Zita raMwari Navashanduri veBhaibheri

PAKUVAMBA VAMBA muzana ramakore rechipiri, pashure pokunge wokupedzisira wavaapostora afa, kutsauka pakutenda kwechiKristu kwakadeya kutaurwa naJesu navateveri vake kwakavamba murushingairo. Uzivi nedzidziso dzechihedheni zvakatekeshera muungano; masekete nemitsaukano zvakamuka, nokudaro utsvene hwapakuvamba hwokutenda hwakashatswa. Nokudaro zita raMwari rakaguma kushandiswa.

Ichi chiKristu chakatsauka pakutenda zvachakapararira, kudikanwa kwakamuka kwokushandurira Bhaibheri mune mimwe mitauro kubva muchiHebheru charo chapakuvamba nechiGiriki. Ko vashanduri vakashandura sei zita raMwari mushanduro dzavo? Kazhinji kazhinji, vakashandisa shoko rinoenzanirana nerokuti“Ishe.” Shanduro ine simba guru zvikuru kwazvo yenguva iyeyo yakanga iri Vulgate rechiLatini, shanduro yeBhaibheri yakashandurirwa muchiLatin chezuva riri rose naJerome. Jerome akashandura Tetragrammaton (YHWH) kupfurikidza nokutsiva naDominus, “Ishe.”

Pakupedzisira, mitauro mitsva, yakadai sechiFrench, chiNgezi nechiSpanish, yakavamba kubuda muEurope. Zvisinei, Chechi yeKaturike yakaderedza kushandurirwa mune mimwe mitauro kweBhaibheri. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho, kunyange vaJudha, vaishandisa Bhaibheri mumutauro wechiHebheru chapakuvamba, vakaramba kududza zita raMwari pavairiona, “maKristu” mazhinji ainzwa Bhaibheri richiraviwa mushanduro dzechiLatin dzisina kushandisa zitaro.

Munguva yakati kuti, zita raMwari rakadzokera mukushandiswa. Muna 1278 rakaoneka muchiLatin mubhuku rinonzi Pugio fidei (Dagger of Faith), rakanyorwa naRaymundus Martini, mumonk weSpain. Raymundus Martini akashandisa munyorero wokuti Yohoua.a Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, muna 1303, Porchetus de Salvaticis akapedza bhuku rinomusoro unoti Victoria Porcheti adversus impios Hebraeos (Porchetus’ Victory Against the Ungodly Hebrews). Muna irori, iyewo, akadudza zita raMwari achirinyora nomutoo wakasiana-siana kuti Iohouah, Iohoua uye Ihouah. Tevere mu 1518, Petrus Galatinus akabudisa bhuku rinomusoro unoti De arcanis catholicae vertatis (Concerning Secrets of the Universal Truth) umo iye anonyora zita raMwari kuti Iehoua.

Zitaro rakatanga kuoneka muBhaibheri rechiNgezi muna 1530, apo William Tyndale akabudisa shanduro yamabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri. Muna irori iye akabatanidza zita raMwari, rinowanzonyorwa kuti Iehouah, mundima nduku dzinoverengeka,b uye mune chinonyorwa chiri mune ichi chinyorwa iye akanyora, kuti: “Iehovah izita raMwari . . . Zvakare kazhinji sekaunoona ISHE mumabhii makuru (kunze kwokuti pakava nechikanganiso chipi nechipi mukutsikirira) iro ndiIehovah wechiHebheru.” Kubvira pana ikoku muitiro wakamuka wokushandisa zita raJehovha mundima duku shomanene bedzi uye kunyora kuti “ISHE” kana kuti “MWARI” mune dzimwe nzvimbo zhinjisa apo Tetragrammaton inooneka murugwaro rwechiHebheru.

Muna 1611 iyo yakava shanduro inoisvoshandiswa zvakapararira muchiNgezi, Authorized Version, yakabudiswa. Muna iyoyi, zita rakaoneka kana mumagwaro makuru. (Eksodho 6:3; Pisarema 83:18; Isaya 12:2; 26:4) “Jah,” dimuriro yenhetembwa yezitaro, yakaoneka muPisarema 68:4. Uye zitaro rakaoneka zvizere mumazita enzvimbo akadai se“Jehovha-jire.” (Genesi 22:14; Eksodho 17:15; Vatongi 6:24) Zvisinei, vachitevera muenzaniso waTyndale, vashanduri mune zvinoitika zvizhinji vakatsiva na“ISHE” kana kuti “MWARI” nokuda kwezita raMwari. Asi kana zita raMwari raigona kuoneka mundima duku ina, raigoregerereiko kuoneka mune dzimwe dzose ndima duku dzine zviuru dzinaro muchiHebheru chapakuvamba?

Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakanga chichiitika mumutauro wechiGerman. Muna 1534 Martin Luther akabudisa shanduro yake yakakwana yeBhaibheri, iyo iye akavakira pamitauro yapakuvamba. Nokuda kwechikonzero chakati kuti iye haana kubatanidza zita raMwari asi akashandisa zvitsivo, zvakadai saHERR (“ISHE”). Zvisinei, iye akanga achiziva nezvezita raMwari, sezvo mumharidzo iri pana Jeremia 23:1-8, iyo iye akakurukura mu1526, akati: “Iri zita rinonzi Jehovha, Ishe, zvomenemene nderaMwari wechokwadi.”

Muna 1543 Luther akanyora mukusasvitsa zvinhu kunoratidzira, kuti: “Kuti ivo [vaJudha] zvino vanobvuma zita raJehovha kuva risingadudziki, ivo havazati vachiziva zvavari kutaura pamsoro pazvo . . . Kana richigona kunyorwa nepeni neingi, neiko risingataurwi, kunova kuri nani zvikuru kupinda kuva rinonyorwa nepeni neingi? Neiko vasingaridudzi kuti risinganyoreki, risingaraviki kana kuti risingafungiki? Zvinhu zvose zvarangarirwa, pane chimwe chinhu chakaipa.” Hunyanguvezvo, Luther akanga asati agadziridza zvinhu mushanduro yake yeBhaibheri. Zvisinei, mumakore apashure mamwe maBhaibheri echiGerman akava nezitaro murugwaro rwaEksodho 6:3.

Mumazana amakore akatevera, vashanduri veBhaibheri vakapinda mune imwe yenzira mbiri. Vamwe vakadzivisa kushandiswa kupi nokupi kwezita raMwari, kunyange vamwe vakarishandisa zvikurukuru muMagwaro echiHebheru, muchimiro chaJehovha kana kuti zvimwe muchimiro chaYahwe. Ngatirangarirei shanduro mbiri dzakadzivisa zitaro ndokuona chikonzero nei, mukuwirirana navashanduri vavo, ikoku kwakaitwa.

Chikonzero Neiko Vakarisiya

Apo J. M. Powis Smith naEdgar J. Goodspeed vakabudisa shanduro yazvino uno yeBhaibheri muna 1935, varavi vakawana kuti ISHE naMWARI akanga ashandiswa munzvimbo zhinjisa sechitsivo nokuda kwezita raMwari. Chikonzero chacho chakatsanangurwa musumo: “Mushanduro ino tatevedzera gamuchidzanwa chairoiro rechiJudha ndokutsiva na‘Ishe’ nokuda kwezita rinonzi ‘Yahwe’ nechikamu chamashoko chokuti ‘Ishe Mwari’ nokuda kwechikamu chamashoko chokuti ‘Ishe Yahwe.’ Muzvinoitika zvose apo “Ishe” kana‘Mwari’ rinomirira “Yahwe” rapakuvamba mabhii maduku makuru anoshandiswa.”

Ipapo, mukushandurwa kwechienzi kwegamuchidzanwa ravaJudha vairava kuti YHWH asi ndokuridudza kuti “Ishe,” mashoko omunyori anoti: “Munhu upi noupi, naizvozvo, anoshuva hake kuchengeta kunzwisiswa kworugwaro rwapakuvamba anofanira kurava hake ‘Yahwe’ pari pose paanoona ISHE kana kuti MWARI”!

Pakurava ikoku, mubvunzo pakarepo unouya kundangariro: Kana kurava kuti “Yahwe” munzvimbo ma“ISHE” kuchichengeta “kunzwisiswa kworugwaro rwapakuvamba,” neiko vashanduri vasina kushandisa “Yahwe” mushanduro yavo? Neiko ivo, mushoko ravo rimene, va‘katsiva’ shoko rokuti “ISHE” nokuda kwezita raMwari nokudarokwo ndokuvanza kunzwisiswa kworugwaro rwapakuvamba?

Vashanduri vanotaura kuti ivo vakanga vachitevera gamuchidzanwa rechiJudha chairoiro. Asi ikoko huchenjera here nokuda kwomuKristu? Yeuka, vakanga vari vaFarise, vachengeti vegamuchidzanwa rechiJudha chairoiro, vakaramba Jesu uye vakaudzwa naye, kuti: “Imi makaita kuti shoko raMwari rive risina simba nokuda kwegamuchidzanwa renyu.” (Mateo 15:6) Kutsiva kwakadaro zvamazvirokwazvo kunoderedza Shoko raMwari.

Muna 1952 Revised Standard Version yaMagwaro echiHebheru yakabudiswa muchiNgezi, uye Bhaibheri iri, rakashandisawo zvitsivo nokuda kwezita raMwari. Ikoku kwakacherekedzwawo nokuti American Standard Version, iyo irori rakanga riri revandudziko yaro, rakashandisa zita rokuti Jehovha muMagwaro aro ose echiHebheru. Nokudaro, kusiiwa kwezitaro kwakanga kuri kusiya kwakatanhamara. Kwakaitirweiko?

Mumashoko omunyori eRevised Standard Version, tinorava, kuti: “Nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri Dare rakadzokera kukushandisa kwakarovedzeka zvikuru kweKing James Version [ndiko kuti, kusiya zita raMwari]: (1) shoko rokuti ‘Jehovha’ harisati richimirira zvakarurama chimiro chipi nechipi cheZita rakamboshandiswa muchiHebheru; uye (2) kushandiswa kwezita ripi neripi rakafanira nokuda kwomumwe uye Mwari bedzi, sokunge kuti kwaiva navamwe vamwari vaaifanira kutsauraniswa navo, kwakaregwa mudzidziso yechiJudha pamberi penguva yechiKristu uye hakuna kukodzera chose chose nokuda kwokutenda kwapose pose kweChechi yechiKristu.”

Ko izvi zvibvumikiso zvakanaka here? Hekani waro, sezvakatsanangurwa pakuvamba vamba, zita rokuti Jesu harisati richimirira zvomenemene chimiro chapakuvamba chezita roMwanakomana waMwari chaishandiswa navateveri vake. Asika ikoku hakuna kupesvedzera Dare kudzivisa kushandisa zita irero nokurishandisa munzvimbo mechiratidzo chakadai sokuti “Mureveri” kana kuti “Kristu.” Chokwadi, zviratidzo izvi zvinoshandiswa, asi mukuwedzera kuzita rokuti Jesu, kwete munzvimbo maro.

Kana chiri chibvumikiso chokuti hakuna vamwe vamwari muavo Mwari wechokwadi aitofanira kusianiswa, ikoko hakuzati kuri chokwadi. Kuna mamirioni avamwari vanonamatwa navanhu. Muapostora Pauro akacherekedza, kuti: “Kuna ‘vamwari’ vazhinji.” (1 VaKorinte 8:5; VaFiripi 3:19) Chokwadika, kunongova naMwari mumwe bedzi wechokwadi, sezvo Pauro akapfuurira kutaura. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, chimwe chimuko chikuru chokushandisa zita raMwari wechokwadi ndechokuti chinomuita kuti arambe akaparadzana navamwari vose venhema. Kunze kwezvo, kana kushandisa zita raMwari “kusina kukodzera chose chose,” neiko richiwanikwa kanenge kane 7 000 muMagwaro echiHebheru apakuvamba?

Zvokwadi ndeiyi, vashanduri vazhinji havano kurangarira kuti zitaro, nokududzwa kwaro kwazvino uno, harizi kushandiswa muBhaibheri. Ivo vakaribatanidza mushanduro dzavo, uye muuyo wacho wave uri shanduro inopa rukudzo rukuru kuno Muvambi weBhaibheri ndokunamatira nomutoo wokutendeka kurugwaro rwapakuvamba. Dzimwe shanduro dzinoshandiswa zvakafara dzinobatanidza zita ndeiyi The Holy Bible in Union Shona (yakabudiswa muna 1963) Shanduro yeAlmeida (chiPutukezi, yakabudiswa muna 1681), shanduro yapakuvamba Elberfelder (German, yakabudiswa muna 1871), uye American Standard Version (chiNgezi, yakabudiswa muna 1901). Dzimwe shanduro, nomutoo unocherekedzwa The Jerusalem Bible, inoshandisawo nomutoo unobvumirana zita raMwari asi nomunyorero wokuti Yahwe.

Zvino chirava tsinhiro dzavamwe vashanduri vakabatanidza zitaro mushanduro dzavo ndokuenzanisira nedzedzo dzaavo vakasiya zitaro.

Chikonzero Nei Vamwe Vakabatanidza Zitaro

Heino tsinhiro yavashanduri veAmerican Standard Version ya 1901: “[Vashanduri] vakasvitswa pakupwiswa kumwe chetekwo kwokuti kudavira mashura kwechiJudha, kwairangarira Zita raMwari serakanyanyova rinoera zvokusagona kududzwa, hakusati kuchasitongodzorazve muchiNgezi kana kuti mushanduro imwe ipi neipi yeTestamente yeKare . . . Iri Zita reChirangaridzo, rinotsanangurwa muna Eksodho 3:14, 15, uye rinosimbiswa rasimbiswazve kuva rakadaro murugwaro rwapakuvamba rweTestamente yeKare, rinoratidzira Mwari kuva Mwari chaiyeiye, saMwari wesungano, Mwari wewadzanyuro, Mununuri, Shamwari yavanhu vake . . . Iri zita rake amene, noukuru hwaro hwebatano dzinoera, zvino rakadzorerwa munzvimbo murugwaro runoera uko kwarine maruramiro asingapanikirwi.”

Nenzira imwe cheteyo, mumashoko omunyori Elberfelder Bibel rapakuvamba reGerman tinorava, kuti: “Jehova. Tadzorera iri zita raMwari wesungano waIsraeri nokuti muravi ave akarovedzana naro kwamakore.”

Steven T. Byington, mushanduri weThe Bible in Living English, anotsanangura chikonzero nei iye achishandisa zita raMwari: “Kunyorwa nokududzwa hazvisati zvichikosha zvikurukuru. Chinoisvokosha zvikurukuru ndiko kuita kuti kurambe kwakajeka kuti iri izita romunhu oga. Kuna magwaro anoverengeka asingagoni kunzwisiswa nomutoo wakafanira kana tikashandura zita iri neshoko ravose rinoshandiswa munzvimbo momunhu rakadai sokuti “Ishe,” kana kuti, zvakatoipisisa, neshoko rechipauro rakaitwa rechigarire [somuenzaniso, Wokusingagumi].”

Chinoitika cheimwe shanduro yakaitwa naJ. B. Rotherham, chinofadza. Iye akashandisa zita raMwari mushanduro yake asi akada chimiro chaYahwe. Zvisinei, mubhuku rapashure, Studies in the Psalms, rakabudiswa muna 1911, akadzokera kuchimiro chaJehovha. Neiko? Iye anotsanangura, kuti: “JEHOVHA—Kushandiswa kweichi chimiro chechiNgezi kwezita reChirangaridzo (Eksodho 3:18) mushanduro yazvino uno yebhuku reMapisarema haizati ichibva mumhosho ipi neipi pamsoro pokududzwa kwakarurama zvikuru, sokuva Yahwe; asi zvikuru muufakazi hunobetsera hwakasarudzwa chose chose nechishuvo chokuramba takabatana navanhu munhau yorudzi urwu, umo chinhu chikuru chiri kuzivikanwa kuri nyore kwezita raMwari rinorangarirwa.”

MuPisarema 34:3 vanamati vaJehovha vanorairwa, kuti: “O kudzai Jehovha pamwe chete neni, imi vanhu, uye ngatikudze zita rake pamwe chete.” Ko varavi veshanduro dzeBhaibheri dzinosiya zita raMwari vangadavidza sei zvizere kumurairo iwowo? MaKristu anofara nokuti vanenge vamwe vashanduri vakava noushingi hwokubatanidza zita raMwari mushanduro dzavo dzaMagwaro echiHebheru, nokudarokwo ndokuchengeta icho Smith naGoodspeed vanoidza kuti “kunzwisiswa kworugwaro rwapakuvamba.”

Zvisinei, shanduro zhinjisa, kunyange apo dzinobatanidza zita raMwari muMagwaro echiHebheru, dzinorisiya muMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu, “Testamente Itsva.” Chii chiri chikonzero chaikoku? Pane ruramisiro ipi neipi here yokubatanidza zita raMwari muno urwu rutivi rwokupedzisira rweBhaibheri?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 17]

Vashanduri veAuthorized Version vakachengeta zita raMwari, Jehovha, mundima duku ina bedzi, vachitsiva MWARI naISHE panzvimbo iri yose zvayo

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 22]

Kana kushandisa zita raMwari kuri “kusina kufanira chose chose,” neiko richiwanikwa kanenge kane 7 000 murugwaro rwapakuvamba rwechiHebheru.

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 21]

Ko Utsinye Kuzita raMwari Here?

Panguva ino, hakuna shanduro yazvino uno yeBhaibheri mumutauro wechiAfrikaans (unotaurwa navaAfrica vokuMaodzanyemba vendudzi yechiDutch) ine zita raMwari. Ikoku kunoshamisa, sezvo shanduro zhinji dziri mumitauro yendudzi dzinotaurwa munyika iyeyo dzichishandisa zitaro norusununguko. Ngationei kuti kwakaitika sei.

Pana August 24, 1878, mukumbiro mukuru wakaitwa pamusangano weSociety of True Afrikaners (G.R.A.) kuti kushandurwa kweBhaibheri kuitwe mumutauro weAfrikaans. Makore matanhatu gare gare, nhau yakamutswazve, uye pakupedzisira mukupfuurira mberi kwakasarudzwa ndokushandura Bhaibheri kubva mundimi dzapakuvamba. Basaro rakaronzeswa kuna S. J. du Toit, mutarisiri weDzidzo womuTransvaal.

Imwe tsamba yomurairidzo yakanyorerwa du Toit yakabatanidza nhungamiro inotevera: “Zita rakafanira raShe, Jehovha kana kuti Jahve, rinofanira kuregwa risina kushandurwa [ndiko kuti, risingatsiviwi naIshe kana kuti Mwari] mose.” S. J. du Toit akashandura mabhuku manomwe eBhaibheri muAfrikaans, uye zita rokuti Jehovha rakaoneka mose.

Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvomuSouth Africa, pane imwe nguva zvaivawo nezita raMwari. Somuenzaniso, muDe Korte Catechismus (Katekisimo Pfupi), yakaitwa naJ. A. Malherbe, 1914, zvinotevera zvakaoneka: “Nderipi riri Zita rakatanhamara raMwari?” Mhinduro yakatii? “Jehovha, iro rinonyorwa kuti ISHE namabhii makuru mumaBhaibheri edu. Iri [zita] harina kutongopiwa kuchisikwa chipi nechipi.”

MuDie Katkisasieboek (katekisimo yakabudiswa nomutumbi Wezvikoro Zvesvondo Zvakabatana zveDutch Reformed Church muSouth Africa) Mubvunzo unotevera wakaoneka: “Ipapoka zvino tingatongorega kushandisa zita rokuti Jehovha kana kuti ISHE here? Ndizvo zvinoita vaJudha . . . Ikoku hakuzati kuri revo yomurairowo. . . . Tingashandisa Zita rake, asi kwete pasina maturo.” Kutozosvikira pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kutsikirirwazve kweDie Halleluja (bhuku renziyo) kwakavawo nezita raJehovha mune dzimwe nziyo.

Zvisinei, shanduro yadu Toit yakanga isina kukurumbira, uye muna 1916 Mutumbi wokushandurwa kweBhaibheri wakagadzwa kutarisira kubudiswa kweBhaibheri muchiAfrikaans. Uyu Mutumbi wakanga uno muitiro wokusiya muBhaibheri zita raJehovha. Muna 1971 Bible Society yokuSouth Africa yakabudisa “shanduro yokuedza” yamabhuku eBhaibheri mashomanene muchiAfrikaans. Kunyange zita raMwari rakadudzwa musumo, iro harina kushandiswa murugwaro rweshanduro. Nomutoo wakafanana, muna 1979 shanduro itsva ye“Testamente Itsva” neMapisarema yakaoneka uye nenzira imwe cheteyo yakasiya zita raMwari.

Zvakare, chifo cha 1970 kududzwa kwezita raJehovha kwakabviswa muDie Halleluja. Uye kutsikirirwa kwechitanhatu kwechinyorwa chakavandudzwa cheDie Katkisasieboek, chakabudiswa neDutch Reformed Church muSouth Africa, zvino chinosiyawo zitaro.

Chokwadi, nhamburiko dzokubvisa chimiro chokuti Jehovha hadzina kuganhurirwa kumabhuku. Chechi yeDutch Reformed muPaarl yaichimbova neibwe rapakona rakanga rakanyorwa mashoko okuti JEHOVHA JIRE (“Jehovha Achagovera”). Mufananidzo weiyi chechi neibwe rayo rapakona wakaoneka muna October 22, 1974, muchinyorwa chamagazini chaMukai! mumutauro wechiAfrikaans. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, ibwe rapakona rakatsiviwa nerimwe rina mashoko okuti DIE HERE SAL VOORSIEN (“ISHE Achagovera”). Rugwaro nomusi zviri paibwe rapakona zvakasiiwa zviri zvimwe chetezvo, asi zita rokuti Jehovha rakabviswa.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho, vaAfrikana vazhinji nhasi havasati vachiziva zita raMwari. Mitezo yechechi inoriziva inorega kurishandisa. Vamwe vanotoripokanidza, vachiti zita raMwari ndiISHE vachipomera Zvapupu zvaJehovha nezvokuita zita rokuti Jehovha.

[Mifananidzo]

Chechi yeDutch Reformed yomuPaarl, South Africa. Pakuvamba vamba, zita rokuti Jehovha rakanyorwa nokutemwa paibwe rapakona (riri pamusoro nechokurudyi). Gare gare, rakatsiviwa ne(riri kuruboshwe pamusoro apa)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

Zita raMwari muchimiro chokuti Yohoua chakaoneka muna 1278 mubhuku rinonzi Pugio fidei serinooneka mumanyoro aya (anomusi unobvira pazana ramakore rechi 13 kana kuti rechi 14) omumupakwa weSte. Geneviève, Paris, France (folio 162b)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]

Mushanduro yake yamabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri, akabudiswa mu 1530, William Tyndale akabatanidza zita raMwari pana Eksodho 6:3. Akatsanangura kushandisa kwake zitaro mutsamba yeshanduro

[Kwazvakatorwa]

(Mufananidzo wakaitwa kuti uvepo nomutsa weAmerican Bible Society Library, New York)