Ndiani Akanga Ari Teofiro weAntiokia?
“MUNONDIIDZA muKristu, sokunge kuti iri izita rokuzvidza rokuvanaro, ini, kana ndirini, ndinozivisa kuti ndiri muKristu, uye kutakura zita irori rinodiwa raMwari, ndichakarira kuva anoshandisika kuna Mwari.”
Nokudaro Teofiro anosuma bhuku rake rine mapato matatu rine musoro unoti Theophilus to Autolycus. Ndiwo mavambo okudzivirira kwake kuramba kutenda kwezana ramakore rechipiri. Teofiro anozvizivisa amene noushingi somuteveri waKristu. Iye anoratidzika kuva akatsunga kuita zvinhu zvake kuti ave mumwe “anodiwa naMwari,” mutsinhirano nerevo yomutauro wechiGiriki yezita rake. Ndiani chaizvo akanga ari Teofiro? Akararama rini? Uye chii chaakaita?
Nhau Yomunhu Oga
Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvenhau yomunhu oga yaTeofiro. Akarerwa navabereki vaisava vaKristu. Teofiro gare gare akatendeukira kuchiKristu asi mushure bedzi mefundo yokungwarira yaMagwaro. Akava bishopu weungano yakanga iri Antiokia yeSiria, inozivikanwa nhasi seAntakya, muTurkey.
Mutsinhirano nemurayiro waJesu, vaKristu vezana rokutanga ramakore vakaparidzira pakati pevanhuwo zvavo veAntiokia. Ruka akanyora kubudirira kwavo, achiti: “Ruoko raShe rukava navo, vazhinji vakatenda, vakatendeukira kunaShe.” (Mabasa 11:20, 21) Sezvakatungamirirwa noumwari, vateveri vaJesu Kristu vakazivikanwa savaKristu. Kutaura uku kwakatanga kushandiswa muAntiokia yeSiria. (Mabasa 11:26) Muzana rokutanga ramakore C.E., muapostora Pauro akaenda kuAntiokia yeSiria, uye pakava pamusha pake. Bharnabhasi naPauro, vachiperekedzwa naJohane Marko, vakatanga rwendo rwavo rwokutanga rwoufundisi paAntiokia.
VaKristu vapakuvamba veAntiokia vanofanira kuva vakakurudzirwa zvikuru neshanyo dzavaapostora kuguta ravo. Kuita kwavo kwembavarira kuzvokwadi yeShoko raMwari pasina panikiro kwakanga kuri rutivi nemhaka yeshanyo dzaisimbisa kutenda dzavamiririri vezana rokutanga ramakore vomutumbi unodzora. (Mabasa 11:22, 23) Kunofanira kuva kwaikurudzira sei kuti vaone vagari vazhinji kwazvo veAntiokia vachitsaurira upenyu hwavo kuna Jehovha Mwari! Zvisinei, Teofiro akagara muAntiokia makore anopfuura 100 gare gare.
Vezvenhau Eusebius akataura kuti Teofiro akanga ari bishopu wechitanhatu weAntiokia, achiverenga kubvira panguva yevaapostora vaKristu. Teofiro akanyora chiverengero chakati chekurukurirano dzomuromo nokuramba dzidziso dzakatsauka. Anobatanidzwa pakati pevakakurumbira vevatsigiri vokutenda vechiKristu vanopfuura gumi navaviri vomuzuva rake.
Kunzvera Manyoro Ake
Achipindura kurukurirano yapakuvamba, Teofiro anonyora kuna Autolycus wechihedheni mashoko aya okuvamba: “Rurimi rwakatsetseka nokutaura kwakanaka zvinopa mufaro uye rumbidzo yakadaro inofarira zvisina maturo, kuvanhu vanosiririsa vakashatiswa mundangariro.” Teofiro anotsanangura, achiti: “Mudi wezvokwadi haateereri kutaura kwakanatswa, asi anoongorora revo chaiyoiyo yokutaura . . . Wandidenha namashoko asina maturo, kuganza navamwari vako vemiti uye vematombo, vakarohwa nesando ndokuumbwa, vakavezwa ndokutsetswa, vasingaoni kana kuti kunzwa, nokuti zvidhori, uye mabasa amaoko avanhu.”—Enzanisa nePisarema 115:4-8.
Teofiro anofumura unhema hwokunamata zvidhori. Mumutoo wake chaiwoiwo wokunyora, iye anovavarira nesimba, kunyange zvazvo nokunyanyisa, kutaura rudzi chairwoirwo rwaMwari wechokwadi. Iye anotsanangura kuti: “Chitarisiko chaMwari hachitauriki namashoko uye hachitsananguriki, uye hachigoni kuoneka namaziso enyama. Nokuti haanzwisisiki mumbiri, uye haayereki muukuru, muurefu haanzwisiswi, haaenzaniswi musimba, haapfuurwi muuchenjeri, haana muenzaniso murunako, haatsananguriki mutsitsi.”
Achiwedzera kuuku kurondedzerwa kwaMwari, Teofiro anopfuurira, kuti: “Asi iye ndiShe, nemhaka yokuti Iye anotonga chisiko chose; Baba, nemhaka yokuti akatanga zvinhu zvose; Muumbi uye Muiti, nemhaka yokuti Iye ndiye musiki nomuiti wechisiko chose; Wokumusorosoro, nemhaka yokuva Kwake pamusoro pezvose; uye Wamasimba ose, nemhaka yokuti Iye Amene anotonga uye anobatanidza vose.”
Tevere, achinangidzira ngwariro pamabasa chaiwo aMwari, Teofiro anopfuurira nomutoo mumwe wake chaiwo wokusanoita kwake uye wokuti dzokororei, achiti: “Nokuti matenga ibasa Rake, pasi chisiko Chake, gungwa ibasa ramaoko Ake; ndiye wakaumba munhu uye mufananidzo Wake; zuva, mwedzi, nyeredzi zvisikwa Zvake, zvakaitwa nokuda kwezviratidzo, uye mwaka, uye mazuva, uye makore, kuti zvigobatira uye zvive savaranda kuvanhu; uye zvinhu zvose Mwari akaita zvichibva muzvinhu zvakanga zvisipo kuva zvinhu zviripo, kuitira kuti kupfurikidza namabasa Ake ukuru Hwake hugozivikanwa nokunzwisiswa.”
Mumwe muenzaniso wokudenha kwaTeofiro pavamwari venhema vezuva rake kunocherekedzwa mumashoko anotevera kuna Autolycus: “Mazita eavo wakati unonamata, mazita evanhu vakafa. . . . Uye vaiva vanhu vorudzii? Saturn haaonwi kuva anodya vanhu here, achiparadza uye kuuraya vana vake amene? Uye kana uchitumidza mwanakomana wake kuti Jupiter, . . . akayamwiwa sei nembudzi . . . Uye mamwe mabasa ake,—kuvatana kwake nehama dzokunyama, uye upombwe, uye kuchiva.”
Achikudza chibvumikiso chake, Teofiro anosimbisazve chimiro chake mukushora kunamata zvidhori kwechihedheni. Iye akanyora kuti: “Ndinofanira kurondedzerazve here mhuka dzakawanda dzainamatwa navaEgipita, zvose zviri zviviri zvinokambaira, uye mombe, uye zvikara, uye shiri, uye hove dzemumvura . . . VaGiriki namamwe marudzi, vanonamata matombo uye miti, uye mamwe marudzi ezvinhu zvinooneka.” “Asi ndinonamata Mwari, Mwari mupenyu newechokwadi,” anozivisa kudaro Teofiro.—Enzanisa na2 Samueri 22:47; Mabasa 14:15; VaRoma 1:22, 23.
Chipupuriro Chinokosha
Mazano uye pangiro zviri mubhuku rine mativi matatu raTeofiro achiramba Autolycus rine mativi akawanda. Mamwe manyoro aTeofiro akanga akanangidzirwa mukurwisana naHermogenes uye Marcion. Akanyorawo mabhuku omurayiridzo uye okuvandudza, achiwedzera tsinhiro paEvhangeri yacho. Zvisinei, mabhuku matatu bedzi kuna Autolycus, mupumburu wamanyoro mumwe, wakachengetedzwa.
Bhuku rokutanga ikumbiro yoruregerero yakanyorwa kuna Autolycus mukudzivirira rudzidziso rwechiKristu. Bhuku rechipiri kuna Autolycus rinobvumikisa rudzidziso rwechihedheni rwakakumbanira fungidziro, vazivi, uye vadetembi. Mabhuku echihedheni anoenzaniswa neMagwaro mubhuku rechitatu raTeofiro.
Pakuvamba kwebhuku rechitatu raTeofiro, Autolycus sezviri pachena akanga achine murangariro wokuti Shoko rezvokwadi rakanga riri ngano. Teofiro akatsoropodza Autolycus, achiti: “Unotsungirira mafuza uchifara. Kudai zvisina kudaro unodai usina kusundwa namapenzi kuti upesvedzerwe namashoko asina maturo, uye kudavira runyerekupe.”
Chii chakanga chiri “runyerekupe rwakapararira”? Teofiro anozivisa manyuko acho. Vacheri “vane miromo isina umwari vanotipomera zvenhema, [isu] vanamati vaMwari, uye vanonzi vaKristu, vanozivisa kuti vadzimai ndevavose uye vanovatana navose; uye kuti tinotovatana nehanzvadzi dzedu chaidzo, uye, chakaipisisa necheutsinye chazvose, kuti tinodya nyama yavanhu.” Teofiro akashanda nesimba kurwisa murangariro uyu wechihedheni usina kururama zvikuru wevaiti vaKristu vezana rokutanga ramakore. Akashandisa chiedza chezvokwadi chiri muShoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa.—Mateo 5:11, 12.
Kunopupurira kurovedzana kwaTeofiro neShoko raMwari kushandisa kwake kuzhinji nokunongedzera kuose ari maviri magwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki. Akanga ari mumwe wevatsinhiri vapakuvamba zvikurusa pamusoro peEvhangeri. Nongedzero zhinji dzaTeofiro kuMagwaro dzinogovera nzwisiso huru mukufunga kwakanga kwakapararira munguva yake. Akashandisa kurovedzana kwake nemanyoro akafuridzirwa kuratidzira ukuru hwavo hukuru pauzivi hwechihedheni.
Kurongwa kwemashoko aTeofiro, mataurire ake anorondedzera nomutoo wokudzokorora zvingasiya chimwe chinhu chinoshuviwa mundangariro dzavamwe vanhu. Hatigoni kutaura kusvikira pari zvino kuti kuramba kutenda kwakafanotaurwa kungave kwakatapura kururama kwemirangariro yake, kusvikira kutambanukoi. (2 VaTesaronika 2:3-12) Kunyange zvakadaro, panguva yorufu rwake, munenge muna 182 C.E., Teofiro sezviri pachena akanga ava mutsigiri asinganeti, ane manyoro ari efariro kuvaKristu vechokwadi vomunguva yazvino uno.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 30]
Teofiro akaramba noushingi zvibvumikiso zvaAutolycus
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]
Mifananidzo iri pamapeji 28 uye 30 yakatorwa muIllustrirte Pracht - BibelHeilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testaments nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. Martin Luther’s