Zvinodhaka—Zvinoshandiswa Navanaani?

NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUSOUTH AFRICA

“MUNHU wose anoshandisa zvinodhaka.” Mashoko aya akajairika angashandiswa kutokonya pfungwa yomunhu asati ashandisa zvinodhaka kuda kuedza kushandisa zviya zvinorambidzwa. Asi zvichitsamira pakuti tinorondedzera sei “zvinodhaka,” mashoko aya ane chokwadi chakati.

Shoko rokuti “chinodhaka” rinorondedzerwa: se“Chinhu chose chinongonzi kemikari, chingave chakasikwa kana kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa, chingashandiswa kumbochinja pfungwa, unhu, kana kuti mafungiro.” Iyi rondedzero inonyanya kushanda pazvinodhaka zviya zvinonzi zvinovhiringidza pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo isingatauri nezvemishonga yakawanda yokurapisa zvirwere.

Maererano nerondedzero iyoyo, doro rinonziwo chinodhaka. Ngozi yacho inozouya parinoshandiswa zvokudarikidza, zvitori pachena kuti ndizvo zviri kunyanya kuitika. Ongororo yakaitwa mumakoreji uye mumayunivhesiti mune imwe nyika yokuMadokero yakaratidza kuti “kunwira kudhakwa ndicho chinetso chikuru chezvinodhaka chinowanika pavadzidzi vepakoreji.” Ongororo yacho yakaratidza kuti 44 muzana yevadzidzi vainwira kudhakwa.a

Kufanana nedoro, fodya inowanika zviri pamutemo, kunyange zvayo iine muchetura une simba, chikakananda (nicotine). Maererano neWorld Health Organization [Sangano Routano Repasi Pose], kuputa kunouraya vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mana pagore. Asi vanotengesa fodya vakapfuma, inhengo dzinoremekedzwa munzanga. Kuputa midzanga kunopindawo muropa kwazvo, zvichida kutopfuura nokure zvinoita kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinodhaka zvakawanda zvinorambidzwa.

Mumakore achangopfuura nyika dzakawanda dzakarambidza kushambadzirwa kwefodya uye kuderedza kuishandisa. Asi vanhu vakawanda vachiri kuona kuputa sekwakakodzera munzanga. Kuputa kuri kupfuurira kuratidzwa sokunoshamisira nevanobudisa mafirimu. Ongororo yakaitwa neYunivhesiti yokuCalifornia muSan Francisco pamafirimu akaita mazakwatira emari mumakore ari pakati pa1991 na1996 yakawana kuti 80 muzana yevarume vaiva vatambi vakuru vaiputa.

Zvakadini Nezvinodhaka “Zvisingakuvadzi”?

Zvechokwadi mishonga inoshandiswa kurapa yakabatsira vakawanda, asi ingashandiswa zvisina kufanira. Dzimwe nguva zviri nyore kuti vanachiremba varayire kushandisa mishonga yakati, kana kumanikidzwa nevarwere vanoda kupiwa mishonga isingakodzeri. Mumwe chiremba akati: “Vanachiremba havawanzogari pasi nomurwere kuti vaone chiri kukonzera hosha yake. Zviri nyore kuti, ‘Inwa piritsi iri.’ Asi chinetso chaicho chinenge chisina kugadziriswa.”

Kunyange mishonga isiri yokuudzwa nachiremba, yakadai seaspirin uye paracetamol (Tylenol, Panadol), ikashandiswa zvisina kufanira ingakonzera zvinetso zvikuru zvoutano. Pasi pose vanhu vanodarika 2 000 vanofa gore roga roga nemhaka yokutadza kushandisa paracetamol zvakanaka.

Maererano nerondedzero yedu yokutanga, caffeine iri mumasamba nomukofi, inonziwo chinodhaka, kunyange zvingave zvakaoma kuiona saizvozvo patinenge tichinwa kunwa kwemangwanani kwatinonyanya kufarira. Uye zvaizova zvisina musoro kuona nenzira yakafanana zvinwiwa zvakakodzera munzanga zvakadai setii nekofi sezvatingaita zvinodhaka zvinokuvadza zvakadai seheroin. Zvaizova zvakafanana nokutaura kuti katsi neshumba zvimwe chete. Kunyange zvakadaro, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi dzoutano, ukaiita tsika kunwa makapu ekofi anodarika mashanu kana mapfumbamwe etii zuva roga roga, ungakuvara. Uyezve, dai waizorega kuinwa kamwe kamwe iwe waimbonwa yakawanda kwazvo, zviratidzo zvokurega kuinwa zvingaitika zvakafanana nezvomumwe ainwa tii uyo airutsa, aibandwa nomusoro zvakanyanya, uye aikanganiswa nechiedza.”

Zvakadini Nokushandisa Zvinodhaka Zvinorambidzwa?

Imwe nyaya iri kunyanya kuitiranwa gakava ndeyokushandisa zvinodhaka mumitambo. Izvi zvakasimbiswa paTour de France ya1998 apo vachovhi vemabhasikoro vapfumbamwe vetimu yaigara ichikunda vakabudiswa mumakwikwi nemhaka yokushandisa zvinodhaka zvinoita kuti simba ravo riwedzere pakukwikwidza. Vatambi vakatanga nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokushayisa basa kuongororwa kwezvinodhaka mumiviri yavo. Magazini inonzi Time inotaura kuti vamwe vakatosvika padanho “rokuchinjana weti,’ kureva [kuti] weti ‘isina zvinodhaka’ yomumwe inoiswa mudundira romumwe pachishandiswa paipi, muitiro unowanzorwadza zvokuti.”

Asi hatisati takurukura nezvezvinodhaka zvinorambidzwa zviri kuwedzera zvikuru zvinoshandisirwa zvinangwa zvo“kuzvivaraidza.” Izvi zvinosanganisira mbanje, chinodhaka chinowedzera mufaro (methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, kana kuti MDMA), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), zvinopeputsa pfungwa (zvakadai secocaine neamphetamines), zvinoderedza kuora mwoyo (zvakadai sematranquilizer), uye heroin. Zvisingafaniri kukanganwiwa ndezviya zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita zvokufembwa, zvakadai seguruu uye peturo, zvinonyanya kushandiswa nevaduku. Zvechokwadi, zvinofembwa izvi hazvisi zvinhu zvinorambidzwa uye zviri nyore kuwana.

Pfungwa yakakurumbira ine vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka zvinopedza simba vanozvibaya jekiseni muimba isina kutsarukana inganyengera. Vakawanda vanoshandisa zvinodhaka vanongorarama sezvinoita vamwe vose muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunyange zvazvo kupindwa kwavo muropa kuchifanira kukanganisa upenyu hwavo zvikuru kana kuti zvishoma. Asi ngatirege kurerutsa zvakaipira zvinodhaka. Mumwe munyori anorondedzera nzira iyo vamwe vanoshandisa cocaine “vanozvibaya nayo majekiseni akawanda munguva pfupi, vachichinja miviri yavo kuva nezvironda zvetsono, ropa, uye maronda anosemesa.”

Pashure pokunge kwadzikira zvinonyatsooneka ma1980 ava kupera, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvinorambidzwa nomutemo kwava kuwedzerazve munyika yose. Magazini inonzi Newsweek yakati: “Vakuru vakuru vari kutyiswa nokuwedzera kuri kuita kupinzwa nokubudiswa kwezvinodhaka munyika, kuwedzera kwokushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvemhando dzose uye kushayiwa mari—nemashoko—zvinodiwa kuzvidzivisa.” Pepanhau rokuJohannesburg rinonzi The Star, rakataura kuti maererano nenhamba dzehurumende, “Pavanhu vana vanogara muSouth Africa munhu mumwe akapindwa muropa nedoro kana nezvinodhaka.”

Sangano reUN rinonzi Research Institute for Social Development [Rinoona Nezvokubudirira Kwenzanga] rakati “vanogadzira zvinodhaka nevanozvitengesa zvisiri pamutemo . . . vakazvironga munyika yose uye vanoisawo mari yakawanda mumasangano ezvemari anopa mari yakawanda uye anochengeta tsindidzo. . . . Vanotengesa zvinodhaka vava kukwanisa kupinza mari inowanika zvisiri pamutemo mumabhizimisi epamutemo kana mumabhengi vachishandisa kombiyuta vasinganyanyi kunetswa nenyika.”

Zviri kuita sokuti vanhu vakawanda vokuAmerica vangabata cocaine zuva nezuva, vasingazivi. Imwe nyaya yakabuda mumagazini inonzi Discover yakatsanangura kuti mari yakawanda yemapepa yokuAmerica inenge iine zviratidzo zvezvinodhaka.

Zviripo apa ndezvokuti, nhasi kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, kusanganisira zvinorambidzwa, kwava kugamuchirwa nevakawanda kuchionekwa semararamiro ezuva nezuva. Tichitarisa kukuvadza kwakapararira kwazvo kwezvinodhaka zvinorambidzwa uye fodya nedoro, mubvunzo unosara ndewokuti, Nei vanhu vachizvishandisa zvisina kufanira? Sezvatinofunga mubvunzo uyu, ndiyo nguva yakakodzera yokuongorora maonero atinoita zvinodhaka.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]

Kunwira kudhakwa chinetso chikuru chinowanika pavadzidzi vepakoreji

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Vakawanda vanoona midzanga uye zvinodhaka zvo“kuzvivaraidza” sezvisingakuvadzi