Igisagara ca Korinto “ciganzira ibivuko bibiri”

URAVYE ikarata y’Ubugiriki, urashobora kubona yuko igice nyamukuru c’ico gihugu kigizwe n’agace k’ubutaka kinjira mu kiyaga be n’akandi gasa n’izinga rinini kari mu Bumanuko. Ivyo bice bibiri bifatanijwe n’agace k’ubutaka karehutse, hato gusumba ahandi kuri ako gace hakaba hangana n’ibilometero hafi bitandatu vy’ubwaguke. Ako gace k’ubutaka k’i Korinto kagabura ibiyaga bibiri kitwa Isthme de Corinthe, kakaba gafatanya agace k’ubutaka kinjira mu mazi kitwa Péloponnèse kari mu Bumanuko be na ca gice nyamukuru kiri mu Buraruko kigize ico gihugu.

Ako gace k’ubutaka kagabura ibiyaga bibiri karahambaye no mu bundi buryo. Kiswe ko ari ikiraro co ku kiyaga kubera yuko mu Buseruko bwako hari Ikigobe Saronique, kino kikaba gishikana ku Kiyaga Égée be no mu Buseruko bwa Mediterane, mu Burengero bwako na ho hakaba hari Ikigobe ca Korinto, kino kikaba gishikana ku Kiyaga Iyoniya, ku Kiyaga Adiriya be no mu Burengero bwa Mediterane. Hagati na hagati y’ivyo vyose hari igisagara ca Korinto, aho intumwa Paulo yamaze igihe kinini mu kiringo c’ingendo ziwe z’ubumisiyonari, hano hakaba hari hazwi cane mw’isi ya kera kubera ubutunzi bwaho, ibitayega vyaho be n’ubuzima bwaho burangwa ubushegabo.

Igisagara cari giherereye ahantu heza

Igisagara ca Korinto giherereye hafi y’isonga ryo mu Burengero bw’ako gace karehutse k’ubutaka gahambaye. Ibintu ico gisagara gikeneye biboneka biciye mu bivuko bibiri, kimwe kikaba kiri ku ruhande rumwe rwa ka gace karehutse kagabura ibiyaga bibiri ikindi na co ku rundi ruhande, ivyo bivuko bikaba ari Léchée mu Burengero be na Kenkereya mu Buseruko. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umuhinga mu vy’indondabihugu w’Umugiriki yitwa Strabo yavuze ko igisagara ca Korinto “ciganzira ibivuko bibiri.” Bivanye n’uko igisagara ca Korinto cari giherereye ahantu heza, cahavuye ciganzira ihuriro ry’amabarabara yava muri co agashika mu bihugu bitandukanye vyo kw’isi, kikaba cagenzura urudandaza rw’ibintu bica ku butaka mu Buraruko bushira Ubumanuko be n’urudandaza rw’ibintu bica mu mazi mu Buseruko bushira Uburengero.

Kuva mu bihe vya kera, amato yava mu Buseruko (ni ukuvuga muri Aziya Ntoya, muri Siriya, muri Fenisiya no mu Misiri) be n’ayava mu Burengero (ni ukuvuga mu Butaliyano no muri Esupanye) yaraza azanye ibidandazwa, akabipakururira ku kivuko kimwe maze bigatwarwa ku rundi ruhande rwa ka gace k’ubutaka kagabura ibiyaga bibiri bicishijwe ku butaka, hano hakaba hari ku bilometero bikeyi gusa uvuye kuri ico kivuko. Bashitse aho, baca babipakira mu yandi mato maze bikabandanya urugendo. Mu kubishikana aho hantu, babishira mu mato matomato baca bakwega bakayajabukana ka gace k’ubutaka kagabura ibiyaga bibiri baciye mu nzira y’i musozi, ino bakaba bayita ngo diolkos.​—Raba uruzitiro ruri ku rupapuro rwa 27.

Ni kubera iki none abatwara ubwato bahitamwo iyo nzira ica muri ako gace k’ubutaka kagabura ibiyaga bibiri? Ni kubera yuko ivyo vyatuma birinda ingeramizi z’urugendo rurimwo akaga rw’ibilometero 320 rwo guca mu mazi yo mu kiyaga yaba arimwo ibisebuzi, akikijwe n’uduce tubiri tw’ubutaka twinjira mu kiyaga twakunda kubamwo ibihuhusi two mu Bumanuko bwa Péloponnèse. Abo bantu batwara amato baririnda canecane agace kitwa Malée, ako vyavuzwe ku bikerekeye, ngo “Niwazunguruka agace kinjira mu mazi kitwa Malée, uzoba usezeye iwanyu.”

Kenkereya, ikivuko cari ahantu hacokeye cashizwe ahabona

Ikivuko ca Kenkereya, icari nko ku bilometero 11 mu Buseruko bwa Korinto, ni co kivuko ca nyuma co muri Aziya ubwato bwashikirako. Muri kino gihe, igice c’ico kivuko cararengewe n’amazi bivuye ku binyamugigima vyabiciye biracika, vyabaye nko mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kane G.C. Strabo yavuze ko Kenkereya cari ikivuko gikorerwamwo ibintu vyinshi kandi gitunze, umufilozofe w’Umuroma yitwa Lucius Apuleius na we yacise “ikibanza gitekanye gihambaye kandi gikomeye kigenderwa n’amato y’amahanga menshi cane.”

Mu gihe c’Abaroma, ico kivuko cari gifise uduce tubiri tw’ubutaka buringaniye tugenda twerekeza mu kiyaga dufise imero nk’iy’urudome U, tukaba twari tugize urwinjiriro rufise ubwaguke bwava ku metero 150 gushika ku 200. Ico kivuko cari gishoboye kwakira amato afise uburebure bushika ku metero 40. Ivyacukuwe mu gice co mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero bw’ico kivuko vyarashize ahabona ibihimba vy’urusengero vyiyumvirwa ko vyari bigize igicaniro c’ikimanakazi citwa Isis. Inyubakwa zari ku rundi ruhande rw’ico kivuko zishobora kuba zari inyubakwa z’urusengero rw’ikimanakazi Aforodite. Ivyo bimanakazi bibiri vyafatwa ko ari vyo bimanakazi bikuru vyakingira abatwara ubwato.

Ibikorwa vy’urudandaza bifitaniye isano n’ivy’ugutwara amato vyakorerwa kuri ico kivuko vyoshobora kuba ari vyo vyatumye intumwa Paulo akorera i Korinto ibijanye no kujisha amahema. (Ibikorwa 18:1-3) Igitabu kimwe (In the Steps of St. Paul) kivuga giti: “Uko urushana rwegereza, abajisha amahema b’i Korinto, bano bakaba kandi barahingura amahema y’amato, barahakwa guca bagira akazi kenshi cane kuruta ako bari bashoboye gukora. Kubera yuko ivyo bivuko vyompi vyaba vyuzuye amato yaba aruhutse mu kiringo c’urushana kandi yaba akeneye gusanurwa mu gihe ingendo zo mu mazi zaba zahagaze, abagurisha ibikoresho vy’amato b’i Léchée be n’i Kenkereya bategerezwa kuba bararonsa akazi hafi umuntu wese yaba ashoboye gushona igihimba c’ihema ry’ubwato.”

Paulo amaze kumara ameze arenga 18 ari i Korinto yaciye afata ubwato ava i Kenkereya aja i Efeso nko mu 52 G.C. (Ibikorwa 18:18, 19) Mu gihe kinaka mu myaka ine yakurikiye, i Kenkereya harashinzwe ishengero rya gikirisu. Bibiliya itubwira yuko Paulo yasavye abakirisu b’i Roma ngo bafashe umukenyezi umwe w’umukirisu yitwa Foyibe yaturuka mw’“ishengero riri i Kenkereya.”​—Abaroma 16:1, 2.

Muri iki gihe, abantu batemberera agace k’ubutaka kinjira mu kiyaga ka Kenkereya baroga mu mazi arongorotse abonerana nka kurya kw’ikiyo, bari hagati mu bisigarira vy’ico kivuko cari ahantu hacokeye. Ni bake cane muri bo bazi ko mu binjana vyaheze ico kibanza carangurirwamwo ibikorwa vyinshi, vyaba ivya gikirisu canke ivy’urudandaza. Ukwo ni ko bimeze no kuri ca kivuko kindi c’i Korinto, ni ukuvuga kimwe c’i Léchée, kiri mu gice co mu Burengero bw’ako gace k’ubutaka kagabura ibiyaga bibiri.

Léchée, urugi rwugurura inzira ija mu Burengero

Hari ibarabara rishashemwo amabuye ryitwa ngo Ibarabara ry’i Léchée ryava ku kaguriro k’i Korinto rigashika neza na neza ku kivuko caho co mu Burengero ari co Léchée, ku bilometero 2. Abahinga barimvye mu gice kimwe co ku nkombe y’ikiyaga kugira ngo bahubake ikivuko, baca barunda hamwe iryo vu kugira ngo bakingire amato azoba ahagaze kuri ico kivuko imiyaga ikaze ituruka muri ico kigobe. Ivyo bivuko vyarigeze kuba ari bimwe mu bivuko binini gusumba ibindi vyose vyo ku kiyaga Mediterane. Abacukuzi barashize ahabona ibisigarira vy’umunara wariko itara ryayobora abatwara amato, kino kikaba cari igishusho c’ikimana citwa Poseyidoni gifise ikimuri mu minwe.

Iruhande ya rya Barabara ry’i Léchée, rino rikaba ryari rikingiwe n’uruhome rurimwo zibirizibiri ku ruhande rumwerumwe, hari hariho utuyira tw’abanyamaguru, inyubakwa za Leta, insengero be n’inkingi ziriko utuzu tw’ubudandaji. Paulo ategerezwa kuba yarahahwaniye n’abaguzi baba batwawe na twinshi, abantu baba bibereye ng’aho biganirira gusa, abacuruzi, abashumba, abagwizatunga be n’abandi, bano bakaba ari bo yarondera mu gikorwa yarangura co kwamamaza.

Léchée nticari gusa ikivuko kirangurirwamwo ivy’ubudandaji, ariko kandi cari icicaro gikuru caba kirimwo amato y’intambara. Hariho abavuga yuko ubwato bwitwa La trière, buno bukaba ari bumwe mu bwato bw’intambara bwari ngirakamaro kuruta ubundi bwose mu gihe ca kera, bwari bwakorewe mu mahinguriro y’ubwato y’i Léchée, bukorwa n’umuhinga mu vyo gukora ubwato w’Umukorinto yitwa Ameinocles nko mu 700 B.G.C. Abanyatene barakoresheje ubwo bwato La trière bwari bufise ivyo burushije ubundi kugira ngo baronke intsinzi ihambaye batahukanye banesheje amato y’intambara y’Abaperesi i Salamis mu 480 B.G.C.

Ico cahoze ari ikivuko kirangurirwamwo ibikorwa vyinshi, ubu gisigaye ari “ibidengeri vy’amazi vyirabura vyuzuyemwo urufunzo.” Nta kintu na kimwe cerekana ko mu binjana vyaheze, aho hantu hoba harigeze kuba hari kimwe mu bivuko binini gusumba ibindi vyari ku kiyaga Mediterane.

Ingene kuba i Korinto vyari urugamba ku bakirisu

Uretse ko ibivuko vy’i Korinto vyakorerwamwo ivy’urudandaza, vyarabaye amarembo yugururira utwosho twagira ico dukoze cane ku bantu baba muri ico gisagara. Kimwe coco, ivyo bivuko vyaratanga uturyo two gukora ivy’urudandaza no kuronka ubutunzi. Igisagara ca Korinto carirundanirije ubutunzi mu kwegeranya amahera menshi yarihwa ibivuko hamwe n’ayasabwa kugira ngo umuntu acishe ibidandazwa be n’amato muri ya nzira yaca i musozi. Ico gisagara caratoza n’amatagisi ku bijanye n’urudandaza rwakorerwa i musozi. Amaja mu mpera z’ikinjana c’indwi B.G.C., amahera Leta yatoza kubera ibikorwa vyarangurirwa mu tuguriro two muri ico gisagara be no kubera ugukoresha ibivuko vyaco, yaratumye mbere bishoboka ko amakori abanyagihugu batanga akurwaho!

Korinto yarinjiza n’ayandi mahera avuye mu badandaza baba bahacumbitse. Abenshi muri bo barirukira ibihinda kandi barisuka mu misi mikuru irangwa ubushegabo. Abatwara amato baraza ari benshi i Korinto kandi barahatungishije. Nk’uko Strabo abivuga, barasesagura amahera yabo. Abantu baba muri ico gisagara barakora ibikorwa bitandukanye, harimwo n’ugusanura amato.

Mu gihe ca Paulo, bivugwa ko ico gisagara cabamwo abantu nka 400.000, kandi nta kindi gisagara cakirusha abantu uretse Roma, Alegizanderiya be na Antiyokiya h’i Siriya. Hari Abagiriki, Abaroma, Abasiriya, Abanyamisiri be n’Abayuda bibera i Korinto. Biciye ku bivuko vyaho, hama hariho uruja n’uruza rw’ingenzi, abashitsi baba baje mu nkino zo kwinonora imitsi, abakora ivy’utugenegene, abafilozofe, abagwizatunga be n’abandi. Abo bashitsi baratanga ingabirano ku nsengero kandi barashikanira ibimazi ibimana. Ivyo vyose vyatumye Korinto iba igisagara ca rutura kandi gihurumbirwa, ariko ivyo vyaragize n’ingaruka mbi.

Igitabu kimwe (In the Steps of St. Paul) kivuga giti: “Igisagara ca Korinto, icari kiri hagati y’ibivuko bibiri mwene ivyo, caracitse ahantu haba abantu bafise imico itandukanye, gica gitangura kurangwamwo ingeso mbi zo mu yandi mahanga yakunda kubitsa amato yayo mu bivuko vyaco.” Abantu baturuka mu Buseruko no mu Burengero barahuriye i Korinto maze baca bavangatiranya ingeso zabo z’ubuhumbu. Ivyo vyatumye abantu bo mu gisagara ca Korinto bononekara mu vy’ukwigenza runtu batangura gukurikirana ibihinda mu buryo buteye isoni, ico gisagara gica gicika ikirangwamwo ubushegabo n’ubuhumbu kurusha ibindi vyose vyo mu Bugiriki bwa kera. Ukubaho nk’Abakorinto, ni ukuvuga kwigira Umukorinto, vyahavuye bisobanura kubaho uri igishegabo ukaba n’igihumbu.

Kubera yuko abakirisu bari bakikujwe n’abantu bakunda amaronko bakaba n’ibihumbu, bari bageramiwe n’ukwoshwa n’ivyo bintu, bigatuma ubucuti bari bafitaniye n’Imana buja mu kaga. Abayoboke ba Yezu baba i Korinto bari bakeneye guhimirizwa kuzigama inyifato yemerwa mu nyonga z’Imana. Mw’ikete Paulo yandikiye Abakorinto, birabereye kubona yariyamirije ashimitse ubukunzi bw’inda, ubusuma be no guhumana mu vy’inyifato runtu. Igihe usoma ayo makete yahumetswe, urashobora gutahura akosho kabi cane abakirisu baho babwirizwa guhangana na ko.​—1 Abakorinto 5:9, 10; 6:9-11, 18; 2 Abakorinto 7:1.

Ariko rero, kuba Korinto cari igisagara kibamwo abantu b’imico itandukanye vyari bifise ivyiza bivamwo. Muri ico gisagara hama hariko harisukira ivyiyumviro bishasha. Abahaba bari bugurutse mu bwenge kuruta abantu bo mu bindi bisagara Paulo yagendeye. Umuntu umwe yagize ico avuze ku bijanye na Bibiliya agira ati: “Abantu bo mu Buseruko no mu Burengero barahuriye muri ico gisagara ca kera cari ku kivuko co ku kiyaga, bituma abantu bahaba bashobora kumenya ibijanye n’iciyumviro gishasha, filozofiya nshasha be n’idini rishasha ryose washobora gusanga kw’isi.” Ico vyavuyemwo, amadini atandukanye yaremerwa, kandi bigaragara ko ivyo vyorohereje Paulo mu gikorwa co kwamamaza yaharanguriye.

Vya bivuko bibiri vy’i Korinto, ni ukuvuga ica Kenkereya be n’ica Léchée, vyaragize ico biterereye kugira ngo ico gisagara gisagambe congere kibe rurangiranwa. Ivyo bivuko nyene vyaratumye kandi kuba i Korinto biba urugamba ku bakirisu. Isi tubayemwo muri kino gihe imeze nk’ukwo nyene. Utwosho twonona, nko guhahamira amaronko be n’ubushegabo, turashobora kugeramira ubucuti abantu batinya Imana baba bafitaniye na yo. Ku bw’ivyo rero, na twebwe vyoba vyiza dushize ku muzirikanyi ivyo Paulo yanditse ahumekewe kugira ngo ahimirize abakirisu b’i Korinto.

[Uruzitiro/Ifoto ku rup. 27]

DIOLKOS, KWUNGURUZA IBINTU BICIYE I MUSOZI

Amaja mu mpera z’ikinjana c’indwi B.G.C., igihe imigambi yari yagizwe yo kwubaka umuhora ubwato buzoza buracamwo vyanka ko ishirwa mu ngiro, uwitwa Periander, uno akaba yari umutegetsi wa Korinto, yarubatse uburyo bwo kwunguruza ibintu burimwo ubuhinga buhanitse biciye mu gace k’ubutaka kagabura ibiyaga bibiri.a Ubwo buhinga bwiswe diolkos, bikaba bisobanura ngo “gukwega ujabukana,” yari inzira ica i musozi ishashemwo amabuye abase, iciyemwo ibinogo birebire bigize imirongo igororotse, bitsindagiriwemwo imbaho zisize amavuta. Ibidandazwa vyaba vyashikanywe ku kivuko kimwe vyarapakururwa, bigashirwa mu mikogote ifise amapine, maze abashumba bagaca bayikwega bayicishije muri ya nzira yaca i musozi gushika ku kindi kivuko. Rimwe na rimwe, amato matomato arimwo imizigo na yo nyene yarakwegwa acishijwe muri iyo nzira y’i musozi.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

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UBUGIRIKI

IKIYAGA IYONIYA

Ikigobe ca Korinto

Ikivuko ca Léchée

Korinto ya kera

Péloponnèse

Kenkereya

Agace k’ubutaka k’i Korinto kagabura ibiyaga bibiri

Ikigobe Saronique

IKIYAGA ÉGÉE

Agace k’ubutaka kinjira mu mazi kitwa Malée

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Amato atwaye ibidandazwa araca mu muhora wo mu mazi w’i Korinto muri iki gihe

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Ikivuko ca Léchée

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Ikivuko ca Kenkereya

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Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com