Nhenda Muzana Remakore Rechi20

BLACK DEATH yeEurope yomuzana remakore rechi14 haina kutungamirira kumugumo wenyika, seizvo vakawanda vakanga vachifanotaura. Asi zvakadini nenguva yedu? Ko mirakatira nehosha zvomuzuva redu zvinokarakadza kuti tiri kurarama muanodaidzwa neBhaibheri kuti “mazuva okupedzisira” here?—2 Timotio 3:1.

‘Chokwadika kwete,’ ungafunga kudaro. Kufambira mberi mune zvokurapa nesayenzi kwakaita zvakawanda kutibatsira kunzwisisa nokurwisa hosha zvino kupfuura imwe nguva ipi neipi munhau yomunhu. Vasayendisiti vezvokurapa vakagadzira mishonga yakasiyana-siyana nenhomba—zvombo zvine simba zvinorwisa hosha noutachiona hunodziparira. Kuvandudzwa kwokutarisira kwezvipatara pamwe chete nokuiswa mushonga kwemvura, kuraswa kwetsvina, uye kugadzirwa kwezvokudya zvakabatsirawo muhondo yokurwisa hosha dzinotapukira.

Makumi mashomanene emakore apfuura, vakawanda vakafunga kuti hondo yacho yakanga yava kutopera. Chibhokisi chakanga chapedzwa, uye ngwariro yakaiswa padzimwe hosha kuti dzigopedzwa. Mirimo yakakunda nenzira inobudirira zvirwere zvisingaverengeki. Nyanzvi dzezvoutano dzakakarira nguva yemberi nechivimbo. Hosha dzinotapukira dzaizokurirwa; rukundo rwaizotevera rukundo. Sayenzi yezvokurapa yaizokurira.

Asi haina kukurira. Nhasi hosha inotapukira inoramba iri chinoparira rufu chikurusa munyika, ichiuraya vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 50 muna 1996 moga. Chivimbo chomunguva yakapfuura chiri kutsiviwa nokuitira hanya nguva yemberi kuri kukura. The World Health Report 1996, yakaitwa neWorld Health Organization (WHO), inonyevera kuti: “Kubudirira kukuru kwakaitwa mumakumi emakore achangobva kupfuura pamusoro pokuvandudza utano hwevanhu zvino kwava mungozi. Takamira pedyo zvikurusa nenhamo yenyika yose yezvirwere zvinotapukira. Hapana nyika yakachengeteka.”

Hosha Dzekare Dzinova Dzinouraya Zvikuru

Chimwe chikonzero chokuitira hanya ndechokuti hosha dzinozivikanwa zvikuru, dzakamborangarirwa sedzakurirwa, dzava kudzoka dziri muzvimiro zvinouraya zvikuru uye zvakaoma zvikuru kurapa. Muenzaniso itibhii, hosha yakamborangarirwa seyakundwa munyika yakabudirira. Asi tibhii haina kunyangarika; zvino inouraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni matatu pagore. Kana mitoo yokudzivirira ikasavandudzwa, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 90 vanokarirwa kubata hosha yacho mukati mema1990. Tibhii isingarapike iri kupararira munyika dzakawanda.

Mumwe muenzaniso wehosha iri kutangazve imarariya. Makore makumi mana apfuura vanachiremba vaive nekariro yokupedza marariya nokukurumidza. Nhasi hosha yacho inouraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni maviri gore riri rose. Marariya inowanika bedzi munzvimbo dzakati, kana kuti inogara iriko, munyika dzinopfuura 90 uye inotyisidzira 40 muzana yevagari venyika. Umhutu hunotakura utachiona hwemarariya hahuchafi nemishonga yezvipembenene, uye utachiona hwacho pachahwo hwazova husingafi nemirimo zvokuti vanachiremba vanotya kuti mamwe marudzi emarariya nokukurumidza achave asingarapike.

Hosha Nourombo

Dzimwe hosha dzinouraya noutsinye pasinei zvapo nokuvapo kwezvombo zvinoshanda zvokudzirwisa. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, meningitis yomusana. Pane nhomba dzokudzivirira meningitis uye mirimo yokuirapa. Kunyanya kwehosha iyi kwakavamba kamwe kamwe muAfrica yokumaodzanyemba kweSahara mumavambo a1996. Ungangove wakanzwa zvishomanene pamusoro payo; bva, yakauraya vanhu vanopfuura 15 000—zvikurukuru varombo, zvikurukuru vana.

Hosha dzechubhu dzokufema nadzo dzakabatana nemapapu, kubatanidza mabayo, dzinouraya vanhu vane mamiriyoni mana gore rimwe nerimwe, vazhinjisa vavo vana. Gwirikwiti rinouraya vana vane miriyoni imwe pagore, uye chikosoro chorutakatira vamwe vane 355 000. Dzakawanda dzenzufu idzi dzaigonawo kudzivirirwa nenhomba dzisingadhuri.

Vana vane zviuru zvinenge zvisere vanofa zuva rimwe nerimwe nokupera mvura mumuviri kunoparirwa namanyoka. Dzinenge nzufu dzose idzodzi dzaigona kudziviswa kupfurikidza nokurasa tsvina kwakanaka kana kuti mvura yakachena yokunwa kana kuti kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwemvura ine munyu neshuga.

Zhinjisa dzenzufu idzodzi dzinoitika munyika dzichiri kusimukira, umo urombo hwakawanda. Vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 800—chikamu chakati kurei chevagari venyika—havagoni kutarisira utano. The World Health Report 1995 yakati: “Muurayi mukurusa wenyika nomupariri mukurusa woutano husina kunaka nokutambura kupote pasi rose anoiswa kunenge kwokupedzisira kweInternational Classification of Diseases. Anopiwa chiratidzo chinoti Z59.5—urombo hwakaipisisa.”

Hosha Dzichangozivikanwa

Dzimwezve hosha itsva, dzakazivikanwa zvakangodaro, munguva pfupi bedzi yapfuura. WHO yakataura munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti: “Mukati memakore 20 apfuura, hosha itsva dzinopfuura 30 dzakaoneka uye kuti dzinotyisidzira utano hwemazana emamiriyoni evanhu. Zhinjisa dzeidzi hosha hadzina mushonga, hadzirapike kana kuti hadzibayirwi nhomba uye kubvira kwokudzidzivirira kana kuti kudzidzora kwakaganhurirwa.”

Rangarira, somuenzaniso, HIV neAIDS. Dzaisazivikanwa makore anenge 15 bedzi apfuura, zvino dzinotambudza vanhu mukondinendi iri yose. Pari zvino, vakuru vanenge mamiriyoni 20 vakatapurwa neHIV, uye vanopfuura mamiriyoni 4,5 vane AIDS. Maererano neHuman Development Report 1996, AIDS zvino ndichinoparira rufu chikurusa nokuda kwevakuru vari pasi pemakore 45 okukura muEurope neNorth America. Munyika yose, vanhu vanenge 6 000 vanotapurwa zuva rimwe nerimwe—mumwe chete masekondi 15 ari ose. Fungidziro dzomunguva yemberi dzinokarakadza kuti chiverengero chevane AIDS chichapfuurira kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Panosvika gore ra2010, nduramo youpenyu mumarudzi eAfrica neeAsia ayo akatapurwa zvikurusa neAIDS inokarirwa kuderera kusvika kumakore 25, maererano nerimwe sangano reUnited States.

Ko AIDS ndiyo hosha yechienzi, yoga yakadaro here, kana kuti mirakatira yedzimwe hosha ingagona kutanga ichiparira nhamo yakafanana kana kuti yakatoipa zvikuru? WHO inopindura kuti: “Pasina mubvunzo, hosha dzisati dzava kuzivikanwa asi dzingangova AIDS yamangwana dzichatanga.”

Zvinhu Zvinotsigira Utachiona

Nei nyanzvi dzoutano dzichinetseka pamusoro pemirakatira yomunguva yemberi? Chimwe chikonzero kukura kwemaguta. Zana remakore rapfuura, inenge 15 muzana bedzi yevagari venyika yaigara mumaguta. Kufanofungidzira, zvisinei, kunoratidza kuti panosvika gore ra2010, inopfuura hafu yevagari venyika ichagara mumaguta, kunyanya mumaguta makurusa enyika dzisina kunyatsosimukira.

Utachiona hunotapukira hunoda mumaguta ane vanhu vanogara pamwe chete vakawanda. Kana guta rine dzimba dzakanaka pamwe chete nokuraswa kwetsvina kwakanaka nepombi dzemvura uye kutarisirwa kwoutano kwakanaka, ngozi yenhenda inoderedzwa. Asi maguta ari kukura nokukurumidza zvikurusa ndiwo ari munyika dzine urombo. Mamwe maguta ane chimbudzi chimwe chete chevanhu 750 kana kuti vanopfuura. Maguta akawanda haanawo dzimba dzakanaka nemvura yakachena yokunwa pamwe chete nezvipatara. Uko mazana ezviuru evanhu anogara akatsvikinyidzana pamwe chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ane tsvina, kubvira kwokuparadzirwa kwehosha kunowedzerwa zvikuru.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti mirakatira yomunguva yemberi ichaganhurirwa kumaguta makuru ane vanhu vakawandisa, ane urombo here? Magazini yeArchives of Internal Medicine inopindura kuti: “Tinofanira kunzwisisa zvirokwazvo kuti nharaunda dzine urombo zvikuru, mamiriro ezvemari asina tariro, uye migumisiro yazvo zvinogovera minda yakaorera zvikurusa yokudyara hosha ndokushayisa zano sayenzi yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu yorudzi rwose rwomunhu rwasara.”

Hazvisi nyore kuti hosha irambe iri munzvimbo imwe chete. Zviverengero zvikuru zvevanhu zvinofamba-famba. Zuva rimwe nerimwe vanhu vanenge miriyoni imwe vanopfuura miganhu yenyika dzakawanda. Vhiki imwe neimwe miriyoni imwe inofamba pakati penyika dzakapfuma nedzine urombo. Sezvo vanhu vanofamba, utachiona hunouraya hunofamba pamwe navo. The Journal of the American Medical Association inoti: “Kutanga kamwe kamwe kwehosha kupi kana kupi zvino kunofanira kurangarirwa sengozi kunyika zhinjisa, uye zvikurukuru idzo dzinoshanda senzvimbo huru dzinoshanyirwa nemarudzi akawanda.”

Nokudaro, pasinei zvapo nokufambira mberi mune zvokurapa kwezana remakore rechi20, nhenda dzinopfuurira kuuraya vanhu vakawanda, uye vakawanda vanotya kuti zvakaipisisa zviri kuuya. Asi Bhaibheri rinotii pamusoro penguva yemberi?

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 4]

Hosha dzinotapukira dzinoramba dziri chinoparira rufu chokutanga munyika, dzichiuraya vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 50 muna 1996 moga

[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]

Kuramba Kurapwa Nemishonga

Hosha zhinji dzinotapukira dzava kunetsa zvikuru kurapa nemhaka yokuti dzava kuramba kurapika nomushonga. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika: Apo utachiona hunotapura munhu, hunoramba huchiberekana, huchipfuudza mavara ahwo anogarwa nhaka kuvana vahwo. Nokuberekwa kwoutachiona humwe nohumwe hutsva pane bviro yokuchinja—kukanganisika kuduku mukukopa mavara anogarwa nhaka izvo zvichapa utachiona hutsva chitarisiko chitsva. Kubvira kwokuti utachiona huchachinja munzira ichahuita kuti husafe nomushonga kudiki zvikuru kwazvo. Asi utachiona hunoberekana mumabhiriyoni, pane dzimwe nguva huchiita zvizvarwa zvitatu muawa imwe chete. Nokudaro, zvisingabviri zvinoitika—apo neapo, utachiona hunovapo hwakaoma kuuraya nomushonga.

Naizvozvo apo munhu ane chirwere anonwa mushonga, utachiona hunofa nomushonga hunoparadzwa, uye munhu wacho zvichida anonzwa zviri nani. Zvisinei, utachiona husingafi nomushonga hunopukunyuka. Asi zvino hahuchafaniri kukwikwidza nokuda kwezvokudya nenzvimbo nohumwe utachiona. Hwakasununguka kubereka pasina chinorambidza. Sezvo utachiona humwe chete huchigona kuita utachiona hunopfuura mamiriyoni 16 mukati mezuva rimwe chete, hazvitori nguva munhu asati arwarazve. Zvino, zvisinei, ane rudzi rwoutachiona rwusingafi nomushonga waifanira kuhuuraya. Utachiona uhu hunogonawo kutapukira kune vamwe vanhu uye pashure penguva yakati hunochinja zvakare huchiva husingafi nemimwe mishonga.

Chimwe chikamu chemagazini yeArchives of Internal Medicine chinoti: “Kukurumidza kuberekana kwemabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, fangasi, uye utachiona zvisingaurawi nemitoo yezvokurapa yazvino uno kunoita kuti munhu asashamisike kuti achakundikana, asi kuti ndirini apo iye achadaro muhondo iyi yomunhu noutachiona.”—Kutsveyamisa mashoko ndokwedu.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 7]

Dzimwe Hosha Itsva Dzinotapukira Chibviro Cha1976

1976 Hosha yeLegionnaire United States

1976 Cryptosporidiosis United States

1976 Ebola hemorrhagic fever Zaire

1977 Hantaan virus Korea

1980 Hepatitis D (Delta) Italy

1980 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 Japan

1981 AIDS United States

1982 E. coli O157:H7 United States

1986 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy* United Kingdom

1988 Salmonella enteritidis PT4 United Kingdom

1989 Hepatitis C United States

1991 Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Venezuela

1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 India

1994 Brazilian hemorrhagic fever Brazil

1994 Human and equine morbillivirus Australia

*Mhuka bedzi.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kwazvakabva: WHO

[Bhokisi riri papeji 8]

Hosha Dzakare Dziri Kudzoka

Tibhii: Vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 30 vanokarirwa kufa netibhii mukati megumi rino remakore. Nemhaka yokurapwa kusina kukwana kwehosha yacho munguva yakapfuura, tibhii isingarapike nemirimo zvino yava kutyisidzira nyika yose. Mamwe marudzi outachiona zvino haachatapurwi nemirimo yaichimboauraya isingakundikani.

Marariya: Hosha iyi inotambudza vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 500 gore negore, ichiuraya mamiriyoni maviri. Kudzora kwakapinganidzwa nokushayikwa kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kururama kwemirimo. Somugumisiro, utachiona hwemarariya hahuchafi nemirimo yaichimbohuuraya. Chinoomesa chinetso chacho umhutu husingafi nemishonga yezvipembenene.

Cholera: Cholera inouraya vanhu vane 120 000 pagore, zvikurukuru muAfrica, umo mirakatira yazova yakapararira zvikuru uye inowanika kakawanda. Yaisazivikanwa muSouth America kwemakumi emakore, cholera yakarovanya Peru muna 1991 uye kubva panguvayo yave ichipararira mukondinendi yacho yose.

Dengue: Vhairasi iyi inotakurwa noumhutu inotambudza vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 20 gore rimwe nerimwe. Mukati ma1995 murakatira wakaipisisa wedengue muLatin America uye muCaribbean mumakore 15 wakarovanya nyika dzinopfuura 14 imomo. Mirakatira yedengue iri kuwedzera nemhaka yemaguta anoramba achikura, kupararira kweumhutu hunotakura dengue, uye kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda vane chirwere chacho.

Diphtheria: Zvirongwa zvokubaya nhomba vanhu vakawanda zvakatanga makore 50 apfuura zvakaita kuti hosha iyi ive isingawanzowaniki munyika dzemaindasitiri. Kubvira muna 1990, zvisinei, mirakatira yediphtheria yakavapo zvokusadzoreka munyika 15 muEastern Europe uye muyaichimbova Soviet Union. Kusvika kumunhu mumwe muvana vamwe navamwe akabata hosha yacho akafa. Mukati mehafu yokutanga ya1995, vanhu vane hosha yacho vanenge 25 000 vakashumwa.

Bubonic plague: Mukati ma1995, vanhu vanenge 1 400 vane denda vakashumwa kuWorld Health Organization (WHO). MuUnited States nokune dzimwe nzvimbo, hosha yacho yakapararira kunzvimbo dzakanga dzisina denda racho kwemakumi emakore. Kwazvakabva: WHO

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Pasinei zvapo nokuvandudzika mukutarisira utano, sayenzi yezvokurapa haina kukwanisa kumisa kupararira kwehosha dzinotapukira

[Kwazvakatorwa]

WHO photo by J. Abcede

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Hosha dzinopararira nyore apo vanhu vanogara vakatsvikinyidzana pamwe chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ane tsvina

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 800 munyika ichiri kusimukira havagoni kutarisirwa utano