Utachiona Husingaurayiwi Nemishonga—Madzokero Ahunoita

MAVHAIRASI, mabhakitiriya, maprotozoa, mafungus, notumwe tupukanana tusingaoneki zviri pachena kuti zvave zviripo kubvira pakatanga upenyu panyika. Kuchinja kunoshamisa kwoutachiona, tunhu tudukuduku kwazvo pazvisikwa zvose, kwakahugonesa kurarama pasingagoni kuraramwa nezvimwe zvose. Hunowanika muzvitubu zviri pasi penyanza nomumvura yakaita chando yeArctic. Iye zvino utachiona uhwu hahusisina zvahunoitwa nezvinoshandiswa kuhurwisa—mishonga inorwisa utachiona.

Zana remakore radarika, humwe utachiona kana kuti tupukanana tusingaoneki, twaizivikanwa kuti tunorwarisa, asi hapana munhu airarama panguva iyoyo akanga anzwa nezvemishonga inorwisa utachiona. Saka paibatwa munhu nechirwere chakakomba chinenge chakonzerwa noutachiona, vanachiremba vakawanda hapana zvavaigona kuita kurapa kunze kwokunyaradza nokukurudzira. Muviri womunhu wacho waifanira kurwisa utachiona hwacho woga. Kana simba rokurwisa zvirwere raiva shoma, magumisiro acho aiwanzosuruvarisa. Kunyange chironda chidukuduku chaipinda utachiona chaiwanzouraya.

Saka, kuwanikwa kwemishonga yokutanga inorwisa zvakanaka utachiona—mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya—kwakachinja marapiro. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yokurwisa mabhakitiriya ine sarufa muma1930 uye kwemishonga yakadai sepenicillin nestreptomycin muma1940 kwakaita kuti pazowanikwa mimwe yakawanda mumakumi emakore akazotevera. Pakazosvika ma1990, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakanga yava nemisanganiswa inenge 150 yaiva muzvikwata 15 zvakasiyana-siyana.

Kutarisira Kukunda Kunoparadzwa

Pakazosvika ma1950 nema1960, vamwe vanhu vakanga vatanga kupemberera kukunda zvirwere zvinokonzerwa noutachiona. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzetupukanana tusingaoneki dzaitodavira kuti zvirwere izvi nenguva isipi zvaizova zvapfuura. Muna 1969 chiremba mukuru wokuvhiya kuUnited States akapupura pane mumwe Musangano kuti zvingangoita kuti nokukurumidza vanhu “vachange vasingachanetseki nezvezvirwere zvoutachiona.” Muna 1972, vakawana mubayiro weNobel, Macfarlane Burnet pamwe chete naDavid White vakanyora kuti: “Zvingangofanotaurwa pamusoro penguva yemberi yezvirwere zvinotapukira ndezvokuti pachange pasina chinofadza.” Zvechokwadi, vamwe vakafunga kuti zvirwere zvakadaro zvingapedzwa zvose.

Chaizvoizvo, kudavira kuti zvirwere zvoutachiona zvakanga zvakundwa kwakaguma nokupararira kwokunyanya kuzvivimba. Mumwe mukoti aiziva kukuvadza kwakakomba kwoutachiona pasati pava nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya akataura kuti vamwe vakoti vechiduku vakanga vava kuregeredza utsanana. Paaivayeuchidza kugeza maoko avo, vaipindura vachiti: “Usanetseke, iye zvino tava nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.”

Asi, kuvimba nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kuishandisa zvokudarika mwero kwakaguma nengozi. Zvirwere zvoutachiona zvaramba zviripo. Kudarika izvozvo, zvadzoka zvichiva honzeri huru yorufu munyika yose! Zvimwe zvinhu zvakonzerawo kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira zvinosanganisira mhirizhonga yehondo, kupararira kukuru kwokushayika kwezvokudya munyika dziri kusimukira, kushayikwa kwemvura yakachena, zvimbudzi zvisina kunaka, kukwanisa kukurumidza kufamba munyika dzose, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze enyika yose.

Mabhakitiriya Asingaurayiwi Nemishonga

Kuvapo kunoshamisa kwoutachiona husina zvahunoitwa nemishonga kwava chinetso chikuru, chiya changa chisingatarisirwi. Asi, tikatarisa shure, zvaifanira kutarisirwa kuti utachiona hwaizoramba kunzwa mishonga. Nei? Somuenzaniso, chimbofunga nezvechimwe chinhu chakaitika pakatanga kushandiswa mushonga wezvipembenene weDDT pakati pema1940.a Panguva iyoyo varume vaichengeta mombe dzomukaka vakafara sezvo nhunzi dzakambotsakatika paifafaidzwa DDT. Asi nhunzi shomanana dzakapona, uye vana vadzo vakagara nhaka masero asina zvaanoitwa neDDT. Nenguva isipi nhunzi idzi, dzisisina zvadzinoitwa neDDT, dzakawanda zvikuru.

Kunyange DDT payakanga isati yava kushandiswa, uye penicillin isati yava kutengeswa muna 1944, mabhakitiriya anokuvadza akafanoratidza kuti ane zvombo zvinoshamisa zvokuzvidzivirira nazvo. Dr. Alexandar Fleming, akatanga kugadzira penicillin, akaziva izvozvi. Murabhoritari yake akatarisa zvizvarwa zvakararama zvemabhakitiriya anonzi Staphylococcus aureus (hospital staph) ayo akatanga kuva nemasero akawanda akanga asingakuvadzwi nomushonga waakanga awana.

Izvi zvakaita kuti anenge makore 60 apfuura Dr. Fleming vanyevere kuti mabhakitiriya anokuvadza mumunhu anawo anogona kusaurayiwa nepenicillin. Saka kana penicillin isina kuuraya mabhakitiriya anokuvadza akawanda zvakakwana, vana vawo vasingakuvadzwi nemishonga vaizowanda. Somugumisiro, chirwere chacho chaizodzokazve chisingacharapiki nepenicillin.

Bhuku rinonzi The Antibiotic Paradox rinoti: “Zvakafanotaurwa naFleming zvakaoneka kuti zvaiva chokwadi nenzira inoparadza kwazvo kutodarika zvaaifunga.” Zvakadaro sei? Zvakazivikanwa kuti humwe utachiona, hune magenes—mablueprint madukuduku ari muDNA yemabhakitiriya—anogadzira makemikari anoita kuti penicillin isashande. Somugumisiro, kunyange kushandisa penicillin yakawanda hakuwanzobatsiri. Izvi zvaivhundutsa kwazvo!

Mishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya yaigarogadzirwa kubvira kuma1940 kusvika kuma1970, kuri kuedza kukunda hondo yokurwisa zvirwere zvoutachiona, nemishomawo kuma1980 nema1990. Iyi yaigona kurapa mabhakitiriya ainge aramba kuurayiwa nemishonga yokutanga. Asi mumakore mashomanana, mamwe mabhakitariya akavapo akanga asingakuvadzwi nemishonga mitsva iyi zvakare.

Vanhu vasvika pakuziva kuti kusakuvadzwa nemishonga kwemabhakitiriya kune uchenjeri hunoshamisa. Mabhakitiriya anogona kuchinja masero awo kuti akwanise kubudisa mushonga kana kuchinja zvaari kuitira kuti mushonga unorwisana nawo usagona kuauraya. Ukuwo, mabhakitiriya acho angabudisa mushonga unoarwisa nokukurumidza paunongopinda, kana kuti mabhakitiriya angangoita kuti mushonga wacho usashande nokungouoresa.

Kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya sezvakunowedzera, mhando dzemabhakitiriya asingaurayiwi nemishonga awedzera uye apararira. Kushandiswa kwemishonga iyi kwakundikana zvachose here? Kwete, muzviitiko zvakawanda. Kana mumwe mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya usingashandi kune chimwe chirwere, mumwe unowanzoshanda. Kusaurayiwa nemishonga kwemabhakitiriya kwave kuri chinetso, asi iye zvino ndipo paava kudzoreka.

Utachiona Husingaurayiwi Nemishonga Yakawanda

Zvadaro, achityiswa nazvo, masayendisiti akaziva kuti mabhakitiriya anochinjana magene. Pakutanga, zvaifungwa kuti mabhakitiriya emhando imwe chete ndiwo anogona kuchinjana magene. Asi pava paya magene mamwe chete aisakuvadzwa nemishonga akaonekwa ari mumabhakitiriya emhando dzakatonyatsosiyana. Nokuchinjana kwakadaro, mabhakitiriya emhando dzakasiyana akava nezvinoita kuti asaurayiwe nemishonga yakawanda yakasiyana-siyana inowanzoshandiswa.

Zvichitowedzera kuipa, kuongorora kwokuma1990 kwakaratidza kuti mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kusaurayiwa nemishonga pachawo. Kunyange pakushandiswa kwomushonga mumwe chete unorwisa mabhakitiriya, mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kusaurayiwa nemishonga yakawanda inoshandiswa kuarwisa, yagara iripo kana kuti inogadzirwa.

Ramangwana Risina Tariro

Kunyange zvazvo mishonga yakawanda inorwisa mabhakitiriya nhasi ichiri kushanda kuvanhu vakawanda, mishonga yakadaro ichashanda zvakadini mune ramangwana? Bhuku razvino rinonzi The Antibiotic Paradox rinoti: “Hatichagoni kutarisira kuti chirwere chipi nechipi chicharapwa nemishonga yakatanga kusarudzwa inorwisa mabhakitiriya.” Bhuku racho rinowedzera kuti: “Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, kushayikwa kwemishonga yakakwana inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunoreva kuti panenge pasina mushonga unoshanda. . . . Varwere vari kutambura uye vari kufa nezvirwere izvo vamwe vakafanotaura makore 50 adarika kuti zvinenge zvabviswa panyika.”

Mabhakitiriya haasi iwo chete utachiona husingaurayiwi nemishonga inoshandiswa mukurapa. Mavhairasi nemafungus uye tumwewo tupukanana tudukuduku zvakaratidzawo kuti zvinochinja zvinoshamisa, zvichiita kuti munyika muve noutachiona hunotyisidzira kushayisa basa zvose zvinoedza kuitwa kuwana nokugadzira mishonga inozvirwisa.

Saka, chii chinogona kuitwa? Kusaurayiwa nemishonga kunogona kubviswa here kana kumbodzorwa? Kukunda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya notumwe tupukanana tusingaoneki nemaziso kungabudirira sei munyika iri kuwedzera kunetseka nezvirwere zvoutachiona?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Mishonga Inorwisa Tupukanana Tusingaoneki Chii?

Mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya wawakapiwa nachiremba uri muboka remishonga inorwisa tupukanana tusingaoneki. Iyoyi iri muboka ro“kurapa nemishonga,” zvichireva kurapa chirwere pachishandiswa makemikari. Nepo mashoko okuti “kurapa nemakemikari” achiwanzoshandiswa pakurapa kenza, pakutanga aishandiswa—uye achiri kushandiswa—pakurapwa kwezvirwere zvoutachiona. Muzviitiko zvakadaro kunonzi kurapa nemakemikari anorwisa tupukanana tusingaoneki.

Tupukanana tusingaoneki nemaziso, tupukanana tudukuduku tunogona kuonekwa nokushandisa maikorosikopu chete. Mishonga inorwisa tupukanana makemikari anorwisa tupukanana tunokonzera chirwere. Zvisingafadzi ndezvokuti mishonga inorwisa tupukanana inogona kurwisa tupukanana tunobatsira.

Muna 1941, Selman Waksman, mumwe wevakatanga kugadzira streptomycin, akashandisa mashoko okuti “mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya” pakuti inogadzirwa notupukanana tusingaoneki nemaziso. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya neinorwisawo tupukanana inoshandiswa mukurapa inokosha pakuti inonzi ine muchetura unosarudza zvokuuraya. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inogona kuuraya utachiona isingakukuvadzi zvakanyanya.

Zvisinei, chaizvoizvo, mishonga yose inorwisa mabhakitiriya ichepfuwo kwatiri. Kusiyana kwouwandu hwomushonga uchakuvadza utachiona nouwandu huchatikuvadza kunonzi therapeutic index. Kana indekisi yacho yakakura, mushonga wacho haukuvadzi; kana indekisi iri duku, mushonga wacho une ngozi kwazvo. Kutaura zvazviri, zviuru zvemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakawanikwa, asi yakawanda yacho haishandi mukurapa nokuti ine chepfu yakawanda inokuvadza vanhu kana mhuka.

Mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya wagara uripo wokutanga waigona kushandiswa mumuviri waiva penicillin, iyo yakabva paPenicillium notatum. Penicillin yakatanga kushandiswa nokupinzwa mutsinga kokutanga muna 1941. Nguva pfupi zvadaro, muna 1943, streptomycin yakawanikwa kubva muStreptomyces griseus, mabhakitiriya omuvhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, mimwe mishonga yakawanda inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakagadzirwa, yose ichibva muzvinhu zvipenyu nezvimwe zvokugadzirwa nevanhu. Asi, mabhakitiriya akava nenzira dzokusaurayiwa neyakawanda yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iyi, zvichikonzera chinetso mune zvokurapa munyika yose.

[Mufananidzo]

“Penicillin mold colony” inooneka pasi pedhishi rinodzora kuwanda kwemabhakitiriya

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Christine L. Case/Skyline College

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 17]

Mhando dzoUtachiona

Mavhairasi utachiona huduku kupfuura hwose. Ndiwo anokonzera zvirwere zvinowanzobata vanhu zvakadai sedzihwa, zvikosoro, uye maronda epahuro. Mavhairasi anokonzerawo zvirwere zvakaipisisa zvakadai seporiyo, Ebola, neAIDS.

Mabhakitiriya tupukanana tusingaoneki nemaziso tune sero risina mwoyo uye tunowanzova nesero rimwe rine mashoko okutodza. Mabhakitiriya anosvika kumatiririyoni anogara mumiviri yedu, akawanda acho ari mumatumbu edu. Anotibatsira kugaya zvokudya zvedu uye ndiwo anopa vhitamini K, inodiwa pakugwamba kweropa.

Anenge 300 chete pamhando dziripo 4 600 dzemabhakitiriya anozivikanwa ndiwo anotorwa soutachiona (anokonzera zvirwere). Kunyange zvakadaro, mabhakitiriya ndiwo anokonzera zvirwere zvakawanda zvemiti, mhuka, uye vanhu. Muvanhu zvirwere izvi zvinosanganisira chirwere chetibhii, korera, diphtheria, mahwanda, kuora kwemazino, mamwe marudzi emabayo, uye zvirwere zvinoverengeka zvinotapuriranwa pabonde.

Maprotozoa, kufanana nemabhakitiriya, tupukanana tune sero rimwe chete, asi tungaita mwoyo wesero unodarika mumwe chete. Anosanganisira maamoebas notupukanana tunokonzera chirwere chokukotsira uye tupukanana tunogara muzvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu tunokonzera marariya. Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemarudzi ose ezvipenyu, tupukanana tunogara mukati mezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu—kune tunenge 10 000 twakasiyana-siyana—kunyange zvazvo tushomanana chete patupukanana utwu tuchikonzera zvirwere muvanhu.

Mafungus anogona kukonzerawo zvirwere. Tupukanana utwu tune sero rine mwoyo uye tune tunyanga twakawanda. Zvirwere zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvisasa, zvakadai sezvomutsoka, uye ecandidiasis (Candida). Zvirwere zvakakomba zvinokonzerwa nemafungus zvinowanzotambudza vanhu vane miviri inenge yapera nokushayiwa zvokudya zvinovaka, kenza, zvinodhaka, kana kuti zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi anovhiringidza kuzvidzivirira pazvirwere kwomuviri.

[Mifananidzo]

Vhairasi inonzi “Ebola”

Bhakitiriya rinonzi “Staphylococcus aureus”

“Protozoa” inonzi “Giardia lamblia”

“Fungus” yechisasa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

CDC/C. Goldsmith

CDC/Janice Carr

Courtesy Dr. Arturo Gonzáles Robles, CINVESTAV, I.P.N. México

© Bristol Biomedical Image Archive, University of Bristol

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]

Alexander Fleming, akagadzira “penicillin”