Kumuka Nokuwa Kwenyika Yezvokutengeserana

Pachisakiso Chenhamo Dzemari

MAMWE masangano orudzidziso nezvamatongerwe enyika enzanga yavanhu anorondwa kusvikira kumazuva aNimrodhi, uyo zviuru zvamakore akapfuura akavaka Bhabhironi. Ikoku ndokwechokwadiwo, kunyange zvimwe kusingasanozivikanwa, nezvamamwe masangano munyika yebhizimisi nokutengeserana.—Genesi 10:8-12.

Musiki worudzi rwomunhu, Uyo anosarudza nomutoo wakarurama mipimo nokuda kwechakanaka nechakashata, aigona zviri nyore kuita gadziriro yemari inokwanisa kugovera nomutoo wokusasarura zvinodikanwa zvemhuri huru yavanhu yaairangarira. Asi apo vaviri vokutanga vakangoramba nhungamiro youmwari uye vakadzingwa muParadhiso, vanhu vakanga vava kuzvimirira. (Genesi 3:1-24) Nomutoo wokuzvimirira vasina nhungamiro youmwari, vanhu nomutoo unotevedzana vakaita chiratidzo chavo vamene chorudzidziso norudzi rwavo vamene rwehurumende. Uye nokukurumidza apo kwakava kuri pachena kuti gadziriro yakati yokutarisirwa kwemba yakanga iri madikanwa kuti igovere zvinodikanwa zvokunyama nokuda kwemhuri yavo inofutunuka, vakatanga kuvamba icho tinoti gadziriro yoruzivo rwemari. Ikoku nenzira yakafanana vakakuita nomutoo wokuzvimirira vasina nhungamiro youmwari.

Sezviri pachena pakuzosvika panguva yaNimrodhi (c. 2270 P.N.V.), hwaro hwegadziriro yakadaro hwakanga hwatsiga zvikuru. The Collins Atlas of World History rinotsanangura kuti “kubvira mumireniyumu yechitatu zvichienda mberi Mesopotamia [Bhabhironi] yakatanga masangano ane simba avanamuzvinabhizimisi. Vaiunganidza zvinhu, vairangarira, vaishandisa marudzi akasiana-siana ezvinhu semari, uye vaishandisa maingot, zvikurukuru sirivha, yakavezwa kuva muuremu nemwero wakati kuti uye padzimwe nguva ane zviratidzo zvechiremera.” The Encyclopedia Americana rinotaura kuti vagari vekare veShinari—zita rapakuvamba reiro rakazotumidzwa gare gare kuti Bhabhironi—vaipfuurira kuita “gadziriro inoshamisa yakaoma kunzwisisa yokukweretesa, kubwereka, kuchengeta mari yedhipoziti, uye kugovera matsamba echikwereti.”

Sezvinooneka muitiro wechienzi kuMesopotamia wakanga uri uya wokushandisa mari sechinhu uye kuchaja mhindu nokuda kwokushandiswa kwayo. Nokudaro, mari yakava mutoo wokushandisa dzvinyiriro yemari. Zvinyorwa zvakafukunyurwa mumatongo eBhabhironi zvinozivisa bvumirano dzebhizimisi dzaishandisa migariro yakaipa yavamwe vavagari vemo vayo. Kunyange ipapo, muitiro wazvino uno wokuwana mhindu nomutoo usakarurama pandyiko yavamwe wakanga wagamuchirwa. Hakushamisi kuti vanamuzvinashavo veBhabhironi neNinevhe vaiwanzotaurwa nezvavo noruvengo noruzvidzo.

Mibato yokutengeserana muzuva raNimrodhi hainongedzerwi nomutoo wakananga muBhaibheri. Bva, kutaura kunowanwa mubhuku raro rokutanga, kwakadai so“kutenga,” “kutengesa,” uye “kupfuurira kuita bhizimisi,” kunoratidzira kuti zvimwe makore ana mazana mashomanene gare gare, mibato yokutengeserana yaizivikanwa navose.—Ona Genesi 25:31; 34:10, 21; 39:1; 41:56, 57.

Ndokwechokwadiwo kuti kwenhambo refu yenguva, magwaro ecuneiform haarevi chinhu pamusoro pemibato yokutengeserana munzanga yeBhabhironi. Richibvuma kuti ikoku kwakaoma kutsanangura, bhuku rinonzi Ancient Mesopotamia zvisinei rinogumisa kuti “munhu haangagoni kuzvifungira kuti wirirano dzokushava dzakaguma mumireniyumu iyeyo, zvikurukuru sezvo dzichizivikanwa kuva dzakatekeshera zvikurusa munhambo yakatevera.” Iri basa rinokarakadza kuti panguva iyeyo kushava kungave kwave kuri zvikurukuru mumaoko avaAramaic uye kuti mapepa enhokwe nechikumba aishandiswa sezvokunyorera.

Dzose dziri mbiri Mesopotamia neEgipita dzakanga dzakakurumbira nokuda kwokushava kwadzo kweboka ravanamuzvinashavo vanofamba rwendo rwokundoshambadza. Gare gare, kutambanuko huru, vaPhoenicia vakatsiva kushava kwapanyika nokutengeserana nenzendo dzapagungwa. Zviteshi zvapagungwa zveCarthage, Tire, uye Sidhoni zvakava nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzokutengeserana. Kushava kwakanga kuchiitwa pahwaro hwezvinhu zvinotsinhanhiswa nezvinhu kutozosvikira munenge muzana ramakore rechisere P.N.V., apo vaGiriki vakavamba kushandisa mari yesimbi somutoo wetsinhanho. Uye mukuwirirana neThe Collins Atlas of World History, “mazana amakore akatevera [500 P.N.V.] akaratidzirwa zvikuru nechinoitika chokushava, mari, mabhangi, chokufambisa, zvokuti vezvenhau vanoverengeka vakavaenzanisira nezera ravanamuzvinamari yokuita bhizimisi, mufungo unonzwisisika kana ukakatutsirwa.”

Chaizvoizvo, kubvira pakuvamba zvichienda mberi, gadziriro dzemari dzave dzakavakirwa pamari. Nepo kushandiswa kwayo kwakafanira kuchibvumirwa naMwari, kushandiswa kwayo zvisina kufanira hakusati. (Muparidzi 7:12; Ruka 16:1-9) Chishuvo chisina mwero chokuva nemari chakaparira vanhu kushatsa ruramisiro, kuchera shamwari, kurevera zvokwadi nhema, uye kunyange kuponda. Zvisinei, cherekedza kuti iyoyi haisati iri mhaka yemari imene asi yomurangariro wamakaro wavanhu vanoitsvaka. Zvisinei, hakusati kuchitongova kukatutsira kutaura kuti ‘mari inobetsera kuita kuti nyika irambe ichishanda,’ kana kuti yave ichiita kudaro mumhatsa yezvimiro kwezviuru zvamakore.—Ona bhokisi, peji 7.

Nokudaro, mukati mamazana amakore apamberi pechiKristu hwaro hwakavanzarikwa nokuda kwamativi mazhinji okutengeserana neemari atakarovedzana nawo nhasi. Asi pasinei hapo nenhau yayo refu, nyika yokutengeserana yave isingakwanisi kuita gadziriro yemirairidzo yemari inokwanisa kudzivisa funganyo. Bva hatidikanirwi hedu kupererwa nezano rose. Mugumo wenhamo dzemari uri kuoneka. Muzvinyorwa zvedu zvishanu zvinotevera, tichatsanangurazve.

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 8]

Chishuvo chisina mwero chemari chakaparira vanhu kushatsa ruramisiro, kuchera shamwari, kurevera zvokwadi nhema, uye kunyange kuponda

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Kubva Kumunyu Kuenda Kupurasitiki

Munyu:

Migove yomunyu yaigoverwa varwi veRoma, asi iyi migove gare gare yakatsiviwa nemari, kana kuti salarium. (Pecus) yezvipfuyo yaiva mutoo wokutsinhanha nawo muRoma yekare. Mashoko echingezi okuti “salary” (mubhadharo) uye “pecuniary” (muripo) anotorwa kubva muna aya mashoko echiLatin.

Simbi:

MuMesopotamia (zana ramakore rechi 18 kusvikira kune rechi 16 P.N.V.), sirivha yakanga ichishandiswa nguva dzose mubvumirano dzebhizimisi. MuEgipita yekare, ndarira, sirivha, uye ndarama zvaishandiswa. Mukati medzinza roumambo raMing weChina (1368-1644 N.V.), purofesa wenhau weChina Hans Bielenstein anonyora, kuti “ndarira yakaramba iri mwero nokuda kwamapoka akaderera [emari], nepo sirivha nomutoo unowedzera yakapinda mukushandiswa nokuda kwaakakwirira zvikuru.”

Mari:

Madenderedzwa ouremu noukoshi, anoumbwa nomuvhenganiswa wendarama nesirivha unozivikanwa seelectrum, aibudiswa navaLydia veAnatolia mukati mezana ramakore rechinomwe P.N.V. uye zvimwe akanga ari mari chaiyoiyo yokutanga; rinenge zana ramakore gare gare, kugadzirwa kwemari kwakatanga muGirisi.

Pepa:

Mari yokutanga yepepa yakaoneka muna 1024 muChina, apo futunuko yokutengeserana isingaenzanisirwi yakaparira perevedzo yemari yesimbi. Professor Bielenstein anoti: “Kuedza inonzi Mari Inobhururuka kwakanga kwaitwa pakuvamba somuna 811, munguva dzaT’ang. Hurumende ipapo yakanga yabudisa mamoney draft aigona kushandiswa mubvumirano uye pakupedzisira aichinjaniswa nemari.” Kutanga neEngland muna 1821, marudzi mazhinji akagamuchira mwero wendarama, kureva kuti vagari vemo panguva ipi neipi vaigona kuchinja mari yepepa kuva ndarama chaiyo inochengetwa mudura nehurumende dzavo. Zvisinei, chifo chokusiya mwero wendarama hurumende nhasi dzinongozivisa bedzi mari yadzo kuva youkoshi, pasina kuva nechinhu chipi nechipi chaichoicho chokuitsigira.

Macheki:

Atangwa namabhangi eEngland mukati mezana ramakore rechi 17, macheki maodha akanyorwa nokuda kwokubhadharwa kwemari kupfurikidza nebhangi; uyu mutoo webhizimisi, uchiva zvose zviri zviviri wakakotsekana nowakakodzera, wakava unogamuchirwa zvikuru nowakapararira.

Purasitiki:

Makadhi echikwereti, anonzi mari yepurasitiki navamwe, akatangwa muUnited States muma 1920 uye nokukurumidza akatapa fariro yavanhu munyika yose. Zvisinei, betsero neyamuro yaanopa zvinoderedzwa nengozi dzokutenga kwokutoreka mwoyo nedzokurarama nemitoo inopfuura yaunokwanisa.