Inkomoko y’Inyigisho y’Ukudapfa k’Ubugingo

“Nta ngingo n’imwe irebana n’imitekerereze n’imyifatire y’umuntu mu mibereho ye yaba yarashishikaje ubwenge bwe kurusha iyerekeranye n’imimerere ye nyuma yo gupfa.”​—Byavanywe mu nkoranyamagambo yitwa “ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”

1-3. Ni gute Socrate na Platon bazamuye igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo budapfa?

INTITI imwe igeze mu kigero cy’imyaka 70, ikaba inakora umurimo w’ubwarimu, iraregwa kutubaha Imana no kuyobya ibitekerezo by’abakiri bato binyuriye ku nyigisho zayo. N’ubwo mu kuburana kwayo yireguye mu buryo bwiza cyane, umucamanza uca urwa kibera, abonye ko icyaha kiyihama maze ayicira urwo gupfa. Amasaha make mbere y’uko yicwa, uwo mwarimu ugeze mu za bukuru, abwiye abanyeshuri bamugose uruhererekane rw’ingingo zikubiyemo ibitekerezo runaka byemeza ko ubugingo budapfa, kandi ko urupfu rudakwiriye gutinywa.

² Uwo muntu waciriwe urubanza si uwundi utari Socrate, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umugiriki w’icyamamare wo mu kinyejana cya gatanu M.I.C.a Umunyeshuri we witwaga Platon, ni we wanditse iby’iyo nkuru mu nyandiko ze yise Apology na Phaedo. Socrate na Platon bavugwaho kuba ari bamwe mu ba mbere bazamuye igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo budapfa. Ariko kandi, si bo badukanye iyo nyigisho.

³ Nk’uko tuza kubibona, inkomoko y’igitekerezo cyo kudapfa k’umuntu, ni iya kera cyane. Icyakora, Socrate na Platon banonosoye icyo gitekerezo maze bagihinduramo inyigisho ya filozofiya, bityo batuma irushaho gushishikaza amatsinda y’abantu b’intiti bo mu gihe cyabo na nyuma y’aho.

Kuva Kuri Pythagore Kugeza ku Gihe cy’Imva z’Abami ba Kera bo mu Misiri

4. Mbere ya Socrate, ni gute Abagiriki babonaga ibihereranye n’ahantu ho mu bundi buzima nyuma yo gupfa?

⁴ Abagiriki babayeho mbere ya Socrate na Platon, na bo bizeraga ko ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa. Pythagore, Umugiriki w’icyamamare wari umuhanga mu mibare wo mu kinyejana cya Gatandatu M.I.C., yizeraga ko ubugingo budapfa, kandi ko bwimuka. Mbere ye, uwitwa Thalès w’i Mileto, utekerezwaho kuba ari we Mugiriki w’umuhanga mu bya filozofiya uzwiho ko ari uwa kera kurusha abandi, yumvaga ko ubugingo budapfa butaba mu bantu, mu nyamaswa no mu bimera honyine, ahubwo ko buba no mu bindi bintu, urugero nko muri za rukuruzi, kuko zishobora gukurura icyuma. Abagiriki ba kera bavugaga ko ubugingo bw’abapfuye bwambukaga uruzi rwa Styx bwambukijwe n’ubwato, maze bukajya mu buturo bugari cyane bw’ahantu h’ikuzimu bwitwa isi y’abapfuye. Aho ngaho, abacamanza baciraga urubanza ubugingo maze bakabugenera kujya mu mibabaro muri gereza igoswe n’inkuta ndende, cyangwa kujya mu munezero w’iteka muri Paradizo.

5, 6. Ni gute Abaperesi babonaga ibyerekeye ubugingo?

⁵ Muri Irani, cyangwa mu Buperesi bw’i burasirazuba, hadutse umuhanuzi witwaga Zoroastre mu kinyejana cya karindwi M.I.C. Yadukanye uburyo bwo gusenga bwaje kwitwa Zoroastrianisme. Iryo ryari idini ry’Ubwami bw’Abaperesi, bwaje gutegeka isi mbere y’uko Ubugiriki buba ubutegetsi bw’igihangange. Inyandiko y’iryo dini rya Zoroastrianisme, igira iti “ubugingo bw’Umukiranutsi buzabaho mu Munezero ubuziraherezo nta gupfa, naho ubugingo bw’Umunyabinyoma bwo buzababazwa nta kabuza. Kandi ayo mategeko yategetswe na Ahura Mazda [ni ukuvuga “imana y’inyabwenge”] binyuriye mu butware Bwe bw’ikirenga.”

⁶ Nanone kandi, inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yari imwe mu zari zigize idini ryo muri Irani ryabanjirije irya Zoroastrianisme. Urugero, amoko ya kera y’abantu bo muri Irani, bitaga ku bugingo bw’abapfuye babuha ibyo kurya n’imyambaro kugira ngo bizagire icyo bibamarira ikuzimu.

7, 8. Ni iki Abanyamisiri ba kera bizeraga ku byerekeye ubugingo ku birebana no kuba budapfa iyo umubiri upfuye?

⁷ Kwizera ko ubugingo bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa, ni byo byari urufatiro rw’imyizerere y’idini ryo mu Misiri. Abanyamisiri bavugaga ko ubugingo bw’umuntu wapfuye bwagombaga gucirwa urubanza na Osiris, imana nkuru y’ikuzimu. Urugero, hari inyandiko yo mu muzingo wakozwe mu mfunzo, ivugwaho kuba ari iyo mu kinyejana cya 14 M.I.C., yerekana Anubis, imana y’abapfuye, ijyanye ubugingo bw’umwanditsi Hunefer imbere ya Osiris. Umutima w’uwo mwanditsi, washushanyaga umutimanama we, ushyizwe ku munzani maze upimwa ku gipimisho cy’ibaba ryambawe ku mutwe w’iyo manakazi y’ukuri n’ubutabera. Indi mana yitwa Thoth, yanditse ibipimo bibonetse. Kubera ko umutima wa Hunefer utaremerejwe no kuba uriho urubanza, ibipimo byawo biri hasi y’ibya rya baba, bityo Hunefer yemerewe kwinjira mu buturo bwa Osiris maze ahabwa ukudapfa. Nanone kandi, uwo muzingo werekana igihindugembe cy’ikigore kirekereje iruhande rw’uwo munzani, cyiteguye guconcomera uwapfuye igihe umutima we waba utagejeje ku bipimo bisabwa. Abanyamisiri na bo, bumishaga ababo babaga bapfuye kandi bashyinguraga imirambo ya ba farawo mu ngoro zihambaye zari imva z’abami ba kera bo mu misiri, bitewe n’uko batekerezaga ko ukurokoka k’ubugingo kwabaga gushingiye ku kurinda umubiri ntiwangirike.

⁸ Bityo rero, isanzuramuco rya kera ryari rifite inyigisho rusange—ari yo yo kudapfa k’ubugingo. Mbese, iryo sanzuramuco ryaba ryarakomoye iyo nyigisho mu isoko imwe?

Inkomoko

9. Ni irihe dini ryacengeye mu Misiri, mu Buperesi no mu Bugiriki bwa kera?

⁹ Igitabo The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, kigira kiti “mu isi ya kera, Misiri, Ubuperesi n’Ubugiriki, byacengewemo n’idini rya Babuloni.” Icyo gitabo gikomeza kigira kiti “kubera imishyikirano ya kera yari iri hagati ya Misiri na Babuloni, nk’uko byagaragajwe n’inyandiko yo ku bibumbano bya El-Amarna, nta gushidikanya ko habonetse uburyo bwinshi bwo gucengeza ibitekerezo bya Babuloni n’imigenzo yayo mu iyobokamana rya Misiri. Mu Buperesi, iyobokamana rya Mithra rihishura uruhare rudashidikanywa rw’imitekerereze y’i Babuloni . . . Uruvange rukomeye rw’inyigisho zo mu karere k’i Burasirazuba n’imigani ya kera ya Kigiriki hamwe n’iyobokamana ryayo, ubu byemerwa cyane n’intiti muri rusange, ku buryo nta kindi zikeneye kongerwaho. Izo nyigisho zo mu karere k’i Burasirazuba, usanga ahanini ari iza Kibabuloni mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu rugero runini cyane.”b

10, 11. Babuloni yabonaga ite ibihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

¹⁰ Ariko se, ibitekerezo bya Babuloni ku bihereranye n’uko bigenda nyuma yo gupfa, byaba binyuranye cyane n’iby’Abanyamisiri, Abaperesi n’Abagiriki? Urugero, zirikana ibivugwa mu gitabo cy’i Babuloni cyitwa Epic of Gilgamesh. Havugwamo umuntu w’igihangange witwaga Gilgamesh wari ugeze mu za bukuru, wabuzwaga amahwemo n’amanyakuri ku bihereranye n’urupfu, watangiye urugendo rwo gushakashaka ukudapfa, ariko ntiyakubona. Inkumi ya divayi yaje guhura na yo mu rugendo rwe, yamuteye inkunga yo kuvana indamu muri ubu buzima uko bishoboka kose, kuko atari kuzigera abona ubuzima butagira iherezo yashakaga. Ubutumwa bukubiye muri iyo nkuru yose uko yakabaye, ni uko ngo urupfu rutagira aho ruhungirwa, kandi ibyiringiro byo kudapfa bikaba ari nk’inzozi gusa. None se, ibyo byaba byumvikanisha ko Abanyababuloni batizeraga ko habaho ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?

¹¹ Morris Jastrow, Jr., umwarimu muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania, ho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, yanditse agira ati “ari rubanda, ari n’abayobozi ba kidini [b’i Babuloni], ntibigeze na rimwe bagira igitekerezo cy’uko ubuzima bushobora kurimbuka buheriheri. [Kuri bo], urupfu rwari inzira igana ku buzima bw’ubundi bwoko, kandi ko kutemera ukudapfa nta kindi bishaka kuvuga, uretse gusa gutsindagiriza ko guhunga ihinduka riba mu buzima rizanywe n’urupfu, bidashoboka.” Ni koko, Abanyababuloni na bo bizeraga ko ubuzima bw’ubundi bwoko, mu ishusho runaka, bukomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’uko umurambo w’uwapfuye bawuhambanaga ibintu byo gukoresha nyuma yo gupfa.

12-14. (a) Nyuma y’Umwuzure, inkomoko y’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yari iyihe? (b) Ni gute iyo nyigisho yaje gukwirakwira ku isi?

¹² Uko bigaragara, inyigisho yo kudapfa k’ubugingo, ikomoka muri Babuloni ya kera. Dukurikije Bibiliya, igitabo kirangwa n’amateka y’ukuri, umugi wa Babeli, cyangwa Babuloni, wahanzwe na Nimurodi umwuzukuruza wa Nowa.c Nyuma y’Umwuzure w’isi yose wo mu gihe cya Nowa, hariho ururimi rumwe n’idini rimwe gusa. Igihe Nimurodi yahangaga uwo mugi kandi akahubaka umunara, yatangije irindi dini. Bibiliya igaragaza ko nyuma yo kunyuranya indimi aho i Babeli, abo bubatsi bananiwe kuzuza umunara, batatanye maze bagatangira ubuzima bundi bushya, bajyanye idini ryabo (Itangiriro 10:6-10; 11:4-9). Nguko uko inyigisho za kidini z’i Babuloni zakwirakwijwe ku isi.

¹³ Bavuga ko Nimurodi yapfuye akenyutse. Nyuma y’urupfu rwe, birumvikana ko Abanyababuloni bashobora kuba barashatse gukomeza kumwubaha cyane babona ko ari we wahanze kandi akubaka umugi wabo, kandi akaba ari we mwami wawo wa mbere. Kubera ko imana Mardouk (Merodach) yabonwaga ko ari yo yahanze Babuloni, intiti zimwe na zimwe, zavuze ko Mardouk ishushanya Nimurodi wagizwe imana. Niba ari uko biri rero, igitekerezo cy’uko ubugingo budapfa, kigomba kuba cyaratangiye kwamamara nibura igihe cy’urupfu rwa Nimurodi. Uko byaba bimeze kose ariko, amateka agaragaza ko nyuma y’Umwuzure, inkomoko y’inyigisho y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo yari Babeli, cyangwa Babuloni.

¹⁴ None se, ni gute iyo nyigisho yaje kuba urufatiro rw’inyigisho z’amadini menshi muri iki gihe? Igice gikurikira, kirasuzuma uko iyo nyigisho yinjiye mu madini y’i Burasirazuba.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 6]

Uko Abanyamisiri babonaga ibihereranye n’ubugingo ikuzimu

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 7]

Socrate yihandagaje avuga ko ubugingo budapfa