Musika—Musimboti weAtene Yakare

NZANGA yakabudirira yeAtene yakanga iri kuita mheremhere! Nguva dzose pfungwa itsva dzakanga dziri kutaurwa mumusika weguta iroro rechiGiriki, kana kuti nzvimbo yokutengesera. Zvisinei, nguva ino zvakanga zvakasiyana zvikuru. Achangobva kusvika muguta, mumwe murume wechiJudha airatidzika kuva “muparidzi wavamwari vasingazikanwi.” Akanga ari kutaura zvinoshamisa kune “vaakasongana navo.” “Uyu mutauri wezvisina maturo unoda kureveiko?” vakabvunza kudaro vaEpikuro vaizvikudza uye vaStoiko vaiva vakasunga zviso. Zvirokwazvo, musika weAtene yakanga iri nzvimbo yokukurukurirana pachena pamusoro penhau ipi neipi pasi pezuva. Asi kusuma vamwari vasingazivikanwi— aiwa, zvechokwadi izvi zvakanga zvanyanyisa!—Mabasa 17:17, 18.

Ndizvo zvakaita vaAtene vainyumwira apo muapostora Pauro akavamba kuparidza kwenguva yokutanga mumusika weAtene. Akanga achitaura pamusoro paJesu Kristu norumuko. Kunyange zvakadaro, nokuda kwetsika dzavaAtene dzairatidzika sedzisingasaruri, chii chakanga chichishamisira pamusoro pokusuma pfungwa itsva dzakadaro mumusika?

Atene Inova Nenzvimbo Yavose

Chakanga chakasiyana zvikuru agora (musika) pachawo uye basa rinokosha zvikuru rawaiita muupenyu hworudzidziso uye hwavanhu veAtene. Musika yeAtene inharaunda yakatenukira zvishoma yamaeka anenge 25 iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumavirira kweAcropolis. Zvinoratidza sokuti pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechitanhatu B.C.E., munguva yakararama mutungamiriri wehurumende yeAtene nomuiti wemitemo Solon, ichi chikamu chenzvimbo chakasarudzwa senzvimbo yavose yeguta. Kutangwa kwokutonga kwavanhu muAtene, nokusimbisa kwako kwakawedzera upenyu hwavanhu, kwakatungamirira kumubato wakakura wokuvaka mumakore apakuvamba ezana ramakore raitevera. Izvi zvakapa musika simba idzva uye basa rinokosha zvikuru rokuita.

Shoko rechiGiriki rokuti a·go·raʹ rinowanika muchiito chinoreva kuti “kokorodza, unganidza.” Izvi zvinokodzera kushandiswa kwemusika senzvimbo huru yokusanganira yeguta. Musika wakava rutivi runokosha rwoupenyu hwenzanga nohwavanhu vose. Ndipo paibva kutarisira kwose nokutonga, nzvimbo huru yokutengesera uye yebhizimisi, nzvimbo yokuitira mitambo yairatidzira mutambo wechiGiriki, nzvimbo yokuitira mitambo yokumhanya, uye nzvimbo yaifarirwa yokusangana nokuda kwekurukurirano dzavakabudirira.

Ungada kufamba uchiona zvakasara zvisina kuparadzwa zvetemberi, nhungo, zvidhori, mifananidzo, uye zvivako zvavanhu vose zvemusika muAtene here? Munhamburiko yokunzvera nguva yakapfuura yoMusika, ngatisiyei ruzha nokumhanyamhanya zveguta razvino ndokufamba munzira isina tara, pakati pematongo emunyaka, mabwe akavezwa, uye masuo asakara azara nemasora nemiti yomusango.

Temberi, Nzvimbo Dzinoyera, uye Vanamwari Vanodzivirira

Vashanyi vanoororwa nokuvapo kwetemberi dzakawanda, nzvimbo dzinoyera, uye nzvimbo tsvene dzakapirwa kuvanamwari vakasiyana-siyana. Zvose izvi zvakashanda kuita kuti musika uve nzvimbo huru yokunamata, yechipiri bedzi kuAcropolis. Mukati meGolden Age yeAtene yakabudirira, rudzidziso rwakanga rwapinda mumativi ose oupenyu hwavanhu. Izvi zvaitoreva kuti vanamwari vakasiyana-siyana vakasarudzwa sa“vanamwari vanodzivirira” vamadhipatimendi ehurumende namabasa okutarisira akapiwa nzvimbo tsvene dzetemberi mumusika.

Temberi yaHephaestus yakanga yakakurumbira pazvivako izvi. Mwarikadzi Atena aibatanidzwa naHephaestus. Vanamwari ava vose vari vaviri vainamatwa pano savanamwari vanodzivirira vezvemabasa okuveza. Zvakawanwa pakuchera matongo zvesimbi nevhu zvakapoteredza temberi iyi zvakanzi ndezvaHephaestus, mwari wechiGiriki wezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoda moto. Zvimwe muzana ramakore rechinomwe C.E., iyi temberi yakanyatsochengetedzwa yakachinjwa kuva Greek Orthodox Church yaSt. George, kunyange zvazvo isiri kunyanyoshandiswa saizvozvo nhasi.

Chokwadika, agora yaidawo mwari wayo anodzivirira. Uyu akanga ari Zeus Agoraios, aifungidzirwa kuti mufuridziri wokutaura wenzvimbo yokunyengeterera uyo akatsaurirwa artari yakashongedzwa zvakanaka yakagadzirwa namabwe anokosha ePentelic marble. (Enzanisa naMabasa 14:11, 12.) Artari yaiva pedyo yaMai vavaMwari yakanga yakakomberedzwa nezvishongo zvakaisvonaka zvezvidhori zvemagamba.

Nechokumberi, tinowana temberi duku yavaIonian. Nyanzvi yamamiriro apasi Pausanias yakaizivisa seTemberi yaBaba Apollo. Nei? Nemhaka yokuti maererano nengano yakare yechiGiriki, akanga ari baba vaIon, muvambi worudzi rwechiIonian urwo vaAtene vakanga vari rutivi rwaro.a Nemhaka yokuva munzvimbo iyi, Apollo akanga ari mumwe wavamwari vanodzivirira vesangano rehurumende rinotarisira, zvikurukuru maererano noukama hwakasiyana-siyana hwakanga huri muguta racho.

Pedyo nokuchamhembe, tinoona zvisaririra zvelimestone zvetemberi duku, yakavakwa pakati pezana ramakore rechina B.C.E. Kuno Zeus naAtena Phatrios ndivo vainamatwa, vanamwari vakuru vorudzidziso rwoukama hwamadzitateguru. Kuva mutezo mune uhu ukama kwakanga kuri chinodikanwa chokuva mugari wokuAtene. Mhiri kwomugwagwa, tinowana zvisaririra zveartari yavaMwari Gumi Navaviri.

Mumutsigo waZeus Eleutherios uri pedyo, mwari mukuru wevaGiriki akakudzwa zvakare, nguva ino samwari worusununguko uye wokununura. Nhungo iyi, kana kuti mutsigo, yakanga iri nzvimbo yakakurumbira yokufamba-famba uye nzvimbo yokusanganira. Muzivi akakurumbira Socrates anonzi akasangana neshamwari dzake pamutsigo uyu, pavaigona kugara ndokukurukura kana kuti kufamba-famba. Kutsaurira kwakawanda nezvipiriso zvakaitwa kuti zvishongedze mutsigo uyu, zvakadai sezvidzitiro zvavarwi vakanga vafa vachirwa kuti vadzivirire Atene, zvakanga zvakabatana zvakananga nokununurwa kweguta racho pavavengi varo kana kuti kuchengetedzwa kworusununguko rwaro.

Mugwagwa wePanathenaea

Mugwagwa wakapamhama, usina tara unonzi Mugwagwa wePanathenaea unopfuura nomuagora. Zita rawo rakatorwa mumutambo wamarudzi weAtene, Panathenaea. Mukati momutambo uyu vhoiri ramwarikadzi Atene raitakurwa nomumugwagwa uyu uyu kuenda kuProcession House (pedyo nesuo reguta) kuAcropolis. Zvishongo zveParthenon zvinotibetsera kufungidzira kukosha nokukura kwomutambo wacho—vatasvi vamabhiza, ngoro dzinomhanya, mombe namakwai zvokupira, majaya nemhandara vakatakura zvishandiso zvaifanira kushandiswa muzvipiriso. Mutambo wacho waichengetwa navagari vomuAtene navaenzi vavo, avo vakanga varongerwa kuti zvivanakire navanoronga mapurani edzimba pavaironga musika wacho. Somuenzaniso, nhungo nemberi kwazvo kune mabhenji uye masitepisi akanga aiswa nounyanzvi zvinowirirana nemaitirwo omutambo wacho. Nhamba huru yamasitepisi akavezwa nechemberi kwadzo yaigona kutakura vacherekedzi vakawanda.

“Rizere Nezvifananidzo”

Netemberi dzakawanda kudaro, zvidhori, uye zvifananidzo zvakaunganidzwa pamwe chete, hazvishamisi kuti muapostora Pauro “akanzwa shungu pamwoyo, achiona kuti guta rizere nezvifananidzo.” (Mabasa 17:16) Zvakacherekedzwa naPauro paakapinda mumusika zvinofanira kuva zvakamushamisa. Zvidhori zvokunamata vatano zvamwari Hermes zvakanga zvakawanda kwazvo zvokuti chivako chacho chose, chaizikanwa soMutsigo waHermes, chaidikanwa kuti zvikwane. Zvipfeko zvaiva pane zvimwe zvifananidzo zvakapendwa zvaHermes zvinoratidzira maswastika—zviratidzo zvokubereka uye upenyu. Pakanga pane chidhori chaVenus Genetrix, mwarikadzi worudo rwevatano, pamwe chete nechaDionysus chine michinjikwa yokunamata vatano yakati wandei. Chairatidza utsvene hwomusika wacho rakanga riri ibwe rapamuganhu raiva negomba rine mvura tsvene.

Nemhaka yemamiriro orudzidziso akakomba kudaro, tinogona kunzwisisa nenzira iri nyore chikonzero nei nzvimbo yaPauro yakanga ine ngozi zvikuru. Akanga achifungirwa kuva “muparidzi wavamwari vasingazivikanwi,” uye mutemo wapanguva iyoyo wairayira kuti ‘hapana munhu anofanira kuva navamwari vakasiyana, kana kuti vatsva; uye haafaniri kunamata vanamwari vapi navapi vasingazivikanwi muchivande kutoti vabvumirwa zviri pachena.’ Hazvishamisi, ipapoka, kuti muapostora akaendeswa kuAreopago kunobvunzurudzwa.—Mabasa 17:18, 19.

Muzinda Wavatongi

Chivako cheraundi chinonzi Tholos chakanga chine dzimbahwe rehurumende yeAtene. Vanasachigaro vakawanda veguta racho vairara muchivako ichi usiku kuitira kuti vakuru vakuru vagoramba varipo. Zvokuyeresa zvaichengetwa muTholos. Zvivako zvemadhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana okutarisira zvakanga zviri pedyo. Imba yeKanzuru yakanga iri mujinga mechikomo kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweTholos. Ikoko, mitezo yeKanzuru 500 yaiita misangano mavaiita basa redare nokugadzira mitemo nokuda kweDare remitemo.

Chimwe chivako chavose chinokosha chakanga chiri Royal Stoa. Ikoko Mutongi woUmambo weAtene—mumwe wavatongi vakuru vatatu veguta—akanga ane chigaro chake. Ari ipapo aiita zvinhu zvakawanda zvokutarisira zvine chokuita nenhau dzose dziri mbiri dzorudzidziso nedzomutemo. Zvimwe, ndipo pano apo Socrates aidikanirwa kuoneka paakapomerwa mhosva yokusaremekedza. Mitemo yamadzitateguru eAtene yakanga yakanyorwa pamadziro echivako chakanga chakatarisana nayo. Vatongi, kana kuti vatongi vakuru, vaimira gore rimwe nerimwe kuti vapike mhiko dzavo dzebasa paibwe rakaiswa mberi kwechivako ichocho chakafanana.

Chivako chaAttalus

Chivako chakachengetedzwa zvakanakisisa chomusika Chivako chaAttalus. Sejaya, Attalus, Mambo wePergamum (zana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E.), akanga afunda muzvikoro zveAtene, sezvakanga zvaita vamwe vana vemhuri dzoumambo munyika yeMediterranean. Pakukwira pachigaro chake, akapa chipo ichi chinokosha zvikuru—Chivako chaAttalus—kuguta raakadzidza.

Basa guru reChivako chaAttalus rakanga riri rokugovera nzvimbo ine mumvuri uye yakanaka nokuda kwokusonganirana nokukurudzirana. Uriri hwacho nechivako chine masitepisi zvaigovera nzvimbo dzakaisvonaka dzokuonera mitambo, nepo mukurumbira wayo senzvimbo unofanirawo kuva wakavimbisa kubudirira kwayo senzvimbo yokutenga. Zvitoro zvimwe zvairendeswa neHurumende kuvatengesi kuitira kuti chivako chacho chishande sechinounza mari.

Chadzorerwa kumamiriro acho apakuvamba, Chivako chaAttalus chinogovera muenzaniso wakaisvonaka wemarongerwo ezvivako. Urefu noupamhi hwacho hwose, kusiyana kwoukuru hwechikero pakati pezvikamu zvapasi nepamusoro, kushanda kunoita chiedza nemumvuri, uye kupfuma nokunaka kwezvakavakiswa zvacho, zvose zvinobetsera kuti chive chakasiyana. Kufanana kunobviswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokushandisa marudzi matatu akasiyana-siyana ecolumn capitals—Doric, Ionian, uye Egyptian.

Nzvimbo Yemibato Yetsika

Chivako chaishanda sechikuva chezviitiko zvakawanda zvetsika muAtene chakanga chiri Nzvimbo Yevaraidzo. Chakanga chiri chipo chaVipsanius Agrippa, mukwasha waMambo weRoma Augustus. Chikamu chacho chemberi, chakanga chakaiswa munyaka une mavara mavara. Horo yacho, yaikwana vanhu vanenge 1 000, yakanga yakafara anenge mamita 25 uye pakuvamba yakanga yakafukidzwa nedenga risina mitsigo yomukati. Uku kwakanga kuri kuedza kwokushinga zvikurusa mukupfirira kwaizivikanwa munyika yakare! Zvisinei, zvimwe varaidzo yakawanda yaigoverwa pano yaizova inomutsa mibvunzo nokuda kwavaKristu vechokwadi, netsika dzavo dzakakwirira.—VaEfeso 5:3-5.

Zvimwe, vanhu vanoda kubvunzurura venguva dzekare vakashanyira Raibhurari yaPantainos. Madziro ayo akanga akazara nemakabhadhi akanga akachengeterwa mipumburu yamanyoro namatehwe. Kamuri hombe reraibhurari rakanga rakatarisa nechokumadokero, uye nomumatanda aivapo, munhu aigona kuona vazhe ine nhungo—nzvimbo inofadza kufamba-famba, kurava, kana kuti kufungisisa. Chinhu chakanyorwa mitemo miviri yeraibhurari chakawanwa. Yakanga iri: “Hapana bhuku rinofanira kutorwa,” uye “[Raibhurari] inovhurwa kubva paawa yokutanga kusvika kune yechitanhatu.”

Musika Wacho Nhasi

Mumakore mashoma apfuura, musika unenge wakacherwa wose neAmerican School of Classical Studies. Iri pasi pomumvuri weAcropolis, yakava nzvimbo inofarirwa nomufambi anoda kuona zvishomanene nhau yeAtene yakare.

Monastiraki Flea Market iri pedyo—nhano shomanene kubva pamusika neAcropolis—kupinda mune imwe nyika inoshamisa. Inogovera mushanyi mashoko anoshamisa asi anofadza etsika dzechiGiriki uye mubato weMiddle-Eastern Oriental wakafanana nenzvimbo inotengeserwa zvinhu nemitengo yamunotaurirana. Uye chokwadika, mushanyi achaona Zvapupu zvaJehovha zviripo zvichifara kuita chaizvoizvo izvo muapostora Pauro akaita makore 1 900 akapfuura—kuparidza mashoko akanaka oUmambo pachena ‘kune vose vanowanikwa.’

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]

Zvokutengeserana muAtene

Musika wakanga usiri nzvimbo inokosha yavakabudirira uye yavose bedzi yeAtene asiwo musika mukuru weguta. Atene yakava musimboti wezvokutengeserana, yakakurumbira nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri mari yayo yaikosha uye kungwarira kwavatongi vayo, avo vakanga vane chiremera chokuva nechokwadi chokuti mabhizimisi ose akanga akatendeseka uye akanaka.

Atene yaitengesera dzimwe nyika waini, mafuta eolive, uchi, munyaka, uye zvinhu zvomuindasitiri zvakadai sezviumbwa zvesimbi. Mukuchinjana, yaitenga gorosi zvikuru. Sezvo Attica (nharaunda yakapota Atene) yaive isingabereki zvinhu zvakaringana kudyisa vagari vemo, mitemo yokutengeserana yakanga yakaoma. Musika wePiraeus (nhandare yendege yeAtene) nguva dzose unofanira kuva nezvokudya zvakanaka zvakakwana kuti ugovere zvose zviri zviviri guta nemauto. Uye vanotengeserana vakanga vasingabvumidzwi kuchengeta zvinhu kuti vazvitengese nemitengo yakakwirira munguva dzokushayiwa.