Chitsauko 1

Muprofita waMwari Anounzira Vanhu Chiedza

1, 2. Mamiriroi ezvinhu mazuvano anoparira vazhinji kufunganya?

TIRI kurarama munguva inoratidzika sokuti munhu anogona kuita zvinhu zvose. Kuenda muchadenga, ruzivo rwemakombiyuta, uye kumwe kufambira mberi kwesayenzi kwakazarurira vanhu zvinhu zvitsva zvinobvira, zvichiunza tariro youpenyu huri nani—pamwe hwakatoreba.

² Kufambira mberi kwakadaro kwakaita kuti ubvise kiyi pamisuo yako here? Kwakabvisa kutya hondo here? Kwakapedza zvirwere kana kuti kubvisa kusuruvara kunokonzerwa nokufirwa nomudiwa here? Nyangwe! Kufambira mberi kwevanhu, nokushamisa kwakungaita, kune pakunogumira. “Takawana nzira yokuenda nayo kumwedzi, tinogadzira zvinhu zvemagetsi (silicon chips) zvakasimba kudarika zvekare, uye tinobvisa nokuisazve majini evanhu,” unodaro mushumo weWorldwatch Institute. “Asi nanhasi hatisati takwanisa kupa vanhu bhiriyoni mvura yakachena, kuderedza kutsakatika kwezviuru zvemarudzi ezvisikwa, kana kuti kuzvigadzirira masimba omoto atinoda tisingakanganisi mhepo.” Zvinonzwisisika kuti vazhinji vanotarisa nguva yemberi vachifunganya, vasina chokwadi chokuti vangawana nyaradzo netariro kupi.

3. Mamiriroi ezvinhu aive munyika yeJudha muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E.?

³ Mamiriro ezvinhu atinotarisana nawo nhasi akafanana neevanhu vaMwari muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E. Panguva iyoyo, Mwari akapa mushumiri wake Isaya basa rokupa mashoko okunyaradza kuvagari venyika yeJudha, uye vaida kunyaradzwa chaizvo. Zviitiko zvinotambudza zvakazunungusa rudzi rwacho. Umambo hweAsiria hune utsinye hwakanga hwoda kutambudza nyika yacho, huchizadza vazhinji nokutya. Vanhu vaMwari vaigona kuendepi kuti vaponeswe? Vaigarodana kuna Jehovha, asi vachisarudza havo kuvimba nevanhu.—2 Madzimambo 16:7; 18:21.

Chiedza Chinopenya Murima

4. Isaya akapiwa basa rokuzivisa shoko rei rine zvinhu zviviri?

⁴ Somugumisiro wokumukira kwenyika yeJudha, Jerusarema raifanira kuparadzwa, uye vagari venyika yeJudha vaizoendeswa senhapwa kuBhabhironi. Hungu, nguva dzakaoma dzakanga dziri kuuya. Jehovha akapa muprofita wake Isaya basa rokufanotaura nezvenguva ine ngozi iyi, asi Akamurayirawo kuzivisa mashoko akanaka. Papera makore 70 vari nhapwa, vaJudha vaizosunungurwa paBhabhironi! Vaizosara vashomanana vaizodzokera kuZiyoni vachifara vova neropafadzo yokudzorera kunamata kwechokwadi ikoko. Neshoko rinofadza iri, Jehovha achashandisa muprofita wake akaita kuti chiedza chipenye murima.

5. Nei Jehovha akazivisa zvinangwa zvake pachine nguva yakareba kudaro?

⁵ Nyika yeJudha haina kuva matongo kutozosvikira kwapera makore anopfuura zana Isaya atonyora uprofita hwake. Saka nei Jehovha akazivisa zvinangwa zvake pachine nguva yakareba kudaro? Avo vakanga vaita zvokuzvinzwira Isaya achizivisa vaisazove vanguri vafa here paizozadzika uprofita hwacho? Ichokwadi. Kunyange zvakadaro, nemhaka yezvakazarurirwa Isaya naJehovha, vairarama panguva yokuparadzwa kweJerusarema muna 607 B.C.E. vaizove nechinyorwa cheshoko rouprofita raIsaya. Izvi zvaizopa uchapupu husingarambiki hwokuti Jehovha ndiye “unoparidza kubva pakutanga izvo zvichaitika pakupedzisira, nokubva panguva yekare-kare zvinhu zvichigere kuitwa.”—Isaya 46:10; 55:10, 11.

6. Ndedzipi dzimwe nzira idzo Jehovha anopfuura nadzo vanhu vose vanofembera?

⁶ Jehovha bedzi ndiye anogona nenzira yakakodzera kutaura kudaro. Munhu angakwanisa kufanotaura nezvenguva yemberi iri pedyo achizvitorera pakunzwisisa kwake mamiriro ezvinhu zvematongerwe enyika kana kuti zvenzanga panguva iyoyo. Asi Jehovha bedzi ndiye anogona kufanoona zvichaitika chero panguva ipi neipi sezvazviri chaizvo, kunyange munguva yemberi iri kure. Anogonawo kupa vashumiri vake simba rokufanotaura zviitiko nguva refu zvisati zvaitika. Bhaibheri rinoti: “Zvirokwazvo, Ishe Jehovha haangaiti chinhu, asina kumbozivisa varanda vake vaprofita zvakavanzika zvake.”—Amosi 3:7.

“VanaIsaya” Vangani?

7. Nyanzvi zhinji dzakava dzisina chokwadi sei nomunyori webhuku raIsaya, uye nei?

⁷ Nhau youprofita ndechimwe chinhu chakaita kuti nyanzvi dzakawanda dzisava nechokwadi nomunyori webhuku raIsaya. Vatsoropodzi ava vanoomerera pakuti chikamu chokupedzisira chebhuku racho chinofanira kuve chakanyorwa nomumwe munhu akararama muzana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E., ingave nguva yokutapwa kuBhabhironi kana kuti pashure pacho. Sokutaura kwavo, uprofita hwokuparadzwa kwenyika yeJudha hwakanyorwa hwaitika uye naizvozvo kwakanga kusiri kufanotaura chaiko zvachose. Vatsoropodzi ava vanotiwo pashure pechitsauko 40, bhuku raIsaya rinotaura sokunge kuti Bhabhironi ndiro raive simba raitonga panguva iyoyo uye kuti vaIsraeri vakanga vachakatapwa ikoko. Saka, vanoti chero munhu akanyora chikamu chokupedzisira chebhuku raIsaya anofanira kuva akadaro munguva iyoyo—muzana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E. Pane chikonzero chakasimba here chokufunga kwakadaro? Chokwadi kwete!

8. Kusava nechokwadi nomunyori webhuku raIsaya kwakatanga rini, uye kwakapararira sei?

⁸ Kuva munyori kwaIsaya hakuna kumborambwa kutozosvikira muzana remakore rechi12 C.E. Izvi zvakaitwa nomumwe muongorori wechiJudha Abraham Ibn Ezra. “Mubhuku rake pamusoro paIsaya,” inodaro Encyclopaedia Judaica, “[Abraham Ibn Ezra] anoti chikamu chechipiri, kubva pachitsauko 40, rakanga riri basa romuprofita akararama munguva Yokuva Nhapwa kuBhabhironi uye nguva yokutanga yoKudzoka kuZiyoni.” Muzana remakore rechi18 ne19, maonere aIbn Ezra akatorwawo nedzimwe nyanzvi dzakati kuti, kusanganisira Johann Christoph Doederlein, mumwe mufundisi weGermany uyo akabudisa bhuku rake rokutsanangura Isaya muna 1775, uye bhuku rechipiri muna 1789. New Century Bible Commentary inoti: “Nyanzvi dzose, kunze kwedzinorambira pane zvekare zvino dzinobvuma dzidziso yakaunzwa naDoederlein . . . yokuti uprofita huri muzvitsauko 40 kusvika ku66 mubhuku raIsaya haasi mashoko omuprofita Isaya womuzana remakore rechisere, asi hunobva pane imwe nguva pave paya.”

9. (a) Bhuku raIsaya rakapatsanurwa sei? (b) Mumwe muongorori weBhaibheri anopfupikisa sei nharo dziri pamusoro pomunyori webhuku raIsaya?

⁹ Zvisinei, mibvunzo pamusoro pomunyori webhuku raIsaya haina kugumira ipapo. Dzidziso pamusoro paIsaya wechipiri—kana kuti Dheutero-Isaya—yakabereka pfungwa yokuti munyori wechitatu angave akabatanidzwa.a Zvadaro bhuku raIsaya rakawedzera kupatsanurwa, zvokuti imwe nyanzvi inoti zvitsauko 15 ne16 zvakanyorwa nomumwe muprofita asingazivikanwi, nepo mumwewo haana chokwadi nomunyori wezvitsauko 23 kusvika ku27. Mumwezve anototi Isaya haangagoni kuve akanyora mashoko anowanikwa muzvitsauko 34 ne35. Nei? Nemhaka yokuti mashoko acho akada kufanana chaizvo neari muzvitsauko 40 kusvika ku66, izvo zvakanga zvatonzi ndezvomumwe asiri Isaya womuzana remakore rechisere! Mumwe muongorori weBhaibheri Charles C. Torrey anopfupikisa nomazvo mugumisiro wemafungiro aya ose. “Aichimbova ‘Muprofita Akatapwa’ mukuru,” anodaro, “adzikira kuva munhu pasina, uye avharwa mudutu rezvipenga zvebhuku rake.” Zvisinei, hadzisiri nyanzvi dzose dzinobvumirana nokupatsanura bhuku raIsaya kwakadaro.

Uchapupu Hwomunyori Mumwe Chete

10. Ipa muenzaniso mumwe wokuti kudzokororwa kwemashoko akafanana kunopa sei uchapupu hwomunyori mumwe chete webhuku raIsaya.

¹⁰ Pane chikonzero chakasimba chokuramba tichiti bhuku raIsaya ibhuku romunyori mumwe chete. Humwe uchapupu hwacho hune chokuita nokudzokororwa kwemashoko akafanana. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okuti “Mutsvene waIsraeri” anowanika ka12 muna Isaya zvitsauko 1 kusvika ku39 uye ka13 muna Isaya zvitsauko 40 kusvika ku66, asi kurondedzerwa kwaJehovha uku kunongowanikwa ka6 bedzi mune mamwe Magwaro echiHebheru ose. Kudzokororwa kwemashoko aya asinganyanyi kushandiswa kunoratidza kubatana kwaIsaya pakunyorwa kwaro.

11. Zvitsauko 1 kusvika ku39 zvakafanana pakudii nezvitsauko 40 kusvika ku66 zvaIsaya?

¹¹ Pane zvimwe zvakafanana zviri muna Isaya zvitsauko 1 kusvika ku39 uye zvitsauko 40 kusvika ku66. Zvikamu zviviri izvi zvine madimikira akafanana anoshandiswa kakawanda, akadai somukadzi anorwadziwa nokubereka uye “nzira” kana kuti “nzira huru.”b Uye munotaurwa nezve“Ziyoni” kakawanda, shoko rinoshandiswa ka29 muzvitsauko 1 kusvika ku39 uye ka18 muzvitsauko 40 kusvika ku66. Kutaura chokwadi, Ziyoni rinotaurwa nezvaro kakawanda muna Isaya kupfuura mune rimwe bhuku reBhaibheri ripi zvaro! Uchapupu hwakadaro, inodaro The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, “hunoisa chidhindo chokusiyanisa pabhuku racho chakaoma kutsanangura” kudai bhuku racho rakanyorwa nevanyori vaviri, vatatu, kana kuti vanopfuura.

12, 13. Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki anoratidza sei kuti bhuku raIsaya rakanga riri basa romunyori mumwe chete?

¹² Uchapupu hwakasimba pane hwose hwokuti bhuku raIsaya rakanyorwa nomunyori mumwe chete hunowanikwa muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akafuridzirwa. Iwaya anoratidza pachena kuti vaKristu vomuzana remakore rokutanga vaidavira kuti bhuku raIsaya rakanga riri basa romunyori mumwe chete. Somuenzaniso, Ruka anotaura nezvomukuru mukuru weEtiopiya akanga achiverenga mashoko ayo zvino ava kuwanikwa muna Isaya chitsauko 53, chikamu chaicho icho vatsoropodzi vemazuvano vanoti ndechaDheutero-Isaya. Zvisinei, Ruka anoti muEtiopiya akanga “achirava zvinonzwika [bhuku] romuprofita Isaya.”—Mabasa 8:26-28.

¹³ Zvakare funga nezvomunyori weEvhangeri Mateu, uyo anotsanangura nzira iyo ushumiri hwaJohani Mubhabhatidzi hwakazadzika nayo mashoko ouprofita atinowana zvino pana Isaya 40:3. Mateu anoti uprofita hwacho hwakanyorwa naani? Mumwe Dheutero-Isaya asingazivikanwi here? Aiwa, anongotaura nezvomunyori wacho sa“Isaya muprofita.”c (Mateu 3:1-3) Pane chimwe chiitiko, Jesu akaverenga mumupumburu mashoko atinowana zvino pana Isaya 61:1, 2. Pakurondedzera nhau yacho, Ruka anoti: “Akagamuchidzwa mupumburu womuprofita Isaya.” (Ruka 4:17) Mutsamba yake kuvaRoma, Pauro anotaura nezvechikamu chokutanga nechokupedzisira chaIsaya, asi hapana paanomboratidza kuti munyori wacho akanga ari mumwe munhu kunze kwomunhu mumwe iyeye, Isaya. (VaRoma 10:16, 20; 15:12) Sezviri pachena, vaKristu vomuzana remakore rokutanga vakanga vasingadaviri kuti bhuku raIsaya rakanga ranyorwa nevanhu vaviri, vatatu, kana kuti kupfuura.

14. Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa inojekesa sei nhau yomunyori webhuku raIsaya?

¹⁴ Fungawo nezvouchapupu hweMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa—magwaro ekare, ayo mazhinji awo anobvira munguva yakatangira yaJesu. Rimwe remanyoro aIsaya, rinozivikanwa soMupumburu waIsaya, rinobvira muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., uye rinoramba zvinotaurwa nevatsoropodzi kuti Dheutero-Isaya akazopfuudzira kunyora pachitsauko 40. Sei? Murugwaro rwekare urwu, chatave kuziva zvino sechitsauko 40 chinotangira pamutsetse wokupedzisira wechikamu chacho, mutsetse wokutanga wacho uchinoperera muchikamu chinotevera. Akakopa sezviri pachena akanga asingazivi nezvekwaifungidzirwa kuva kuchinja kwomunyori kana kuti kukamurwa kwebhuku racho panzvimbo iyoyo.

15. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika wechiJudha Flavius Josephus anotii pamusoro pouprofita hwaIsaya nezvaKoreshi?

¹⁵ Pakupedzisira funga nezvouchapupu hwomunyori wechiJudha wenhau dzakaitika Flavius Josephus. Haangotauri bedzi kuti uprofita huri muna Isaya pamusoro paKoreshi hwakanyorwa muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E. asi anotiwo Koreshi aiziva nezvouprofita uhwu. “Zvinhu izvi Koreshi aizviziva,” anonyora kudaro Josephus, “kubva mukuverenga bhuku rouprofita iro Isaya akanga asiya mazana maviri ane gumi emakore akanga apfuura.” Maererano naJosephus, kuziva nezvouprofita uhwu kungave kwakatobatsira kuti Koreshi ade kudzorera vaJudha kunyika yokumusha kwavo, nokuti Josephus anonyora kuti Koreshi aka“batwa nechido chakasimba uye vavariro yokuita zvakanga zvanyorwa.”—Jewish Antiquities, Bhuku XI, chitsauko 1, ndima 2.

16. Chii chingataurwa pamusoro pokutaura kwevatsoropodzi kuti Bhabhironi rinorondedzerwa muchikamu chokupedzisira chaIsaya sesimba riri kutonga?

¹⁶ Sezvambotaurwa, vatsoropodzi vazhinji vanoti kubvira pana Isaya chitsauko 40, Bhabhironi rinorondedzerwa sesimba riri kutonga, uye vaIsraeri vanotaurwa nezvavo sevanotova nhapwa. Izvi hazvingaratidzi kuti munyori wacho akararama muzana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E. here? Kwete hazvo. Chokwadi ndechokuti kunyange tisati tasvika muchitsauko 40 chaIsaya, Bhabhironi dzimwe nguva rinorondedzerwa sesimba renyika yose riri kutonga. Somuenzaniso pana Isaya 13:19, Bhabhironi rinonzi “rine mbiri paushe hwose” kana kuti, sokushandura kweToday’s English Version, “ushe hwakanakisisa pahwose.” Mashoko aya sezviri pachena ndeouprofita, sezvo Bhabhironi risina kuva simba kutozosvikira kwapera rinopfuura zana remakore. Mumwe mutsoropodzi “anogadzirisa” ichi chinonzi chinetso nokungoramba Isaya 13 achiti ibasa romumwe munyori! Kunyange zvakadaro, chaizvoizvo kutaura nezvezviitiko zvomunguva yemberi sokunge zvatoitika kunowanikwa kakawanda chaizvo muuprofita hweBhaibheri. Chidavado chokunyora ichi chinosimbisa kwazvo kuve kwechokwadi kwokuzadzika kwouprofita hwacho. (Zvakazarurwa 21:5, 6) Zvechokwadi, Mwari wouprofita hwechokwadi bedzi ndiye angagona kutaura kuti: “Ndinoparidza zvinhu zvitsva; ndinokuudzai izvozvo zvisati zvabukira.”—Isaya 42:9.

Bhuku Rouprofita Hunovimbwa Nahwo

17. Kuchinja kwechidavado chokunyora kubvira pana Isaya chitsauko 40 kungatsanangurwa sei?

¹⁷ Uchapupu hunoratidza kugumisa kwokuti chii zvino? Kuti bhuku raIsaya ibasa romunyori mumwe chete akafuridzirwa. Bhuku iri rose rakapfuudzwa nomumazana emakore sebhuku rimwe, kwete maviri kana anopfuura. Chokwadi, vamwe vangati manyorerwe ebhuku raIsaya anoti chinjei kubva pachitsauko 40 zvichienda mberi. Kunyange zvakadaro, yeuka kuti Isaya akashanda somuprofita waMwari kwemakore asiri pasi pe46. Munguva iyoyo zvinofanira kutarisirwa kuti shoko rake, uye nenzira yake yokutaura nayo shoko rake, zvaizochinja. Zvechokwadi, basa raIsaya raakapiwa naMwari rakanga risiri rokungopa nyevero yakasimba yokutonga. Aifanirawo kupa mashoko aJehovha okuti: “Nyaradzai, nyaradzai vanhu vangu.” (Isaya 40:1) Vanhu vaMwari vesungano vaizonyaradzwa zvechokwadi nechipikirwa chake chokuti, pashure pemakore 70 okutapwa, vaJudha vaizodzorerwa kunyika yokumusha kwavo.

18. Ndoupi uri musoro mukuru webhuku raIsaya uchakurukurwa mubhuku rino?

¹⁸ Kusunungurwa kwevaJudha pakutapwa neBhabhironi ndiwo musoro mukuru wezvitsauko zvizhinji zvaIsaya zvinokurukurwa mubhuku rino.d Huzhinji hwouprofita uhwu hunozadzika mazuvano, sezvatichaona. Mukuwedzera, tinowana mubhuku raIsaya uprofita hunofadza hwakazadzika muupenyu—norufu—zveMwanakomana waMwari akaberekwa mumwe oga. Zvechokwadi, kudzidza uprofita hunokosha huri mubhuku raIsaya kuchabatsira vashumiri vaMwari nevamwe mupasi rose. Uprofita uhwu, zvechokwadi, chiedza chavanhu vose.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 9]

Uchapupu Hunobva Mukuongorora Mutauro

Zvidzidzo zvomutauro—izvo zvinoronda kuchinja kuduku kunoitika mumutauro kwemakore akawanda—zvinopa humwe uchapupu hwokuti bhuku raIsaya ibhuku romunyori mumwe chete. Kudai chimwe chikamu chaIsaya chakanyorwa muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E. uye chimwe chikamu makore 200 gare gare, paifanira kuva nomusiyano parudzi rwechiHebheru chakashandiswa muchikamu chimwe nechimwe. Asi maererano netsvakurudzo yakabudiswa muWestminster Theological Journal, “uchapupu hunobva mukuongorora mutauro hunotsigira zvakasimba kuti Isaya 40 kusvika ku66 yakanyorwa kutapwa kusati kwaitika.” Munyori wetsvakurudzo yacho anogumisa achiti: “Kana nyanzvi dzinotsoropodza dzikaramba dzichiomerera pakuti Isaya anofanira kuva womunguva yokutapwa kana kuti pashure pacho, dzinofanira kuita kudaro pasinei nouchapupu hunopikisa hwokuongorora mutauro.”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Chikamu choMupumburu waIsaya weGungwa Rakafa. Mugumo wechitsauko 39 wakaratidzwa nomuseve

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 12, 13]

Pachine makore anenge 200, Isaya anofanotaura nezvokusunungurwa kwevaJudha