Cyril Lucaris–Umugabo wahaga Bibiliya agaciro

Hari ku munsi wo mu mpeshyi yo mu mwaka wa 1638. Abarobyi barobaga mu Nyanja ya Marmara hafi ya Constantinople (Istanbul ho muri iki gihe), umurwa mukuru w’Ubwami bwa Ottoman, barikanze ubwo babonaga umurambo ureremba mu mazi. Bamaze kuwitegereza bawegereye, baguye mu kantu ubwo bamenyaga ko uwo murambo w’umuntu wari wishwe anizwe wari uw’umwepisikopi mukuru wa Constantinople, umukuru wa Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi. Nguko uko Cyril Lucaris, umunyedini wari ikirangirire mu kinyejana cya 17, yapfuye mu buryo bubabaje.

LUCARIS ntiyabayeho igihe kirekire bihagije kugira ngo abone isohozwa ry’intego yifuzaga cyane kugeraho—ni ukuvuga gusohora ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo mu Kigiriki cyakoreshwaga mu biganiro bya buri munsi muri icyo gihe. Indi ntego ya Lucaris, na yo atigeze ageraho—ni iyo kubona Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi isubira ku “nyigisho zisobanutse neza zo mu mavanjiri.” Uwo mugabo yari muntu ki? Ni izihe nzitizi yahuye na zo muri iyo mihati?

Yaciwe intege n’uko abapadiri batari barize

Cyril Lucaris yavutse mu mwaka wa 1572, avukira mu kirwa cyari gifitwe n’abakoloni b’Abataliyani b’i Venice cyitwaga Candia (muri iki gihe ni mu mujyi wa Iráklion), i Crète. Kubera ko yari yifitiye impano yo kuba umunyabwenge, yize mu ishuri ry’i Venice n’i Padua ho mu Butaliyani, hanyuma atembera cyane muri icyo gihugu hamwe no mu bindi bihugu. Kubera ko yari yararakajwe n’ubushyamirane bwari muri kiliziya yari yariremyemo ibice, kandi akaba yari yarakuruwe n’amatsinda y’i Burayi y’abantu bashakaga ko ibintu bihinduka, ashobora kuba yarasuye umujyi wa Génève icyo gihe wari wiganjemo abayoboke ba Calvin.

Mu gihe Lucaris yari yasuye Polonye, yabonye ko Aborutodogisi baho, abapadiri kimwe n’abayoboke basanzwe, bari bari mu mimerere iteye agahinda yo mu buryo bw’umwuka bitewe n’uko batari barize. Agarutse muri Alexandrie no muri Constantinople, yatewe ubwoba no kubona ko na za platifomu—aho bajyaga basomera Ibyanditswe—zari zarakuwe muri za kiliziya zimwe na zimwe!

Mu mwaka wa 1602, Lucaris yagiye muri Alexandrie, aho yasimbuye mwene wabo, Umwepisikopi Meletios, muri iyo diyosezi. Hanyuma, yatangiye kujya yandikirana n’abahanga mu bya tewolojiya banyuranye bo mu Burayi bari bashyigikiye ko ibintu bihinduka. Muri imwe muri ayo mabaruwa, yanditse ko Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi yari yarakomeje kugendera mu bikorwa bikocamye. Mu yandi mabaruwa yatsindagirije ko byari ngombwa ko kiliziya isimbuza imiziririzo “inyigisho zisobanutse neza z’amavanjiri,” kandi ikishingikiriza ku buyobozi bw’Ibyanditswe gusa.

Nanone kandi, Lucaris yatewe ubwoba n’ukuntu inyigisho z’iby’umwuka zatangwaga n’Abakuru ba Kiliziya zafatwaga nk’aho zinganya agaciro n’amagambo ya Yesu hamwe n’ay’intumwa. Yaranditse ati “singishoboye kwihanganira kumva abantu bavuga ko amagambo ashingiye ku migenzo y’abantu afite uburemere bungana n’ubw’Ibyanditswe” (Matayo 15:6). Yongeyeho avuga ko we uko yabibonaga, gusenga ibishushanyo byari amahano. Yavuze ko kwambaza “abatagatifu” byari ugutuka Umuhuza ari we Yesu.—1 Timoteyo 2:5.

Intebe y’ubwepisikopi bukuru ku isoko

Ibyo bitekerezo, hakubitiyeho n’ukuntu Lucaris yangaga Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma, byatumye Abayezuwiti hamwe n’abandi bayoboke bo muri Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi bari bashyigikiye ibyo kwiyunga n’Abagatolika bamwanga kandi baramutoteza. N’ubwo Lucaris yarwanywaga, mu mwaka wa 1620 yatorewe kuba umwepisikopi mukuru wa Constantinople. Ifasi y’umwepisikopi mukuru wa Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi muri icyo gihe yategekwaga n’Ubwami bwa Ottoman. Ubutegetsi bwa Ottoman bwashoboraga guhita busezerera umwepisikopi mukuru maze bukemera umushya iyo bwahabwaga amafaranga.

Abanzi ba Lucaris, ahanini bari biganjemo Abayezuwiti hamwe n’abantu bari bafite ububasha bwose bahawe na papa kandi batinyitse bari bibumbiye muri Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Itorero Rishinzwe Gukora Poropagande y’Ukwizera), bakomeje kumusebya no kumugambanira. Igitabo cyitwa Kyrillos Loukaris kigira kiti “mu gushakisha uko bagera kuri uwo mugambi, Abayezuwiti bakoresheje uburyo bwose—ubucakura, guharabika, gushyeshyenga, ikirenze ibyo byose kandi, batanze ruswa, icyo gihe ikaba ari yo yari intwaro yagiraga ingaruka nziza cyane kurusha izindi kugira ngo umuntu atone ku bategetsi [ba Ottoman].” Ingaruka z’ibyo zabaye iz’uko mu mwaka wa 1622, Lucaris yaciriwe mu kirwa cya Rhodes, maze Grégoire wo muri Amasya agura uwo mwanya ku biceri by’ifeza 20.000. Icyakora, Grégoire ntiyashoboye kubona umubare w’amafaranga yari yasezeranyije, bituma Anthimus wo muri Adrianople agura uwo mwanya, ariko na we aza kuweguraho nyuma y’aho. Mu buryo butangaje, Lucaris yasubijwe ku ntebe y’ubwepisikopi bukuru.

Lucaris yiyemeje gukoresha ubwo buryo bushya yari abonye kugira ngo yigishe abakuru ba kiliziya ya Orutodogisi hamwe n’abayoboke bayo binyuriye mu gusohora ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya hamwe n’inyandiko zivuga ibya tewolojiya. Kugira ngo ibyo abigereho, yakoze gahunda zo kuzana imashini icapa i Constantinople irinzwe na ambasaderi w’Umwongereza. Ariko kandi, iyo mashini icapa imaze kuhagera muri Kamena 1627, abanzi ba Lucaris bamushinje ko ayikoresha agamije inyungu za politiki, maze amaherezo baza kuyisenya. Byabaye ngombwa ko noneho Lucaris akoresha amacapiro y’i Génève.

Ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya gikristo

Ukuntu Lucaris yubahaga Bibiliya mu buryo bukomeye hamwe n’imbaraga ifite zo kwigisha abantu, byakanguye icyifuzo yari afite cyo gutuma amagambo yayo arushaho kugera kuri rubanda rusanzwe. Yabonye ko ururimi rwakoreshejwe mu nyandiko z’umwimerere zahumetswe za Bibiliya y’Ikigiriki zandikishijwe intoki rutari rucyumvikana ku muntu usanzwe wo muri rubanda. Bityo, igitabo cya mbere Lucaris yatangiye uburenganzira, cyari ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo mu Kigiriki cyavugwaga mu gihe cye. Maximus Callipolites, akaba yari intiti yihaye Imana, yatangiye umurimo wo guhindura muri Werurwe 1629. Benshi mu Borutodogisi batekerezaga ko guhindura Ibyanditswe ari ukurengera, batitaye ku kuntu umwandiko wa kera washoboraga kubera abasomyi urujijo uramutse udahinduwe. Kugira ngo Lucaris abagushe neza, yacapishije umwandiko w’umwimerere ubangikanye n’ubuhinduzi bwo muri icyo gihe, akongeramo gusa ibisobanuro bike. Kubera ko Callipolites yapfuye hashize igihe gito atanze inyandiko ye yandikishije intoki, Lucaris ubwe ni we wisomeye impapuro zicapwe kugira ngo azikosore. Ubwo buhinduzi bwacapwe nyuma gato y’urupfu rwa Lucaris mu mwaka wa 1638.

N’ubwo Lucaris yari yarakoranye ubwitonzi, ubwo buhinduzi bwanenzwe cyane n’abepisikopi benshi. Ukuntu Lucaris yakundaga Ijambo ry’Imana byagaragariraga cyane mu iriburiro ry’ubwo buhinduzi bwa Bibiliya. Yanditse avuga ko Ibyanditswe, biri mu rurimi abantu bavuga, ari “ubutumwa bushimishije, twahawe buturutse mu ijuru.” Yagiriye abantu inama yo “kumenya ibikubiye muri [Bibiliya] byose no kubisobanukirwa neza,” kandi yavuze ko nta bundi buryo bwo kumenya ibihereranye “n’ibintu byerekeranye n’ukwizera mu buryo nyabwo ... bitanyuriye mu Ivanjiri yera yaturutse ku Mana.”—Abafilipi 1:9, 10.

Lucaris yamaganye yivuye inyuma abantu babuzaga abandi kwiga Bibiliya, kimwe n’abangaga ko umwandiko w’umwimerere uhindurwa agira ati “niba tuvuga cyangwa tugasoma tudasobanukirwa, ni nk’aho twaba turimo tujugunya amagambo yacu mu muyaga.” (Gereranya na 1 Abakorinto 14:7-9.) Mu gusoza iriburiro, yanditse agira ati “mu gihe mwese musoma iyi Vanjiri yera kandi yavuye ku Mana mu rurimi rwanyu bwite, mwicengezemo inyungu zituruka mu kuyisoma, ... kandi Imana ibamurikire mu nzira igana ku byiza.”—Imigani 4:18.

Inyandiko yiswe kwatura ukwizera

Nyuma y’aho Lucaris atangirije uwo murimo wo guhindura Bibiliya, yateye indi ntambwe igaragaza ubushizi bw’amanga. Mu mwaka wa 1629, yasohoye mu icapiro ry’i Génève inyandiko yise Kwatura Ukwizera. Yari ikubiyemo amagambo ye bwite yerekeranye n’imyizerere yiringiraga ko yari kuzemerwa na Kiliziya ya Orutodogisi. Dukurikije uko igitabo cyitwa The Orthodox Church kibivuga, iyo nyandiko Kwatura “ituma inyigisho za Orutodogisi zishingiye ku butambyi hamwe n’imiryango y’abantu babonwa ko bera zitagira ibisobanuro na mba, kandi igaragaza agahinda yaterwaga n’ibyo gusenga amashusho hamwe no kwambaza abatagatifu n’uko ari uburyo bwo gusenga ibishushanyo.”

Iyo nyandiko yiswe Kwatura igizwe n’ingingo 18. Ingingo yayo ya kabiri ivuga ko Ibyanditswe byahumetswe n’Imana kandi ko ubutware bwabyo busumba kure ubwa kiliziya. Igira iti “twemera ko Ibyanditswe Byera byatanzwe n’Imana ... Twemera ko ubutware bw’Ibyanditswe Byera busumba ubutware bwa Kiliziya. Kwigishwa n’Umwuka Wera, bitandukanye cyane no kwigishwa n’umuntu.”—2 Timoteyo 3:16.

Ingingo ya munani n’iya cumi zemeza ko Yesu Kristo wenyine ari we Muhuza, akaba Umutambyi Mukuru n’Umutware w’itorero. Lucaris yanditse agira ati “twemera ko Umwami wacu Yesu Kristo yicaye iburyo bwa Se, kandi aho ngaho akaba ari ho atuvuganira, agasohoza wenyine umurimo w’umutambyi mukuru n’umuhuza w’ukuri kandi wemewe n’amategeko.”—Matayo 23:10.

Ingingo ya 12 ivuga ko kiliziya ishobora guta umurongo, ikibeshya yibwira ko ikinyoma ari ukuri, ariko umucyo w’umwuka wera ushobora kuyitabara binyuriye mu mihati y’abakozi bizerwa. Mu ngingo ya 18, Lucaris yemeza ko Purigatori ari ikintu abantu bapfuye kwitekerereza gusa: “biragaragara ko inyigisho y’impimbano ya purigatori itagomba kwemerwa.”

Umugereka w’iyo nyandiko yiswe Kwatura urimo ibibazo byinshi hamwe n’ibisubizo byabyo. Muri uwo mugereka, mbere na mbere Lucaris atsindagiriza ko Ibyanditswe bigomba gusomwa na buri wese mu bayoboke ba kiliziya bizerwa, kandi ko byateza akaga Umukristo ananiwe gusoma Ijambo ry’Imana. Hanyuma yongeyeho avuga ko ibitabo bitari ku Rutonde rw’Ibitabo bya Bibiliya bihuje n’ukuri bigomba gucibwa.—Ibyahishuwe 22:18, 19.

Ikibazo cya kane kirabaza kiti “ni gute twagombye kubona ibihereranye n’amashusho?” Lucaris asubiza agira ati “twigishwa n’Ibyanditswe Byera kandi byavuye ku Mana, bivuga byeruye biti ‘ntukiremere igishushanyo kibajwe, cyangwa igisa n’ishusho yose iri hejuru mu ijuru, cyangwa hasi ku butaka, cyangwa mu mazi yo hepfo y’ubutaka: ntukabyikubite imbere, ntukabikorere: [Kuva 20:4, 5]’ ubwo ntitugomba gusenga ibyaremwe, ahubwo tugomba gusenga Umuremyi wenyine akaba ari na we waremye ijuru n’isi, kandi ni We wenyine tugomba kwikubita imbere. . . . Gusenga [amashusho] no kuyikubita imbere, kubera ko bibujijwe . . . mu Byanditswe Byera, turabyamaganye, naho ubundi wasanga twibagirwa maze aho gusenga Umuremyi akaba ari na we waremye ibintu byose, tugasenga amabara, n’ubugeni n’ibiremwa.”—Ibyakozwe 17:29.

N’ubwo Lucaris atashoboye gusobanukirwa mu buryo bwuzuye ibintu byose byarimo amakosa muri icyo gihe cy’umwijima wo mu buryo bw’umwuka yari arimo,a yashyizeho imihati ikwiriye gushimirwa kugira ngo atume inyigisho za kiliziya zishingira kuri Bibiliya kandi yigishe abantu inyigisho zayo.

Lucaris akimara gusohora inyandiko ye yise Kwatura, yahise ahura n’inkubi nshya yo kurwanywa. Mu mwaka wa 1633, Cyril Contari, akaba yari umwepisikopi w’intara ya Beroea (ubu hitwa Aleppo), akaba yari asanzwe ari umwanzi wa bwite wa Lucaris kandi wari ushyigikiwe n’Abayezuwiti, yagerageje kugura n’abategetsi ba Ottoman intebe y’ubwepisikopi bukuru. Ariko kandi, uwo mugambi warapfubye igihe Contari yananirwaga kwishyura amafaranga. Lucaris yagumye kuri uwo mwanya. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, Athanasius wo muri Thessalonica yishyuye ibiceri by’ifeza 60.000 kugira ngo abone uwo mwanya. Lucaris yongeye gusezererwa. Ariko mu gihe cy’ukwezi kumwe, yongeye guhamagarwa asubizwa ku mwanya we. Icyo gihe ariko, Cyril Contari yari yarashoboye kubona ibiceri by’ifeza 50.000. Icyo gihe noneho, Lucaris yaciriwe mu kirwa cya Rhodes. Nyuma y’amezi atandatu, incuti ze zashoboye kumugura asubizwa ku mwanya we.

Icyakora, mu mwaka wa 1638 Abayezuwiti bafatanyije n’amashumi yabo y’Aborutodogisi bashinje Lucaris ubugambanyi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru, bamushinja ko ashaka guhirika Ubwami bwa Ottoman. Icyo gihe bwo, umwami yategetse ko yicwa. Lucaris yarafashwe, maze ku itariki ya 27 Nyakanga 1638 ashyirwa mu bwato buto nk’aho bari bagiye kumucira mu kirwa runaka. Ubwato bukigera mu mazi, baramunize baramuhorahoza. Umurambo we wahambwe hafi y’inkombe, hanyuma uza gutabururwa ujugunywa mu nyanja. Waje kuzabonwa n’abarobyi maze nyuma y’aho uhambwa n’incuti ze.

Isomo kuri twe

Intiti imwe yagize iti “nta wagombye kwirengagiza ko imwe mu ntego z’ibanze za [Lucaris] yari iyo kwigisha no kuzamura intera y’amashuri y’abapadiri be hamwe n’umukumbi, mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu no mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya cumi na karindwi ikaba yari yaramanutse mu buryo bukabije.” Hari inzitizi nyinshi zabujije Lucaris kugera ku ntego ye. Yavanywe ku ntebe y’umwepisikopi mukuru incuro eshanu zose. Hashize imyaka 34 nyuma y’urupfu rwe, sinodi yabereye i Yerusalemu yavumye imyizerere ye ivuga ko ari ubuhakanyi. Batangaje ko Ibyanditswe “bitagomba gusomwa n’umuntu ubonetse wese, ahubwo ko bigomba gusomwa gusa n’abantu bacukumbura ibintu byimbitse by’umwuka bamaze gukora ubushakashatsi bukwiriye”—ubwo ni ukuvuga abakuru ba kiliziya bitwa ko baminuje.

Nanone, itsinda ry’abakuru ba kiliziya bayiyoboraga barwanyije imihati yose yari igamije gutuma Ijambo ry’Imana rigera ku mukumbi wabo. Bacecekesheje babigiranye urugomo ijwi ryabagaragarizaga amwe mu makosa yari mu myizerere yabo idashingiye kuri Bibiliya. Bagaragaye ko bari mu murongo w’abanzi babi cyane kurusha abandi b’umudendezo wo mu rwego rw’idini hamwe n’ukuri. Ikibabaje ariko, ni uko mu buryo bunyuranye iyo ari imyifatire na n’ubu ikomeza kugenda igaragara. Ni ikintu gikomeye kitwibutsa uko bigenda iyo ubutiriganya bukuruwe n’abakuru ba kiliziya butambamiye umudendezo wo gutekereza no kuvuga icyo umuntu ashatse.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Lucaris yashyizeho imihati ikwiriye gushimirwa kugira ngo atume inyigisho za kiliziya zishingira kuri Bibiliya kandi yigishe abantu inyigisho zayo

[Agasanduku/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 28]

Lucaris n’Igitabo Cyandikishijwe Intoki Cyitwa Codex Alexandrinus

Kimwe mu birezi bitatse inzu y’ibitabo yitwa British Library, ni igitabo cyitwa Codex Alexandrinus, kikaba ari inyandiko ya Bibiliya yandikishijwe intoki yo mu kinyejana cya gatanu I.C. Mu mpapuro zacyo z’umwimerere zishobora kuba zarageraga kuri 820, 773 na n’ubu ziracyariho.

Igihe Lucaris yari umwepisikopi mukuru wa Alexandria ho mu Misiri, yari afite ibitabo byinshi cyane. Igihe yabaga umwepisikopi mukuru i Constantinople, yajyanye igitabo Codex Alexandrinus. Mu mwaka wa 1624 yagihaye ambasaderi w’u Bwongereza muri Turukiya ho impano yari kuzashyikiriza Umwami w’Ubwongereza James wa I. Icyo gitabo cyaje guhabwa uwamusimbuye, ari we Charles I, hashize imyaka itatu nyuma y’aho.

Mu mwaka wa 1757, Inzu y’Umwami yarimo Ububiko bw’Ibitabo by’i Bwami yeguriwe igihugu cy’u Bwongereza, none icyo gitabo cyiza cyane cyandikishijwe intoki ubu kimuritswe mu gice cyitwa John Ritblat Gallery kiri mu nzu nshya yitwa British Library.

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Gewerbehalle, Vol. 10

Byavuye mu gitabo cyitwa The Codex Alexandrinus in Reduced Photographic Facsimile, 1909

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26 yavuye]

Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève