Igitabo ushobora kwiringira—Igice cya 1

Egiputa mu mateka ya Bibiliya

Bibiliya yanditswe mu gihe cy’imyaka igera ku 1.600. Amateka yayo n’ubuhanuzi buyirimo, bifite aho bihuriye n’ubutegetsi burindwi bw’ibihangange ku isi, ari bwo Egiputa, Ashuri, Babuloni, Abamedi n’Abaperesi, Abagiriki, Abaroma hamwe n’Abongereza n’Abanyamerika. Buri butegetsi bw’igihangange buzasuzumwa mu ngingo ndwi z’uruhererekane. Izo ngingo zizaba zigamije iki? Zizaba zigamije kugaragaza ko Bibiliya ari iyo kwiringirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana kandi ko ubutumwa bwayo butanga ibyiringiro by’uko imibabaro yatewe n’ubutegetsi bubi bw’abantu izashira.

EGIPUTA izwi cyane kubera piramide zayo n’uruzi rwa Nili, kandi ni yo yabaye ubutegetsi bwa mbere bw’igihangange ku isi buvugwa mu mateka yo muri Bibiliya. Mu rugero runaka, ubwo butegetsi ni bwo bwafashije ishyanga rya Isirayeli kuvuka. Mose wanditse ibitabo bitanu bibanza bya Bibiliya, yavukiye muri Egiputa aba ari na ho yiga. Ese amateka atari ayo muri Bibiliya n’ibyataburuwe mu matongo, byaba bihuza n’ibyo Mose yanditse kuri icyo gihugu cya kera? Reka dusuzume ingero zimwe na zimwe zigaragaza ko bihuza.

Ikubiyemo amateka yiringirwa

Imvugo zimwe na zimwe n’amazina y’icyubahiro. Akenshi amateka avuga ibintu by’ukuri uyamenyera mu tuntu duto duto, urugero nk’imigenzo, uburyo bwo kugaragaza ikinyabupfura, amazina asanzwe, amazina y’imirimo n’ibindi. Ese inkuru zivugwa mu bitabo bibiri bya mbere bya Bibiliya by’Intangiriro no Kuva, zivuga ukuri mu birebana n’ibyo? Uwitwa J. Garrow Duncan yagize icyo avuga ku birebana n’inkuru iboneka mu gitabo cy’Intangiriro ivuga ibya Yozefu umuhungu w’umukurambere Yakobo, no ku birebana n’ibivugwa mu gitabo cya Bibiliya cyo Kuva, agira ati “[uwo mwanditsi wa Bibiliya] yari azi neza ururimi rwo muri Egiputa, azi imigenzo yaho, imyizerere, imibereho y’ibwami, imvugo irangwa n’ikinyabupfura yahakoreshwaga hamwe n’ibirebana n’abategetsi.” Yunzemo ati “[uwo mwanditsi] akoresha amazina y’imyanya y’ubutegetsi yakoreshwaga icyo gihe, kandi akayakoresha neza neza nk’uko yakoreshwaga igihe yandikaga inkuru ye. . . . Koko rero, nta kindi kintu cyagaragaza neza ko abanditsi bari bazi neza uko ibintu byari byifashe muri Egiputa ivugwa mu Isezerano rya Kera kandi ko bavugaga ukuri, kuruta kuba barakoresheje ijambo Farawo mu bihe bitandukanye” (New Light on Hebrew Origins). Nanone Duncan yaravuze ati “igihe [uwo mwanditsi] yajyanaga n’abantu be imbere ya Farawo ibwami, yabafashije kubahiriza amahame y’ibwami agenga ikinyabupfura, no gukoresha imvugo ikwiriye.”

Kubumba amatafari. Mu gihe Abisirayeli bari bakiri mu buretwa muri Egiputa, babumbaga amatafari bakoresheje ibumba rivanze n’ibyatsi kugira ngo akomere (Kuva 1:​14; 5:​6-18).a Hari igitabo cyavuze ko mu myaka ishize, “uturere [twabumbaga amatafari] kurusha muri Egiputa ari duke cyane. Usanga na n’ubu muri Egiputa abantu bakunda kubakisha amatafari ya rukarara nk’uko byahoze.” Nanone, kivuga ko “Abanyegiputa bari bafite akamenyero ko gukoresha ibyatsi mu kubumba amatafari,” ibyo na byo bikaba bivugwa muri Bibiliya.​—⁠Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries.

Kogosha ubwanwa. Abaheburayo bo mu gihe cya kera baterekaga ubwanwa. Nyamara Bibiliya itubwira ko mbere y’uko Yozefu agera imbere ya Farawo, yabanje kogosha ubwanwa (Intangiriro 41:​14). Kuki yabwogoshe? Yagira ngo ahuze n’umugenzo w’Abanyegiputa, kandi yubahirize amahame yabo agenga ikinyabupfura. Abanyegiputa bumvaga ko umuntu wabaga afite ubwanwa yabaga yanduye. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko “[Abanyegiputa] birariraga bavuga ko batanduye kubera ko bogoshaga ubwanwa” (Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt). Bavumbuye mu mva ibikoresho by’isuku, urugero nk’ibyuma byogosha, ibikoresho bakoreshaga bogosha ingohe, hamwe n’indorerwamo, biri kumwe n’ibyo babibikagamo. Biragaragara neza ko Mose yandikaga inkuru abyitondeye. Ibyo ni na ko bimeze ku bandi banditsi ba Bibiliya banditse inkuru zo muri Egiputa ya kera.

Ubucuruzi. Yeremiya wanditse ibitabo bibiri by’Abami, yatanze ibisobanuro birambuye ku birebana n’ubucuruzi bw’amafarashi n’amagare y’intambara Umwami Salomo yakoranaga n’Abanyegiputa n’Abaheti. Bibiliya ivuga ko igare ry’intambara ryaguraga ‘ibiceri by’ifeza magana atandatu, naho ifarashi ikagurwa ibiceri by’ifeza ijana na mirongo itanu,’ ni ukuvuga kimwe cya kane cy’igiciro cy’igare ry’intambara.​​—⁠1 Abami 10:​29.

Hari igitabo cyagaragaje ko ibyavuzwe n’umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umugiriki witwa Hérodote hamwe n’ibyataburuwe mu matongo, byemeza ko ku ngoma ya Salomo hariho ubucuruzi bukomeye bw’amafarashi n’amagare y’intambara. Dukurikije icyo gitabo “byari bizwi ko amafarashi . . . ane yaguranwaga igare ry’intambara rimwe ryo muri Egiputa,” ibyo bikaba bihuje neza n’ibivugwa muri Bibiliya.​—⁠Archaeology and the Religion of Israel.

Intambara. Yeremiya na Ezira na bo bagaragaje ko Farawo Shishaki yateye u Buyuda, bagaragaza neza ko ibyo byabaye “mu mwaka wa gatanu umwami Rehobowamu [w’u Buyuda] ari ku ngoma,” cyangwa mu mwaka wa 993 Mbere ya Yesu (1 Abami 14:​25-28; 2 Ibyo ku Ngoma 12:​1-12). Iyo nkuru yamaze igihe kirekire iboneka muri Bibiliya honyine. Nyuma yaho hari igishushanyo cyaje kuvumburwa ku rukuta rw’urusengero rwo muri Egiputa ahitwa i Karnak (Thèbes ya kera).

Icyo gishushanyo kigaragaza Shishaki ahagaze imbere y’imana yitwaga Amoni, yazamuye ukuboko arimo akubita imbohe. Nanone cyanditseho amazina y’imigi yo muri Isirayeli yaneshejwe, amenshi muri yo akaba ahuje n’avugwa muri Bibiliya. Iyo nyandiko ivuga kandi iby’ “umurima wa Aburamu,” ikaba ari yo nyandiko ya kera yo muri Egiputa ivuga ibyerekeye umukurambere wo muri Bibiliya witwa Aburahamu.​​—⁠Intangiriro 25:​7-10.

Biragaragara rero ko abanditsi ba Bibiliya batigeze bandika inkuru z’impimbano. Kubera ko bari bazi ko bazabibazwa n’Imana, banditse inkuru zihuje n’ukuri, ndetse no mu gihe kubigenza batyo bitari gushimisha bamwe, urugero nk’inkuru zivuga iby’ukuntu Shishaki yagiye atsinda u Buyuda. Izo nkuru zihuje n’ukuri zihabanye n’inkuru zirimo amakabyankuru z’abanditsi bo muri Egiputa ya kera, banze kwandika inkuru iyo ari yo yose itari gushimisha abategetsi babo cyangwa abaturage.

Ubuhanuzi bwiringirwa

Umwanditsi wa Bibiliya ari we Yehova Imana, ni we wenyine ushobora guhanura iby’igihe kizaza nta kwibeshya. Urugero, zirikana ukuntu Imana yahumekeye Yeremiya, agahanura ibyari kuzaba ku migi yo muri Egiputa, ari yo Mofu na Thèbes. Mofu cyangwa Nofu yahoze ari umugi ukomeye mu by’ubucuruzi, muri politiki no mu by’idini. Nyamara Imana yaravuze iti ‘Nofu izahinduka iyo gutangarirwa itwikwe, ku buryo nta muntu uzasigara ayituyemo’ (Yeremiya 46:​19). Uko ni ko byagenze. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko Abarabu bari barigaruriye ako karere bahinduye “igice kinini cy’amatongo y’umugi wa Mofu” nk’ikirombe bavanagamo ibikoresho byo kubakisha. Cyunzemo ko “muri iki gihe, nta buye ushobora gusanga mu gace uwo mugi wa kera wari wubatsemo.”​—⁠In the Steps of Moses the Lawgiver.

Umugi wa Thèbes, wabanje kwitwa No-Amoni cyangwa No, na wo wararimbutse urimbukana n’imana zawo zitagize icyo zishoboye. Yehova yari yaravuze iby’uwo mugi wahoze ari umurwa mukuru wa Egiputa, kandi ukaba ihuriro ryo gusenga imana yitwaga Amoni, agira ati “ngiye guhagurukira Amoni . . . na Farawo na Egiputa n’imana zayo . . . Nzabahana . . . mu maboko ya Nebukadinezari umwami w’i Babuloni” (Yeremiya 46:​25, 26). Nk’uko byahanuwe, umwami wa Babuloni yigaruriye Egiputa n’umugi wayo ukomeye wa No-Amoni. Imbaraga z’uwo mugi zatangiye kugabanuka igihe umutegetsi w’Umuperesi witwaga Cambyse II yawuteraga mu mwaka wa 525 Mbere ya Yesu, maze amaherezo uza gusenywa burundu n’Abaroma. Koko rero, kuba Bibiliya irimo ubuhanuzi nyakuri bituma iba igitabo cyihariye, kandi ibyo biduha icyizere ko n’ibyo ivuga ku birebana n’igihe kizaza bizasohora.

Bibiliya itanga ibyiringiro nyakuri

Ubuhanuzi bwa mbere buboneka muri Bibiliya bwanditswe na Mose igihe Egiputa yari ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi.b Ubwo buhanuzi buboneka mu Ntangiriro 3:​15, bugaragaza ko Imana yari kuzatuma habaho “urubyaro” rwari kuzamenagura Satani n’ “urubyaro” rwe, ni ukuvuga abantu bose bemera gukurikiza inzira mbi za Satani (Yohana 8:​44; 1 Yohana 3:​8). Byaje kugaragara ko uw’ibanze mu bagize urwo ‘rubyaro’ rw’Imana ari Mesiya, ari we Yesu Kristo.​​—⁠Luka 2:​9-14.

Ubwami bwa Kristo buzategeka isi yose, buyikureho ibibi byose n’ubutegetsi bw’abantu bubakandamiza. Ntihazongera kubaho ‘umuntu utegeka undi amugirira nabi’ (Umubwiriza 8:​9). Nanone, kimwe n’uko Yosuwa wabayeho kera yayoboye Abisirayeli mu Gihugu cy’Isezerano, Yesu na we azayobora “imbaga y’abantu benshi” bubaha Imana, abageze mu “Gihugu cy’Isezerano” cyiza kurushaho, ari yo si itanduye izahinduka paradizo yose uko yakabaye.​​—⁠Ibyahishuwe 7:​9, 10, 14, 17; Luka 23:​43.

Ibyo byiringiro by’agaciro kenshi bitwibutsa ubundi buhanuzi bwanditswe mu gihe cya Egiputa ya kera. Ubwo buhanuzi buboneka muri Yobu 33:​24, 25, bugaragaza ko Imana izacungura abantu, ikabavana mu “rwobo” cyangwa imva, binyuriye ku muzuko. Koko rero, uretse abazarokoka irimbuka ryegereje ry’abanyabyaha, abandi bantu benshi babarirwa muri za miriyoni bapfuye bazazurwa bafite ibyiringiro byo kuzabaho iteka ku isi izaba yahindutse Paradizo (Ibyakozwe 24:​15). Mu Byahishuwe 21:​3, 4, hagira hati “ihema ry’Imana riri kumwe n’abantu. Izahanagura amarira yose ku maso yabo, kandi urupfu ntiruzabaho ukundi, kandi kuboroga cyangwa gutaka cyangwa kubabara ntibizabaho ukundi.”

Uyu mutwe w’ingingo z’uruhererekane wibanda ku buhanuzi n’amateka, uri bukomereze ku yandi mapaji y’iyi gazeti, wibanda ku butegetsi bw’igihangange ku isi bw’Abashuri bwakurikiye Egiputa.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 20]

IBUYE RY’URWIBUTSO RWA MERNEPTAH

Mu mwaka wa 1896, abashakashatsi bavumbuye icyiswe Ibuye ry’urwibutso rwa Merneptah mu rusengero rwo muri Egiputa bashyinguragamo. Iyo nkingi yirabura iconzwe mu ibuye ry’ibare, yanditseho ibigwi by’umwami wa Egiputa witwaga Merneptah, bavuga ko yimye ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 13 Mbere ya Yesu. Kuri iyo nkingi handitseho indirimbo, amwe mu magambo ayigize akaba agira ati “Isirayeli yahindutse umusaka, urubyaro rwayo rwarashize.” Amagambo aboneka kuri iryo buye ni yo yonyine azwi avuga ibirebana na Isirayeli mu nyandiko za kera zo muri Egiputa. Uretse n’ibyo, iryo buye ni cyo kintu cya kera cyane kitari Bibiliya kigaragaza ko Isirayeli yabayeho.

Iryo buye ryaconzwe mu gihe kivugwa muri Bibiliya cy’Abacamanza, icyo gihe kikaba kivugwa mu gitabo cya Bibiliya cyitirirwa iryo zina. Icyakora, igitabo cy’Abacamanza gitandukanye n’inkuru zivuga iby’abami ba Egiputa, kuko cyo kivuga ibigwi by’Abisirayeli n’ubugwari bwabo. Mu Bacamanza 2:​11, 12 hagaragaza ubugwari bwabo, hagira hati ‘Abisirayeli batangira gukora ibibi mu maso ya Yehova no gukorera Bayali [imana z’Abanyakanani]. Nuko bata Yehova wabakuye mu gihugu cya Egiputa.’ Inkuru nk’izo zivuga ukuri nta kubogama, ziboneka muri Bibiliya yose.

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 20]

Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com

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Amatafari ya rukarakara babumba bavanze ibumba n’ibyatsi, aracyakoreshwa muri Egiputa muri iki gihe

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Bimwe mu bikoresho Abanyegiputa bifashishaga mu kogosha ubwanwa, urugero nk’icyuma cyogosha n’indorerwamo

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Amazina y’imigi ya Isirayeli yigaruriwe, yanditse kuri uru rukuta rw’i Karnak

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Iki kibumbano kinini kirambaraye cyabonetse hafi ya Mofu cyari gifite uburebure bwa metero 12

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 17 yavuye]

Egiputa na Farawo; Roma na Nero: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; Urukuta rw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi: Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 18 yavuye]

Ibikoresho byo kogosha ubwanwa: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY; Karnak relief: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.; Igishushanyo cy’i Memphis: Courtesy Daniel Mayer/Creative Commons