Bhuku reBhaibheri Nhamba 59—Jakobho

Munyori: Jakobho

Nzvimbo Yakanyorerwa: Jerusarema

Kunyora Kwakapedzwa: 62 C.E. asati asvika

1. Chii chinomutsa mubvunzo pamusoro pokunyora kwaJakobho bhuku rine zita rokuti Jakobho?

“UNOPENGA.” Ndizvo zvakafunga hama dzokunyama dzaJesu nezvake. Mukati menguva youshumiri hwake hwapasi, “vanun’una vake vakanga vasingatendi kwaari,” uye Jakobho, pamwe chete naJosefa, Simoni, uye Judhasi, haana kuverengwa somumwe wavadzidzi vapakuvamba vaJesu. (Marko 3:21; Joh. 7:5; Mat. 13:55) Kunogona kutaurwa pazvikonzeroi, ipapoka, kuti Jakobho munun’una waJesu nokuna amai akanyora bhuku reBhaibheri rine zita rokuti Jakobho?

2. Chii chinobvumikisa kuti munun’una kuna amai waJesu akanga ari munyori wetsamba yaJakobho?

² Chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti Jesu akamutswa akaoneka kuna Jakobho, uye ikoku pasina panikiro kwakamupwisa zvisingapanikirwi kuti Jesu akanga ari Mesiya. (1 VaK. 15:7) Mabasa 1:12-14 inotaura kuti kunyange Pentekosta isati yasvika, Maria navanun’una vaJesu vakanga vakaungana nokuda kwomunyengetero navaapostora mukamuri rapamusoro muJerusarema. Asi mumwe wavaapostora anonzi Jakobho haana kunyora tsamba here? Aiwa, nokuti pakuvamba munyori anozvizivisa amene, kwete somuapostora, asi so‘muranda waShe Jesu Kristu.’ Uyezve, mashoko esumo aJudha, akafanana neayo aJakobho, anodudza Judha (kana kuti Judhasi) so“muranda[wo] waJesu Kristu, munun’una waJakobho.” (Jak. 1:1; Judh. 1) Kubva muna ikoku tinogona kugumisa nenzira yakanaka kuti Jakobho naJudhasi, hama dzokunyama nokuna amai dzaJesu, vakanyora mabhuku eBhaibheri ane mazita avo.

3. Ndezvipi zvakanga zviri zvikwaniriso zvaJakobho zvokunyora?

³ Jakobho akanga akakwaniriswa zvikuru kunyora tsamba yezano kuungano yechiKristu. Akanga achiremekedzwa zvikuru somutariri muungano yeJerusarema. Pauro anotaura nezva“Jakobho . . . munun’una waShe” seimwe ye“mbiru” muungano pamwe chete naKefasi naJohane. (VaG. 1:19; 2:9) Utanhamari hwaJakobho hunoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nokutumira kwaPetro shoko rakananga kuna “Jakobho nehama” pashure pokusunungurwa kwake mutorongo. Uye akanga asiri Jakobho here uyo akashanda somutauriri wa“vaapostora, navakuru” apo Pauro naBharnabhasi vakaenda kuJerusarema kundokumbira chisarudzo pamusoro pokudzingiswa? Sezvineiwo, ichi chisarudzo netsamba yaJakobho zvose zviri zviviri zvinotanga nekwaziso yakafanana, “Kwaziwai!”—chimwe chiratidzo chokuti zvakanga zvine munyori mumweyo.—Mabasa 12:17; 15:13, 22, 23; Jak. 1:1, NW.

4. Chii chinoratidzira kuti tsamba yaJakobho yakanyorwa chinguvana 62 C.E. asati asvika?

⁴ Wezvenhau Josephus anotiudza kuti akanga ari Muprista Mukuru Ananus (Ananiasi) muSadhuse, uyo akaparira rufu rwaJakobho kupfurikidza nokutaka namabwe. Ikoku kwakanga kuri pashure porufu rwagavhuna weRoma Festo, munenge muna 62 C.E., uye mutsivi wake, Albhinosi, asati agara pachigaro.a Asi Jakobho akanyora rini tsamba yake? Jakobho akanyora tsamba yake ari muJerusarema ku“marudzi ane gumi namaviri akapararira,” chaizvoizvo “(avo) vakaparadzirwa.” (Jak. 1:1, NW, mashoko omuzasi) Kwaizodai kwakada nguva yokuti chiKristu chipararire pashure pokudururwa kwomudzimu mutsvene muna 33 C.E., uye kwaizodai kwakadawo nguva yokuti mamirire ezvinhu anotyisa anodudzwa mutsamba atange. Uyezve, tsamba yacho inoratidzira kuti vaKristu vakanga vachisiri mapoka maduku asi kuti vakanga vakarongwa kuva ungano dzine “vakuru” vakakura mumudzimu avo vaigona kunyengeterera ndokutsigira vakaneta. Mukuwedzera, nguva yakakwana yakanga yapfuura yokuti mwero wakati wokuzvigutsa netsika zvipinde. (2:1-4; 4:1-3; 5:14; 1:26, 27) Kunobvira zvikurusa, naizvozvo, kuti Jakobho akanyora tsamba yake pamusi wapashure, zvichida chinguvana 62 C.E. asati asvika, kana nhoroondo yaJosephus pamusoro pezviitiko zvakapoteredza rufu rwaFesto uye kana manyuko anoisa rufu rwaFesto munenge muna 62 C.E. akarurama.

5. Chii chinobvumikisa uchokwadi hwebhuku raJakobho?

⁵ Pamusoro pouchokwadi hwebhuku raJakobho, riri muVatican Nha. 1209, reSinaitic, uye manyoro eAlexandrine. Rinobatanidzwa mundaza dzamanyoro dzakare dzinenge gumi Dare reCarthage 397 C.E. risati raitwa.b Rainokorwa mashoko zvikuru navanyori vapakuvamba vorudzidziso. Tsinhirano huru yomukati norutivi rwose rwasara rwaMagwaro akafuridzirwa iri pachena zvikuru mumanyoro aJakobho.

6. (a) Mamirirei ezvinhu akarayira kuti Jakobho anyore tsamba yake? (b) Panzvimbo pokupokanidza, Jakobho anowedzera sei zvibvumikiso zvaPauro pamusoro pokutenda?

⁶ Neiko Jakobho akanyora iyi tsamba? Kurangarirwa kwokungwarira kwetsamba yacho kunozivisa kuti mamirire ezvinhu omukati akanga achisakisa zvinetso pakati pehama. Mipimo yechiKristu yakanga iri kuderedzwa, hungu, kunyange kufuratirwa, zvokuti vamwe vakanga vava mhombwe dzomudzimu pamusoro poushamwari nenyika. Vachidisa kuita dzinonzi pokanidzano, vamwe vakataura kuti tsamba yaJakobho inokurudzira kutenda kupfurikidza namabasa inoita kuti manyoro aPauro pamusoro poruponeso kupfurikidza nokutenda uye kwete kupfurikidza namabasa asashande. Zvisinei, mashoko akapoteredza anozivisa kuti Jakobho anonongedzera kukutenda kunotsigirwa namabasa, kwete mashoko chete, nepo Pauro nenzira yakajeka achireva mabasa oMutemo. Chaizvoizvo, Jakobho anowedzera zvibvumikiso zvaPauro, achipfuurira mberi nenhano imwe kupfurikidza nokurondedzera kuti kutenda kunoratidzirwa sei. Zano raJakobho rinoshanda zvikurusa mukufukidza kwaro zvinetso zvezuva nezuva zvomuKristu.

7. Jakobho anotevedzera sei mitoo yokudzidzisa yaJesu, uye nomugumisiroi?

⁷ Mienzaniso yomuupenyu hwezuva riri rose, kubatanidza mhuka, magwa, varimi, uye miti, inopa tsigiro yakajeka kuzvibvumikiso zvaJakobho pamusoro pokutenda, shiviriro, uye tsungiriro. Uku kutevedzerwa kwemitoo yokudzidzisa inobudirira yaJesu kunoita kuti zano rake rive rine simba zvikuru. Iyi tsamba inoorora munhu nokunzwisisa kukuru kwaJakobho vavariro dzinosunda vanhu vamwe navamwe.

ZVIRI MUBHUKU RAJAKOBHO

8. Chii chichabva mutsungiriro yokushivirira, asi chii chichabva muchishuvo chakaipa?

⁸ Tsungiriro yokushivirira sa“vaiti veshoko” (1:1-27). Jakobho anotanga namashoko ekurudziro: “Hama dzangu, muti mufaro bedzi, kana muchiwira mumiidzo mizhinji.” Kupfurikidza netsungiriro yokushivirira vachakwaniswa. Kana munhu achishayiwa uchenjeri, iye anofanira kuramba achikumbira Mwari nokuda kwahwo, asingapanikiri, kufanana nefungu regungwa rinomutswa nemhepo, asi nokutenda. Vakaderera vachakwidziridzwa, asi vakapfuma vachasvava seruva rinoparara. Munhu anotsungirira muedzo anofara, nokuti “uchapiwa korona youpenyu yakapikirwa avo vanomuda.” Mwari haaedzi munhu nezvinhu zvakaipa kuti aparire kuwa kwake. Ndicho chishuvo chakaipa chomunhu amene chinokura ndokubereka chivi, uye ichochiwo chinoparira rufu.—1:2, 12, 22.

9. Chii chinobatanidzwa mukuva “vaiti veshoko,” uye chimiroi chokunamata chinotenderwa naMwari?

⁹ Zvipo zvose zvakanaka zvinobva kupi? Kuna ‘Baba vezviedza zvokudenga’ vasingatongochinji. “Nokuda kwake,” anodaro Jakobho, “wakatibereka neshoko rezvokwadi, kuti isu tiite sechibereko chokutanga chezvisikwa zvake.” VaKristu, ipapoka, vanofanira kukurumidza kunzwa, vachinonoka kutaura, vachinonoka kutsamwa, uye vanofanira kubvisa tsvina yose noushati hwetsika ndokugamuchira kusimwa kweshoko roruponeso. “Ivai vaiti veshoko, musava vanzwi voga.” Nokuti iye uyo anonzvera mutemo wakafanana nechiringiro worusununguko ndokupfuurira mauri “ucharopafadzwa pane zvaanoita.” Kunamata kwomuitiro kwomunhu asingadzori rurimi rwake hakuna maturo, asi “kunamata, kwakarurama, kusine mhosva pamberi paMwari wedu naBaba, ndiko kufambira nherera nechirikadzi pakutambudzika kwavo, nokuzvichengeta, kuti arege kusvibiswa nenyika.”—1:17, 18, 22, 25, 27.

10. (a) Kutsaurai kunofanira kudziviswa? (b) Ndokupi kuri kuwirirana kwamabasa nokutenda?

¹⁰ Kutenda kunokwaniswa namabasa akarurama (2:1-26). Hama dziri kuita mitsaukano, dzichida hadzo vapfumi kupfuura varombo. Asi hakusati kuri kwechokwadi here kuti “Mwari haana kusanangura varombo venyika here kuti vave vafumi pakutenda, navadyi venhaka youshe”? Vapfumi havasi vadzvinyiriri here? Hama dzinofanira kushandisa mutemo woumambo wokuti, “Ida wokwako sezvaunozvida iwe,” uye dzinofanira kudzivisa chizivano. Ngadzishandisewo ngoni, nokuti pamusoro poMutemo, upi noupi anogumburwa muchinhu chimwe anogumburwa mune zvose. Kutenda kusina mabasa hakurevi chinhu, sezvakaita kuudza hama kana kuti hanzvadzi inoshayiwa kuti “mudziyirwe, mugute” pasina kupa yamuro inoshanda. Kutenda kunogona kuratidzwa kusina mabasa here? Kutenda kwaAbrahama hakuna kukwaniswa kupfurikidza namabasa ake mukupa Isaka paatari here? Nenzira yakafanana, Rakabhi mhombwe aka“ruramiswa . . . namabasa.” Naizvozvo kutenda kusina mabasa kwakafa.—2:5, 8, 16, 19, 25.

11. (a) Jakobho anonyevera pamusoro porurimi kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwemienzanisoi? (b) Uchenjeri nenzwisiso zvinofanira kuratidzwa sei?

¹¹ Kudzora rurimi kuti rudzidzise uchenjeri (3:1-18). Hama dzinofanira kungwarira pamusoro pokuva vadzidzisi, kutyira kuti dzinogamuchira rutongeso rukuru. Munhu ari wose anogumbuka kakawanda. Sezvo tomu richidzora muviri webhiza uye chidzoreso chiduku igwa hombe, naizvozvo mutezo muduku iwoyo, rurimi, une simba guru. Wakafanana nomwoto uyo unogona kupisa sango guru! Mhuka dzomusango dzinogona kupingudzwa nenzira iri nyore zvikuru kupfuura rurimi. Narwo vanhu vanorumbidza Jehovha, bva vanotuka munhu biyavo. Ikoku hakuna kururama. Tsime rinobudisa dzose dziri mbiri mvura inovava neinonaka here? Muonde unogona kubereka miorivhi here? muzambiringa, maonde here? mvura yemunyu, mvura inonaka here? Jakobho anobvunza, kuti: “Ndiani pakati penyu wakachenjera, wakangwara?” Ngaaratidze mabasa ake nounyoro ndokudzivisa kukakavara, nokuvirimira zvokwadi kwoumhuka. Nokuti “kuchenjera, kunobva kumusoro, zvikuru kwakachena, uye kune rugare, kunyoro, kunoteerera, kuzere nengoni nezvibereko zvakanaka, kusingatsauri kusinganyengeri.”—3:13, 17.

12. (a) Mamirirei ezvinhu asina kururama ari muungano, uye ndeapi ari manyuko awo? (b) Chimiroi chendangariro chinofanira kudziviswa uye ivarai rinosakurirwa kuwana tendero yaJehovha?

¹² Dzivisa mufarwa wenyama, ushamwari nenyika (4:1-17). “Kurwa nokukakavara pakati penyu zvinobvepiko?” Jakobho anopindura mubvunzo wake amene, kuti: “Pakuchiva kwenyu!” Vavariro dzavamwe hadzina kururama. Avo vaizova shamwari dzenyika nde“voutere,” uye vanova vavengi vaMwari. Naizvozvo, iye anopa zano, kuti: “Dzivisai Dhiyabhorosi, agokutizai. Swederai kuna Mwari, iye agoswedera kwamuri.” Jehovha achakwidziridza vanozvininipisa. Naizvozvo hama dzinofanira kurega kutongana. Uye nemhaka yokuti hakuna munhu anogona kuva nechokwadi choupenyu hwake kubva pazuva rimwe kuenda kune rinotevera, dzinofanira kuti: “Kana Ishe achida, tichararama tiite zvokuti nezvokuti.” Rudado rwakaipa, uye chivi kuziva chakarurama ndokusachiita.—4:1, 4, 7, 8, 15.

13. (a) Neiko kune nhamo nokuda kwavapfumi? (b) Jakobho anoenzanisira sei kudikanwa kweshiviriro netsungiriro, uye nemigumisiroi?

¹³ Vanofara avo vanotsungirira mukururama! (5:1-20). ‘Chemai uye ungudzai, imi vapfumi!’ anozivisa kudaro Jakobho. ‘Ngura yepfuma yenyu ichava chapupu mukurwisana nemi. Jehovha wehondo anzwa kudanidzira nokuda kwebetsero kwakabva kuvakohwi vamakanyima. Makagara muumbozha nemufarwa wenyama, uye makashurikidza nokuponda akarurama.’ Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuva pedyo kwokuvapo kwaShe, hama dzinofanira kushivirira, kufanana nomurimi anomirira mukohwe wake, uye kurangarira muenzaniso wavaporofita, “vakataura nezita raShe.” Vanofara avo vakatsungirira! Hama dzinofanira kuyeuka tsungiriro yaJobho nomugumisiro uyo Jehovha akapa, “kuti Ishe une mwoyo munyoro kwazvo, une tsitsi.”—5:1-6, 10, 11.

14. Izanoi rokupedzisa rinopiwa pamusoro pokureurura chivi uye pamusoro pomunyengetero?

¹⁴ Ngavarege kupika. Panzvimbo pezvo, “hon’o [yavo] ngaive hon’o,” uye “kwete [yavo] ngaive kwete.” Vanofanira kureurura pachena zvivi zvavo nokunyengetererana. Sezvinoratidzwa muminyengetero yaEria, “kukumbira kwomunhu wakarurama kune simba guru.” Kana munhu upi noupi akatsauswa pazvokwadi, munhu anomudzora “uchaponesa mweya parufu nokufukidza zvivi zvizhinji.”—5:12, 16, 20.

CHIKONZERO NEI RICHIBETSERA

15. Jakobho anoshandisa sei Magwaro echiHebheru? Enzanisira.

¹⁵ Kunyange zvazvo Jakobho achidudza kaviri bedzi zita raJesu (1:1; 2:1), anoita kushandiswa kunoshanda zvikuru kwedzidziso dzaTenzi, sokuzivisa kunoita kusanoenzaniswa kwetsamba yaJakobho neMharidzo yapaGomo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zita raJehovha rinooneka ka13 (New World Translation), uye zvipikirwa zvake zvinosimbiswa setuso dzavaKristu vanochengeta kutenda. (4:10; 5:11) Jakobho anoshandisa ashandisazve Magwaro echiHebheru nokuda kwemienzaniso uye kunokorwa kwamashoko kwakakodzera kuti akudziridze zano rake rinoshanda. Iye anozivisa manyuko acho kupfurikidza nokutaura kwake, kwokuti: “sezvazvakanyorwa,” “rugwaro rukaitika,” uye “rugwaro runotaura”; uye anopfuurira kushandisa aya magwaro kukurarama kwechiKristu. (2:8, 23; 4:5) Mukutaura mapfundo akajeka ezano nokuvaka kutenda muShoko raMwari serinotsinhirana rose, Jakobho anoita nongedzero dzakakodzera kumabasa okutenda aAbrahama, kukuratidzira kwaRakabhi kutenda kupfurikidza namabasa, kutsungiriro yokutendeka yaJobho, uye kukuvimba nomunyengetero kwaEria.—Jak. 2:21-25; 5:11, 17, 18; Gen. 22:9-12; Josh. 2:1-21; Jobho 1:20-22; 42:10; 1 Madz. 17:1; 18:41-45.

16. Jakobho anopa zanoi nenyevero, uye uchenjeri hunoshanda hwakadaro hunobva mumanyukoi?

¹⁶ Zano raJakobho rokuva vaiti veshoko uye kwete vanzwi chete, kuramba tichibvumikisa kutenda kupfurikidza namabasa okururama, kuwana mufaro mukutsungirira miedzo yakasiyana-siyana, kuramba tichikumbira Mwari nokuda kwouchenjeri, kuswedera pedyo naye nguva dzose mumunyengetero, uye kushandisa mutemo woumambo unoti, “Ida wokwako sezvaunozvida iwe” rinokosha. (Jak. 1:22; 2:24; 1:2, 5; 4:8; 5:13-18; 2:8) Nyevero dzake pamusoro pokudzidzisa chikanganiso, kushandisa rurimi nenzira inokuvadza, kuita mapoka muungano, kuchiva mufarwa wenyama, uye kuvimba nepfuma inoora dzakasimba. (3:1, 8; 2:4; 4:3; 5:1, 5) Jakobho anojekesa zvikuru kuti ushamwari nenyika hunova upombwe hwomudzimu noruvengo naMwari, uye anopa rondedzero yechimiro chinoshanda chokunamata kwakachena mukuona kwaMwari, kuti: “kufambira nherera nechirikadzi pakutambudzika kwavo, nokuzvichengeta, kuti arege kusvibiswa nenyika.” (4:4; 1:27) Zano rose irori, rinoshanda kwazvo uye riri nyore kunzwisisa, ndiro chairo raigona kukarirwa kubva kuiyi ‘mbiru’ yeungano yechiKristu yapakuvamba. (VaG. 2:9) Shoko raro romutsa rinopfuurira senhungamiro nokuda kwavaKristu munguva dzedu dzinotambudza, nokuti ndiko “kuchenjera kunobva kumusoro,” uko kunobereka “zvibereko zvakanaka.”—3:17, 18.

17. Chikonzeroi chakasimba chinopiwa chokutsungirira mumabasa okutendeka?

¹⁷ Jakobho akanga achidisa kubetsera hama dzake kusvika nharidzano yadzo youpenyu muUmambo hwaMwari. Naizvozvo anodzikurudzira, kuti: “Nemiwo tsungirirai; simbisai mwoyo yenyu, nokuti kuuya kwaShe kwava pedyo.” Dzinofara kana dzichipfuurira kutsungirira muedzo nemhaka yokuti tendero yaMwari inoreva kugamuchira “korona youpenyu yakapikirwa avo vanomuda.” (5:8; 1:12) Nokudaro chipikirwa chaMwari chekorona youpenyu—upenyu hwokusafa mumatenga kana kuti zvimwe upenyu husingagumi pasi pano—chinosimbiswa sechikonzero chakasimba chokutsungirira mumabasa okutendeka. Zvirokwazvo iyi tsamba inoshamisa ichakurudzira vose kusvasvavirira nharidzano youpenyu husingaperi mudenga kana kuti zvimwe munyika itsva yaJehovha inotongwa neMbeu yoUmambo, Ishe wedu Jesu Kristu.—2:5.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]