n’Imana. Abenshi bari babaye nk’ibipfamatwi ku bijanye n’ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya, bahavuye bumva ico Ivyanditswe bivuga kandi baragitahura (Yesaya 35:5). Nk’akarorero, Ivyabona vya Yehova amamiliyoni hirya no hino kw’isi barize igitabu ubuhanuzi bwa Daniyeli, umurongo ku wundi. Ubukurikira, bararimbuye bimwe bishika ibwina ikigabane kimwekimwe cose c’igitabu ca Bibiliya ca Yesaya. None izo mfungurwa zo mu vy’impwemu ziruhura ntizitanga ikimenyamenya c’uko turi mw’iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu?

¹¹ Zirikana kandi ku mahinduka yo muri kamere ahaba uko abantu b’imitima nziraburyarya kandi bakuze mu buryo butandukanye bihatira gutahura Ijambo ry’Imana no kurishira mu ngiro. Mu bisanzwe, baragize utwigoro two guheba utugeso tw’ubunyamaswa bahorana. Kumbure utwo tugeso nawe waratwiyambuye biragenda neza, abavukanyi n’abavukanyikazi bawe bo mu vy’impwemu na bo nyene bakaba baragize nk’ukwo (Ab’i Kolosayi 3:8-14). Ni co gituma igihe wifatanya n’ishengero ry’Ivyabona vya Yehova, uba uri kumwe n’abantu barushirije kuba abanyamahoro n’abantu bahimbaye. Ariko ntiwumve, baracari abanyagasembwa, mugabo ntiboshobora kuvugwa yuko ari intambwe z’inkazi canke ibikoko vy’inkazi (Yesaya 35:9). None ukwo guhurikira hamwe mu vy’impwemu kurangwa itekane n’amahoro kwerekana iki? Turavye ukuntu tumerewe mu vy’impwemu, biragaragara ko turi mu co twita koko iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu. Kandi iparadizo yacu yo mu vy’impwemu ni igitutu c’iparadizo yo kw’isi tuzokwiberamwo nitwaguma turi intahemuka ku Mana.

12, 13. Dutegerezwa gukora iki kugira ngo tugume mw’iparadizo yacu yo mu vy’impwemu?

¹² Ariko rero, hariho ikintu tudakwiye kwirengagiza. Imana yabwiye Abisirayeli iti: “Mukwiye kwitondera ivyagezwe vyose mbagera uyu musi, kugira ngo mubone kugira inkomezi, mwinjire igihugu . . . ngo mucegukire” (Gusubira mu vyagezwe 11:8). Ivy’ico gihugu nyene biravugwa kandi mu Balewi 20:22, 24, ahagira hati: “Muze mwitondere amabgirizwa yanje yose n’ivyagezwe vyanje vyose, muvyumvire: kugira ngw igihugu mbajanyemwo ngo muhabe, ntikize kihave kibadahwa. Ariko mwebge narababwiye, nti Ni mwebge muzokwegukira igihugu cabo, kandi nzokibaha, kibe icanyu, ico gihugu gitemba amata n’ubuki”. Ego cane, kugira ngo begukire Igihugu c’Isezerano bategerezwa kugiranira ubucuti bwiza na Yehova Imana. Ukuba Abisirayeli batagamburukiye Imana, ni vyo vyatumye ireka Abanyababiloni bakabigarurira maze bakabakura ahantu baba.

¹³ Harashobora kuba hariho ibintu vyinshi biduhimbara ku vyerekeye iparadizo yacu yo mu vy’impwemu. Muri iyo paradizo hasa neza kandi hatuma umuntu yumva atekaniwe. Tubana mu mahoro n’abakirisu bahevye utugeso tw’ubunyamaswa. Barihatira kuba abanyabuntu n’abantu bafashanya. Naho ibintu biri ukwo, kugira ngo tugume mw’iparadizo yacu yo mu vy’impwemu ntibidusaba gusa kugiriranira ubucuti bwiza n’abo bantu. Bisaba kandi ko tugiriranira ubucuti bwiza na Yehova, tugatako tugakora ivyo agomba (Mika 6:8). Twinjiye muri iyo paradizo yo mu vy’impwemu ata wuduhase, mugabo hamwe tutogira akigoro ko kuzigama ubucuti dufitaniye n’Imana twoshobora gutwarwa akayombekere tukayivamwo, canke tukayirukanwamwo.

14. Ni igiki kizodufasha kuguma muri ya paradizo yo mu vy’impwemu?

¹⁴ Ikintu gihambaye kizodufasha ni uko twobandanya gukomezwa n’Ijambo ry’Imana. Ehe raba imvugo y’ikigereranyo iri muri Zaburi 1:1-3: “Hahirwa umuntu atagendera mu nama z’ababi, . . . Arikw ibimuhimbara biri mu vyagezwe vy’Uhoraho, kand’ivyagezwe vyiwe ni vyo ashirak’umutima ku murango no mw ijoro. Azoba nk’igiti gitewe hafi y’imigezi y’amazi, cama igihe caco, ibibabi vyaco ntivyuma: ic’azokora cose kizomubera ko”. Ikindi kandi, ibisohokayandikiro bishingiye kuri Bibiliya vya wa mugwi w’umushumba w’umwizerwa kandi w’incabwenge biratanga imfungurwa zo mu vy’impwemu muri ya paradizo yo mu vy’impwemu.—Matayo 24:45-47, NW.

Nukomeze ukuntu ubona iparadizo

15. Ni kubera iki bitashobotse ko Musa arongora Abisirayeli ngo abashikane mu Gihugu c’Isezerano, mugabo yabonye iki?

¹⁵ Rimbura ikindi kintu kiducira agace ku kuntu Iparadizo izoba imeze. Abisirayeli bamaze imyaka 40 bayerera mu bugaragwa, Musa yarabarongoye abajana mu Biyaya vy’i Mowabu, mu Buseruko bw’Uruzi Yorodani. Kubera ikosa Musa yari yarakoze, Yehova yafashe ingingo y’uko Musa atorongōye Isirayeli ngo ayijabukane Yorodani (Guharūra 20:7-12; 27:12, 13). Musa yatakambiye Imana ati: “Ndakwinginze, nyemerera njabuke ndābe ico gihugu ciza co hakurya ya Yorodani”. Naho Musa atokwinjiye muri ico gihugu, amaze kuduga Umusozi Pisiga maze akibonera uturere dutandukanye two muri ico gihugu, ategerezwa kuba yarabonye ko cari “igihugu ciza”. Wibaza ko ico gihugu cari kimeze gute?—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 3:25-27.

16, 17. (a) Ca Gihugu c’Isezerano co mu bihe vya kera cari gitandukaniye he n’ico mu bihe vya none? (b) Ni kubera iki twokwemera ko Igihugu c’Isezerano cahora kimeze nk’iparadizo?

¹⁶ Wishimikije ukuntu iyo ntara imeze muri iki gihe, mu bwenge woca ubona ahantu h’ubweranyange, h’urubuyebuye n’ubushuhe bwinshi. Ariko rero, hariho imvo yotuma twemera yuko muri rusangi iyo ntara atari ukwo yari imeze mu bihe vya Bibiliya. Mu kinyamakuru kimwe (Scientific American), umuhinga mu vy’amazi n’agataka ari we Dogoteri Walter C. Lowdermilk yasiguye yuko isi yo muri iyo ntara “[yo]nonekaye kubera [y]amaze imyaka igihumbi [i]fashwe nabi”. Uwo mugoronome yanditse ati: “Abantu ni bo batumye aho hantu hahoze hatotahaye hacika ‘ubugaragwa’, si ihindagurika ry’ibidukikije”. Kukaba nkako, ivyigwa yagize vyerekanye yuko “ako karere kari iragiriro ritotahaye”. Biribonekeza rero yuko abantu ari bo bononye aho hantu hahoze ari “iragiriro ritotahaye”a.

¹⁷ Uzirikanye ku vyo wasomye muri Bibiliya, woshobora kubona yuko ico ciyumviro dushitseko gitegereka. Niwibuke ivyo Yehova yemereye abasavyi biwe biciye kuri Musa. Yavuze ati: “Igihugu mugiye kujabukiramwo ngo mucinjire, n’igihugu kirimw’imirambi n’imyonga, kinyoshwa n’amazi y’imvura iva mw ijuru; n’igihugu Uhoraho Imana yanyu yāmizak’umutima”.—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 11:8-12.

18. Muri Yesaya 35:2 hategerezwa kuba hatuma Abisirayeli bari baratwawe inyagano biyumvira ko Igihugu c’Isezerano cobaye kimeze gute?

¹⁸ Igihugu c’Isezerano cari igihugu gitotahaye kandi cimbuka cane ku buryo uvuze gusa uturere tunaka two muri co, mu bwenge umuntu yaca abona ahantu hameze nk’iparadizo. Ivyo birigaragaza neza mu buhanuzi bwo muri Yesaya ikigabane ca 35, ubwagize iranguka rya mbere igihe Abisirayeli basubira iwabo bavuye i Babiloni. Yesaya yabuye ati: “Buzoshurika amashurwe menshi, buhimbaranwe umunezero n’indirimbo; buzohabga ubgiza bg’i Lebanoni, n’ugushaza kw’i Karumeli n’i Sharoni: bazobona ubgiza bg’Uhoraho, ugushaza kw’Imana yacu” (Yesaya 35:2). Kuvuga Lebanoni, Karumeli na Sharoni bitegerezwa kuba vyatuma Abisirayeli baca babona mu bwenge ahantu hahimbaye kandi h’igikundiro.

19, 20. (a) Dondora akarere ka Sharoni ya kera. (b) Uburyo bumwe bwo gukomeza icizigiro cacu co kuzoronka Iparadizo ni ubuhe?

¹⁹ Rimbura nk’akarorero Sharoni, ikiyaya cari gihereranye n’ikiyaga, kikaba cari hagati y’imisozi ya Samariya na ca Kiyaga Kinini ari co Mediterane (Raba ifoto iri ku rupapuro rwa 10.). Ako karere kari kazwi ko ari keza cane be n’uko kimbuka cane. Kubera ko karonka amazi akwiye, kari kabereye kuragirwamwo, mugabo karimwo amashamba y’ibiti bininibinini bimeze nk’amasederi mu duce two mu Buraruko (1 Ngoma 27:29; Indirimbo ya Salomo 2:1, NW, akajambo k’epfo; Yesaya 65:10). Gutyo muri Yesaya 35:2 habura ugusubiza ibintu mu buryo be n’igihugu gitotahaye ubwiza bw’agatangaza, kikaba nk’iparadizo. Ubwo buhanuzi bwariko bwerekeza kandi kw’iparadizo yo mu vy’impwemu ihimbaye, ihuye n’ivyo Paulo yabonye mu nyuma muri bimwe yerekwa. Ubwa nyuma, ubwo buhanuzi hamwe n’ubundi, burakomeza icizigiro dufise cerekeye iparadizo yo kw’isi abantu bazoronka.

²⁰ Uko twibera mw’iparadizo yacu yo mu vy’impwemu, turashobora kurushiriza kuyikenguruka tukongera tukarushiriza gukenguruka icizigiro cacu co kuzoronka Iparadizo yo kw’isi. Uti gute? Mu kurushiriza gutahura ivyo dusoma muri Bibiliya. Ibintu bidondorwa muri Bibiliya be n’ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya akenshi biravuga ibibanza binaka. Woba wipfuza kurushiriza gutahura neza aho ivyo bibanza vyari biherereye be n’isano vyari bifitaniye n’izindi ntara? Mu kiganiro gikurikira, turihweza ingene ushobora kubigenza kandi ukahungukira.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

Woba uvyibuka?

• Ni “iparadiso” iyihe intumwa Paulo yabonye mu vyo yeretswe?

• Ku vyerekeye Yesaya ikigabane ca 35, iranguka ryaho rya mbere ryabaye irihe, kandi ivyo bifitaniye isano irihe n’ivyo Paulo yabonye mu vyo yeretswe?

• Twokora iki kugira ngo turushirize gutahura no gukenguruka iparadizo yacu yo mu vy’impwemu hamwe n’icizigiro cacu co kuzoronka iparadizo yo kw’isi?

[Ifoto ku rup. 10]

Ikiyaya c’i Sharoni cari akarere kimbuka cane muri ca Gihugu c’Isezerano

[Credit line]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

[Ifoto ku rup. 12]

Musa yaratahuye yuko cari “igihugu ciza”