Kurapa Kwokuwedzera Ropa—Kune Nguva Yemberi Yakachengeteka Here?

“Kurapa kwokuwedzera ropa kuchangoramba kwakafanana nokufamba musango rinopisa rinogara richingonaya, rine nzira dzinozivikanwa asi rinoda kufamba nokungwarira, uye ringava nezvinhu zvisingazivikanwi uyewo zvinotyisa zvinenge zvakavandira kubata vaya vanenge vasina kungwarira.”​—⁠Ian M. Franklin, purofesa anorapa nokuwedzera ropa.

PASHURE pokunge vanhu vaziva muma1980 kuti denda riri munyika yose reAIDS rinowanika muropa, vanhu vakawedzera kuongorora ropa kuti vadzivise “ngozi iyi isingaoneki.” Kunyange zvakadaro, zvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvichiripo. Muna June 2005, Sangano Routano Renyika Dzepasi Pose rakati: “Mukana wokupiwa ropa risina zvirwere . . . unosiyana kwazvo munyika nenyika.” Nei?

Munyika dzakawanda hamuna mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti kutorwa, kuongororwa, uye kutakurwa kwaro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvarinogadzira zvakachengeteka. Dzimwe nguva ropa rinotochengetwa zvine ngozi​—⁠mumafiriji omudzimba asina kutsarukana uye mumabhokisi anoshandiswa kumapikiniki! Kana pasina mitemo chaiyo yokurichengetedza zvakanaka, varwere vanogona kukanganiswa kwazvo neropa rinenge rakatorwa kune munhu anogara kure nemazana​—⁠kana kuti nezviuru⁠—​zvemakiromita.

Ropa Risina Zvirwere​—⁠Chinangwa Chakaoma

Dzimwe nyika dzinotaura kuti ropa radzo rinochengetedzwa zvakanaka chaizvo kudarika kare. Kunyange zvakadaro, pachine zvikonzero zvokungwarira. Rimwe “Gwaro” rakanyorwa nemasangano matatu eropa akanga abatana okuUnited States rinoti papeji yaro yokutanga: “YAMBIRO: Sezvo ropa rose zvaro uye zvinhu zvinoumba ropa zvichigadzirwa neropa romunhu, pane ngozi yokuti zvinhu izvi zvingave zviine utachiona hunotapukira, somuenzaniso, mavhairasi. . . . Kunyatsosarudza vanopa ropa racho uye kuriongorora murabhoritari hakubvisi njodzi yacho.”

Nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka Peter Carolan, mukuru mukuru weInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, anoti: “Hatigoni kunyatsovimbisa kuti ropa rinopiwa nevanhu richange risina ngozi zvachose.” Anotizve: “Zvirwere zvitsva zvinenge zvisina kuongororwa panguva yacho zvichangoramba zviripo.”

Zvakadini kudai paizova nohumwe utachiona​—⁠hwakadai sohweAIDS, hunogara mumunhu kwenguva yakareba husingaoneki uye huchiparadzirwa nyore nyore neropa? Achitaura pane mumwe musangano wezvokurapa muPrague, Czech Republic, muna April 2005, Dr. Harvey G. Klein weUnited States National Institutes of Health akati izvi zvinoda kufungisisa. Akatizve: “Vanotora ropa vangasakwanisa kudzivisa denda rinoparadzirwa nokuwedzerwa ropa kudarika zvavainge vakaita mazuva akatanga AIDS.”

Kukanganisa uye Zvinozoitika Pashure Pokuwedzerwa Ropa

Zvinhu zvipi zvikuru zvine ngozi nokuda kwevarwere vanowedzerwa ropa vari munyika dzakapfuma? Kuwedzerwa ropa risiri iro uye kukanganisika kunoita urongwa hwomuviri hwokuzvidzivirira pazvirwere. Nezveimwe ongororo yakaitwa kuCanada, rimwe pepanhau rinonzi Globe and Mail rakataura kuti pazviuru zvevanhu vakawedzerwa ropa kukanganisa kwakapotsa kwauraya vanhu pamusana pokutora ropa “kumurwere asiri iye, kunyora zita risiri iro paropa uye kukumbirira ropa murwere asiri iye.” Kukanganisa kwakadai kwakauraya vanhu vanenge 441 muUnited States pakati pa1995 na2001.

Vaya vanopiwa ropa romumwe munhu vanotarisana nenjodzi dzakangofanana nedzevaya vanovhiyiwa vachiisirwa nhengo yomuviri womumwe munhu. Masero omuviri okuzvidzivirira pazvirwere anowanzoramba zvinhu zvisiri zvomuviri wawo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuwedzerwa ropa kunogona chaizvoizvo kutadzisa kushanda kwourongwa hwagara huri mumuviri hunodzivirira pazvirwere. Kukanganisa kwakadaro urongwa hwomuviri hunodzivirira pazvirwere kunosiya murwere ari panjodzi inovapo avhiyiwa yokutapukirwa noutachiona nemavhairasi anga akazvinyararira zvawo. Ndokusaka Purofesa Ian M. Franklin ambotaurwa nezvake kwokutanga munyaya ino, achikurudzira vanachiremba kuti “ngavafunge, vafungezve, vanyatsofungisisa vasati vawedzera ropa varwere.”

Nyanzvi Dzinotaura Pachena Mafungiro Adzo

Zvavava noruzivo urwu, nhamba iri kukura yevashandi vezvoutano vava kunyatsoongorora kwazvo kurapa kwokuwedzera ropa. Rimwe bhuku rinonzi Dailey’s Notes on Blood rinoti: “Vamwe vanachiremba vanoti [ropa rinobva kune mumwe munhu] mushonga une ngozi uye vanoti raizorambidzwa kushandiswa kudai raizoongororwa sezvinongoitwa mimwe mishonga.”

Gore ra2004 rava kunopera, Purofesa Bruce Spiess akataura zvinotevera nezvokuwedzera zvinhu zvinoumba ropa kuvarwere vanenge vava kuvhiyiwa mwoyo: “Inyaya shoma [dzokurapa] kana dzichitombovapo dzinotsigira pfungwa yokuti kuwedzera ropa chaizvoizvo kunoita kuti utano hwomurwere huve nani.” Kutaura zvazviri, anonyora kuti kurapa kuzhinji uku kwokuwedzera ropa “kungatokuvadza zvakanyanya pane kubatsira pose pakunoitwa kunze kwomunhu uya anenge akuvara chaizvo,” kuchiwedzera “njodzi yokuva nemabayo, zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa, zvirwere zvemwoyo uye sitiroko.”

Vakawanda vanoshamisika kuziva kuti nzira dzinoshandiswa pakuwedzera ropa hadzina kunyatsofanana sezvingatarisirwa. Munguva ichangopfuura iyi Dr. Gabriel Pedraza akayeuchidza vamwe vake vokuChile kuti “kurapa kwokuwedzera ropa kurapa kusina kunyatsotsarukana,” kuya kunoita kuti “zviome kushandisa nzira dzinogamuchirwa munyika yose.” Ndokusaka Brian McClelland, mutungamiriri weEdinburgh and Scotland Blood Transfusion Service, achikumbira vanachiremba kuti “vayeuke kuti kuwedzera ropa kwakangofanana nokuisira murwere nhengo yomuviri womumwe munhu saka haisi nyaya inofanira kurerutswa.” Anoti vanachiremba vanofanira kufungisisa mubvunzo uyu wokuti, “Kudai ndaiva ini kana kuti ari mwana wangu, ndaizobvuma kuti awedzerwe ropa here?”

Chokwadi, vashandi vanoverengeka vezvoutano vanotaura sezvakaita mumwe chiremba weropa uyo akaudza Awake! kuti: “Isu vanachiremba vanowedzera ropa hatidi kuwedzerwa ropa kana kuti kuripa vamwe vanhu.” Kana vamwe vanamazvikokota mune zvokurapa vachinzwa nenzira iyi, varwere vanofanira kunzwa sei?

Marapiro Acho Achachinja Here?

‘Kana kurapa kwokuwedzera ropa kuzere nengozi kudai,’ ungabvunza kuti, ‘nei ropa richiri kushandiswa kwazvo, zvikurukuru zvapava nedzimwe nzira dzokurapa dzinotsiva ropa?’ Chimwe chikonzero ndechokuti vanachiremba vakawanda havangodi zvavo kuchinja marapiro avo kana kuti havazivi nzira dzokurapa nadzo dzokutsiva ropa dziri kushandiswa iye zvino. Maererano neimwe magazini inonzi Transfusion, “vanachiremba vanosarudza kurapa kwokuwedzera ropa vachitevedzera zvavakadzidziswa kare, tsika, uye ‘nezvavanenge vawana pavanoongorora murwere wacho.’ ”

Unyanzvi hwachiremba wacho ndihwo hungaita kuti zvinhu zvisiyane. Dr. Beverley Hunt, wokuLondon, kuEngland, anonyora kuti “uwandu hweropa hunorasika panguva yokuvhiya hunosiyana-siyana zvichienderana navanachiremba vacho, uye nyaya yokudzidzisa vanachiremba kuti vavhiye [pasingarasiki ropa rakawanda] iri kufarirwa chaizvo.” Vamwe vanoti mari inoshandiswa pakurapa kunotsiva ropa yakawandisa, kunyange zvazvo mishumo iri kuratidza kuti handizvo. Zvisinei, vanachiremba vakawanda vangabvumirana nomumwe mukuru mukuru wezvokurapa anonzi Dr. Michael Rose, uyo anoti: “Murwere wose anorapwa asingawedzerwi ropa, kutaura zvazviri, ndiye anenge avhiyiwa zvakanaka kwazvo pakurapa kwose kwokuvhiya.”a

Nzira iyi yokurapa kwakanaka kwazvo kudarika dzimwe dzose​—⁠haisi iyo yaungada here? Kana uchiida, une mafungiro akafanana neevanhu vakupa magazini ino. Tapota ramba uchiverenga kuti uone kuti nei vachiomerera kuti varapwe vasingawedzerwi ropa.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 22]

“Ngavafunge, vafungezve, vanyatsofungisisa vasati vawedzera ropa varwere.”​—⁠Purofesa Ian M. Franklin

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 22]

“Kudai ndaiva ini kana kuti ari mwana wangu, ndaizobvuma kuti awedzerwe ropa here?”​—⁠Brian McClelland

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Rufu Runokonzerwa neTRALI

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) [kukuvara kwakakomba kwemapapu kunokonzerwa nokuwedzerwa ropa], kwakatanga kutaurwa nezvakwo mukutanga kwema1990, ichi chirwere chinogona kuuraya chinokanganisa urongwa hwomuviri hwokuzvidzivirira pazvirwere chinokonzerwa nokuwedzerwa ropa. Iye zvino zvava kuzivikanwa kuti chirwere ichi chinouraya mazana evanhu gore roga roga. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti nhamba yacho yakatokura chaizvo sezvo vashandi vakawanda vezvoutano vasingazivi zviratidzo zvacho. Kunyange zvazvo zvisina kujeka kuti chirwere ichi chinokonzerwa nei, maererano nemagazini inonzi New Scientist, ropa rinochikonzera “rinoita serinonyanya kubva kune vanhu vakambopiwa ropa remapoka akasiyana-siyana, rakadai . . . serevanhu vakawedzerwa ropa kakawanda.” Mamwe mashoko anoti chirwere ichi ndicho chava kuda kuva pamusoro panzufu dzose dzinokonzerwa nokuwedzerwa ropa muUnited States nokuBritain, zvichiita kuti chirwere ichi “chinetse kwazvo vanochengeta ropa kudarika zvirwere zvinozivikanwa chaizvo zvakadai seHIV.”

[Bhokisi/Dhaigiramu riri papeji 24, 25]

Zvinoumba Ropa

Vanopa ropa vanowanzopa ropa rine zvose. Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho vanopa plasma. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichiwedzera ropa rine zvose, ropa rinowanzokamurwa kuiswa muzvinhu zvikuru zvinoriumba risati raongororwa uye rashandiswa mukurapa kwokuwedzera ropa. Ona zvinhu zvikuru zvina zvinoriumba, basa razvo, uye uwandu hweropa riri muzvinhu izvi.

PLASMA inoumbwa ne52 kusvika ku62 muzana yeropa rose. Ine ruvara rwakada kuita souswa hwakaoma uye ine masero eropa, mapuroteni, nezvimwewo zvinhu zviri mairi zvainotakura.

Mvura ndiyo inoumba 91,5 muzana yeplasma. Mapuroteni, munobva zvikamu zviduku zveplasma, ndiwo anoumba 7 muzana yeplasma (kusanganisira albumins, inoumba 4 muzana yeplasma; globulins, inenge 3 muzana; uye fibrinogen, iri pasi pe1 muzana). Imwe 1,5 muzana yeplasma inenge yasara inoumbwa nezvimwewo zvinhu, zvakadai sezvokudya, mahormone, mweya yokufema, electrolytes, mavhitaminzi, uye tsvina yenitrogen.

MASERO MACHENA EROPA anongova pasi pe1 muzana yeropa rose. Iwaya anorwisa uye anoparadza zvinhu zvisiri zvomumuviri zvinokuvadza.

PLATELETS anongova pasi pe1 muzana yeropa rose. Aya anogwambisa ropa, achivhara kuti risabude paya panenge paine zvironda.

MASERO MATSVUKU EROPA anongova pakati pe38 ne48 muzana yeropa rose. Masero aya anoita kuti nyama irambe iri mhenyu nokuiunzira okisijeni oenda nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi.

Sezvo plasma iri muropa ichigona kupatsanurwa kuva zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvimwe zvezvikamu zvacho zvikuru zvinogona kupatsanurwazve kuva zvikamu zviduku-duku. Somuenzaniso, hemoglobin inobva mumasero matsvuku.

[Dhaigramu]

PLASMA

MVURA 91,5%

MAPUROTENI 7%

ALBUMINS

GLOBULINS

FIBRINOGEN

ZVIMWEWO 1.5%

ZVOKUDYA

MAHORMONE

MWEYA INOKONZERWA NOKUFEMA

ELECTROLYTES

MAVHITAMINZI

TSVINA YENITROGEN

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Peji 25: Zvinoumba ropa zviri mumadenderedzwa: Chirongwa ichi chose zvacho kana kuti chikamu chacho chakatsigirwa nemari neNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, pachibvumirano ichi N01-CO-12400. Mashoko ari mumagazini ino haasi kutaura maonero kana kuti mitemo yeDepartment of Health and Human Services, uyewo kudonongodza mazita evezvokutengeserana, zvinhu zvokutengesa, kana masangano akanyorwa zvepamutemo hazvirevi kuti Hurumende yeUnited States inozvitsigira

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 24, 25]

Dzimwe Nzira Dzokurapa Dzinotsiva Ropa

Anodarika makore matanhatu apfuura, Matare Okukurukura Nezvipatara eZvapupu zvaJehovha munyika yose akaparadzira makopi makumi ezviuru evhidhiyo inonzi Transfusion-Alternative Strategies​—⁠Simple, Safe, Effective (Dzimwe Nzira Dzokurapa Dzinotsiva Ropa​—⁠Dzakareruka, Hadzina Ngozi, Dzinoshanda) mumitauro inenge 25 kuvanhu vanoshanda muzvipatara.b Vhidhiyo yacho inoratidza vanachiremba vane mukurumbira kwazvo munyika yose vachikurukura nzira dzinobudirira dziri kushandiswa iye zvino kurapa varwere pasina kuvawedzera ropa. Vanhu vari kufungisisa mashoko acho. Somuenzaniso, yapedza kuona vhidhiyo yacho gore ra2001 rava kunopera, National Blood Service (NBS) iri kuUnited Kingdom yakatumira tsamba yaiva nekopi yevhidhiyo iyi kumamaneja ose anoshanda munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa ropa uye kuna vanachiremba veropa munyika yacho yose. Vakakurudzirwa kuona vhidhiyo yacho pamusana “poruzivo rwuri kuramba ruchiwedzera rwokuti chimwe chezvinangwa zvokurapa kwakanaka, kurega kuwedzera ropa pose pazvinobvira.” Tsamba yacho yakabvuma kuti “mashoko mazhinji [ari muvhidhiyo yacho] anorumbidzwa uye anotsigirwa kwazvo neNBS.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Kupatsanura Ropa—Kushandiswa Kwezvikamu Zviduku Zvinoumba Ropa Pakurapa

Sayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvava kuita kuti zvikwanisike kuziva uye kubvisa zvimwe zvinhu zviri muropa pachishandiswa nzira inonzi kupatsanura ropa (fractionation). Zvingaenzanisirwa seizvi: Mvura yomugungwa inoumbwa ne96,5 muzana yemvura, inogona kupatsanurwa kuitira kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvisiri mvura zviwanikwe, zvakadai semagnesium, bromine, uyewo munyu. Saizvozvowo, plasma iri muropa iyo inodarika hafu yeropa rose zvaro, imvura inodarika 90 muzana uye inogona kupatsanurwa kuti pabudiswe zvikamu zviduku zveropa zvinosanganisira mapuroteni, akadai sealbumin, fibrinogen, uye maglobulin akasiyana-siyana.

Senzira yokurapa nayo, chiremba angarayira kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvakati chete zvinobva muplasma zvishandiswe. Mumwe muenzaniso ndeweplasma inoomeswa kuitwa chando yozonyungudutswa kwowanika mapuroteni anenge achidiwa. Chikamu chiduku ichi cheplasma chisinganyunguduki chine zvinhu zvinogwambisa ropa uye chinowanzopiwa varwere kuti vamise ropa rinenge richingobuda. Kumwe kurapa kungasanganisira mushonga une chikamu cheropa, chingava chiri chidukuduku kana kuti chiri chikuru.c Mamwe mapuroteni eplasma anogara achishandiswa mumajekiseni anobatsira kuwedzera kuzvidzivirira kunoita muviri pazvirwere mushure mokunge wambova noutachiona. Zvinenge zvikamu zvose zviduku zvinotorwa muropa zvinoshandiswa mukurapa zvine mapuroteni anowanika muplasma yomuropa.

Maererano nemagazini inonzi Science News, “pazviuru zvemapuroteni zvinofungidzirwa kuti zviri muropa romunhu, masayendisiti ava kungoziva mazana mashomanana chete.” Sezvo kunzwisisa zvakaita ropa kunoramba kuchiwedzera, zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvinobva mumapuroteni aya zvingazovapo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Vamwe vashandi vomuzvipatara vakangwarira chaizvo pavanenge vachishandisa ropa